izwe Russian bomhlaba wonke futhi multi-confessional, futhi izakhamuzi zawo zingabakhulekeli ajwayelekile nezinhlinzeko eziyisisekelo izinkolo engumakhelwane. Izinga jikelele zemfundo sabantu futhi nomthelela ohlelweni TV. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yamuva uchungechunge TV Turkish athandwa kakhulu. Siyabonga kubo, izethameli Russian bajwayelane ubuhle yezwe, umlando Turkey kanye Islam, okuyinto yena othi. Yazi ukuthi ungubani Sultan Suleiman, Imam - ekhanda ngokomoya amaSulumane, kanye vizier - ophakeme kunayo yonke ezweni.
Ubumbaxambili izwi
Nokho, igama elithi "imam" edidayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngesikhathi main ntshumayelo abakhethiweyo asibonisa (kungaba indoda elula) enkolweni Muslim, okuyinto uyoqhubeka ehola yokukhulekela, futhi ibizwa nangokuthi "imam". Leli gama - Amma - ngesi-Arabhu lisho "umholi". Ngamunye mosque Islamic eliholwa umholi.
Ingabe imam wema ngasemnyango inhloko sompristi, kungakhathaliseki parish mullah kusukela AmaTatar noma inhloko yesonto Mohammedan - kuba njalo ekuqaleni kwazo ezingeni elithile zenkolo. Imam - lena isikhundla e-Turkey ekhulwini XIX, ebandleni wakhetha uyakufanelekela kakhulu, futhi uhulumeni egunyaza kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhundla akusona yizicukuthwane kakhulu, akudingi imfundvo yelizinga. IQadi futhi Mufti babe okuningi nangaphezulu ukubaluleka emphakathini. Nokho, ngo-Islam (Shiites) imam - umlamuleli phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nomuntu, okungukuthi uMprofethi.
Lezi zincazelo ezihlukahlukene zegama elithi "imam"
A imams Sunni ezibizile izazi ngasese, zenkolo ovelele kakhulu. Kwakumelwe Malik futhi Ahmad, umlotha-Shafi'i kanye Abu Hanifa. Futhi uma wengeza okungenhla iqiniso lokuthi Ama-Arabhu ayengabanye isihloko izikhulu Imam enethonya, kungashiwo baphetha ngokuthi ubumbaxambili ethemini bukhulu njengobubanzi igama elithi "umholi" noma "umphathi."
Sufi sheikh
kwabaningi Imam Shamil (1797-1856) waziwa, futhi ngaphandle ogawuthola Turkish. Umholi Eastern bezintaba Caucasian ngo-1834 wayebhekwa njengenhloko yomkhaya zaseCaucasia Imamate, okwakuwuphawu isimo engokwasezulwini, ukuthi yilona lizwe lapho isimo elawulwa izibalo zenkolo. izintatheli Western zihlale (noma ezinye ngobuqotho engazi) izithombe adunyiswa yezitha Russia. Futhi emhlabeni Imam Shamil iye yasungula uhlelo aura eyimfihlakalo, isibindi, umhlatshelo. Lokhu Isitatimende Danko. Eqinisweni, wayeyindoda abafundisekile kahle nomyali ezingasebenzi is hhayi ekubekeni penny ezimpilweni zabantu abavamile. Kwakuthinta phakathi endaweni yakhe, okuyinto manje Chechnya, waba lebhalwe iRussia imam uthathiwe bathunjwe, nalapho afike ashonela khona.
Mohamed al-Buhri
"Imam Al" - la amagama amabili esifushanisiwe amagama izibalo ababili abavelele Islam - Muhammad al-Bukhari (810-870) kanye Al-Ghazali (1058-1111). Eyokuqala wabo - mufassir noma umhumushi we Qur'an (nakuba kukhona Ebhala ngokugomela kokuthi umhlaziyi best of Qur'an - Qur'an kukodwa). Nokho, uMohammed al-Buhri kwaba abavelele Muslim isazi muhaddistom kanye Umhumushi ngobunyoninco. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Imam of Al kwaba umbhali wencwadi ethi sekhenoni "Al-Jami al-Sahih". Lolusiko Sunni. Incwadi enesihloko esithi "Al-Tarikh al-Kabir", noma "Umlando Omkhulu", naye ungowasendaweni usiba lwayo. Isiphetho usosayensi athuthukile hhayi kahle: yenza ukubhuka ngenxa ukusontwa yamazwi ka Imam waqala seziyaluyalu. Izikhathi ezine, axoshwe eBukhara, yena wafela ekudingisweni. Ithusi Mosque Verkhnyaya Salda yigama al-Bahri. Ngo-2014, nokungcwatshwa amaphilisi wakhe enziwe umlotha nososayensi.
Imam Gazly
Abu Hamid Al-Gazly - ihlonishwe nengcweti sezomthetho, isazi sefilosofi isazi Islamic kanye eyimfihlakalo. Wonke amandla akhe, wayala kwetinhlavu kanye systematization ka Sufism. Kwenzani lokhu izwi ukuthini? Ngo Islam, njengoba kwezinye izinkolo, kukhona izinkomba eziningi. Omunye main kuyinto Sufism - okwesikhathi ukuchema kuzo ezingaqondakali-injabulo. Kuyinto imfundiso kunzima ukuqonda butholakala enqubweni eyinkimbinkimbi yayo nezikhathi kwaba kuphela amaSulumane abafunde kakhulu, kodwa futhi osukwini lwethu Sufism kudlala indima sasivumela abalulekile ezimpilweni izizwe Islamic. Imam Ghazali waphila njengomuntu unkom 'idlayodwa iminyaka engu-11, bese wafundisa eziningi, futhi ngemva kwalokho abuyela ukuzila, wafundisa abalandeli Sufi kuyindlela yokuphila, futhi wafa eneminyaka engu-53. imisebenzi yakhe kwakufanele nomthelela kuwo womabili Islamic futhi ngesikhathi Christian nezazi zefilosofi abangamaJuda. "Ukuvuka sciences yenkolo" kuyinto ngezithako zawo eziyisisekelo. Lokhu usosayensi ushiye imisebenzi eminingi ku ifilosofi, imfundiso yenkolo kanye logic.
Islamic izakhiwo amagugu
Ukukhuluma nge Islam, umuntu akakwazi kodwa kuthinta izindawo zalo zokukhulekela - amathempeli. Abaningi babo enhle kakhulu, kanye amathempeli, amasonto, pagodas. Kodwa phakathi kwabo bonke abantu endlini la kaNkulunkulu kukhona real amagugu edumile emhlabeni wonke. yobuciko okunjalo ngokusobala siyasebenza Mosque Imam. Ngezinye km 340 kusukela dolobha yase-Iran, e-unyawo Zagros (kwekulu uhlelo entabeni e-Iran) kuyinto emzini Isfahan, okuyinto basalutusa namanje Marco Polo lasendulo. Idolobhana belilokhu likhona kusukela ezikhathini komlando futhi ngekhulu XI yaba inhloko-dolobha ye-Seljuk enamandla. Isfahan wayazi ube nezikhathi ezinzima nezimnandi - e 1387 benqotshwa Tamerlane, juqa labantu kuleli dolobha wafaka mbhoshongo losizi ye 70,000 izingebhezi. Kodwa idolobha lavuselelwa futhi isivele ngekhulu XVI, inkathi yokuchuma Isfahan. Inhliziyo lo muzi Imam. On ke, futhi iyingqayizivele bokwakha Persian - Shah Mosque noma Mosque we Imam. Yakhiwa isikhathi esifushane - kusukela 1611 kuya 1629. Mosque zamanje wathola igama layo ngo-1979 lapho lanqotshwa Shah lokugcina Iran Imam Khomeini wasungula Islamic Republic of Iran. Ukuze kuhlonishwe yakhe futhi uqambe kabusha wangaphambili Shah Mosque. Le ndawo emaphakathi komuzi kwenza izivakashi abaningi banomuzwa like izivakashi ezweni fabulous, nalapho "weziNkulungwane Omunye Nights." Nobuhle Amathempeli ndiyaza. Nemibhoshongo yabaseTurkey ukuphakama 42 metres, umbala eziyisikhombisa amathayili ezicwebezelisiwe, izakhiwo ezimangalisayo kakhulu imitha-52 mosque futhi egcekeni lalo ne ayvans esiyingelezini sezulu - konke enthralls izivakashi eminyakeni engamakhulu amane. Mayelana umhlobiso ingaphakathi kanye umsindo mosque alubhaliwe ivolumu omunye ucwaningo. Zonke endaweni Meidan-Imam likhona ohlwini UNESCO amasayithi.
izwi esiyingqayizivele
Esikhathini brilliant umculi-Peruvian okuthiwa Soila Augusta Imperatriz Kavarri del Castillo (1922-2008), eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke njengombonisi wawo yma Sumac, Imam, kodwa owokuqala izincwadi ezintathu, kukhona lutho nhlobo ezivamile. Ingxenye yesibili amaphuzu-alias yokuthi emgqeni komama avela kuye lo oculayo livela priestesses weLanga Nkulunkulu, ngubani wanyamalala impucuko ka Inca zenani kakhulu kunegolide. Uyise umculi nge soprano esiphawulekayo sasiwukuthi indoda yaseSpain. Yini eyingqayizivele mayelana yma Sumac? Ububanzi. On inani octaves ukuthi kungathatha, kuphikisana, kodwa kucatshangwa ukuthi izwi lakhe kwaba yisifundo octaves ezinhlanu, ngaphandle, yena wayekwazi ukucula e amazwi amabili akhuluma ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuze odokotela wakhe nososayensi ngesicelo ziqondiswe ukuxazulula ukuhlola izwi lakhe - isimangaliso ezingavamile bemvelo. nokwenqaba categorical kwaba impendulo yabo. 6 izinyanga yma Sumac wachitha eSoviet Union, ethola imali amakhonsathi lwemali kanzima oda siqu kusuka Khrushchev. Ngezinye izikhathi yena wanyamalala emehlweni, kodwa wabe esebuyela ngokunqoba. Iminyaka, imisebenzi yayo abhekwa asebenzayo 1944-2008. Okungukuthi, yena wahlabelela kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Abalandeli labebakuso amakhonsathi yakhe yokuphila kwakhe iminyaka yokugcina, ethi izwi lakhe ilahlekelwe noyedwa ubumsulwa noma amandla. Zemfihlakalo, futhi kuphela!