I-Tsar Ivan Fifth Alekseevich: biography, imisebenzi kanye namaqiniso athakazelisayo

Okuyinhloko yombuso we-autocracy eRussia kubonakala sengathi unonya kangangokuthi isiphetho sezwe elikhulu sincike ezimfanelweni zomuntu oyedwa. Ubuthakathaka obuthakathaka bendlalifa, ukungabi nemithetho ecacile yokulandelana kwesihlalo sobukhosi - konke lokhu kwaholela ekuphazameni kwegazi nokukhuphuka kwamaqembu ahloniphekile nabahahayo abahahayo. U-Tsar Ivan Fifth Romanov uyisibonelo salowo mbusi obuthakathaka, owazinikela ngokuzithandela kuhulumeni futhi wabheka kuphela umzabalazo wamandla.

Ingane enkabeni yomzabalazo wamandla

Ngo-1682 i-tsar yaseRussia uFyodor Alekseyevich washona . Akazange ashiye owesilisa emva kwezinzalo, futhi isihlalo sobukhosi kwakufanele sizuze umfowabo omncane. U-Ivan Fifth Alexeyevich Romanov wazalwa ngo-Agasti 1666, uyise u-Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, unina - uMaria Milinoslavskaya.

Lesi simo sasiyinkimbinkimbi nje kuphela ngenxa yobudala bendlalifa kaFredor. Indlalifa yayisengumntwana obuthakathaka futhi ogula, wahlushwa yisifo, okwakunezihlobo eziningi ezigulayo, engaboni kahle. Ngenxa yemibono embi, kamuva waqala imfundo kamuva kunezinye izinzalo zasebukhosini. Futhi, abantu abaningi ababephila ngesikhathi eside babengajabule kakhulu ngamakhono akhe engqondo, cishe becabanga ukuthi wayebuthakathaka. I-biography ka-Ivan Fifth ayibonakali kangako yizenzo zakhe, njengezenzakalo ezenzeka nxazonke.

Kusukela ebuntwaneni, wakhetha ukuhlala yedwa kanye nokuthandaza emithonjeni nemihlangano egcwele, engaqapheli izindaba zezwe.

Umzamo wokuqeda u-Ivan

Inendima enkulu kulezo zinsuku eRussia yadlala yingxenyana eseduze kwabantu bakaTsar, izihlobo eziningi zabafazi bakaTsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakukhona umndeni wakwaMiloslavskys, izihlobo zendlovukazi yokuqala uMaria Ilinichna. Babemelene noNaryshkin, owayekwazi kakhulu futhi enamandla kakhulu u-Ivan Kirillovich, umfowabo kaNatalika Kirillovna, owayengumkakhe wesibili u-Alexei Mikhailovich nonina kaPeter, owaba umbusi.

U-Naryshkin wamemezela ngokukhululekile ukuthi u-Ivan wayengenamandla okwazi ukulawula umbuso futhi wayefuna ukufika kukaPetru. Kwaqhamuka ukuhlazeka kwangempela, okunye amanye amantombazane kanye noPatriotri Joachim bazama ukuzola. Lezi zinsuku zihlongozwe ukuletha impikiswano eqondile enkantolo yabantu. Ngo-Ephreli 27, lezi zikhulu zombili - uPeter no-Ivan - zithathwe emgodleni phambi kweRed Square, futhi kuvota okhethekile. Isikhala esikhulu esivela esixukwini esihlangene phambi kweKremlin kwakungenxa kaPetru, kuzwakalisa izwi elilodwa kuphela ngenxa ye-Ivan eyimpofu.

Nokho, isikhathi sikaPetru Omkhulu asikafiki, ukukhuphuka kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi kwakufanele kuhlehliswe.

Isibhamu seStletletsky

U-Tsarevna Sofya, odadewabo ka-Ivan ongathandeki akazange avume ukunqotshwa. Yena nezihlobo zakhe, i-Miloslavskis, basebenzisa insizakalo eyakhula phakathi kwezimpande. Baboshwa umholo, babengajabuli, futhi kwakungelula ukuwakhulisa ukuvukela. USophia wamemezela ukuthi "abahlukumezi" baseNaryshkin bebeqothule iTaran Ivan kaFifth esemthethweni.

Abadubulayo, abacibishelayo kanye nezikhali ezandleni zabo bawela eKremlin ngoMeyi 15 futhi bafuna ukukhishwa kwabaculi. Ukuzama ukuzolahla amasosha athukuthele, uNatalie Kirillovna waletha bobabili abazalwane egumbini ukuzoqinisekisa wonke umuntu impilo enhle ka-Ivan. Nokho, ama-musketeers, afundiswa yi-Miloslavskys, ayefuna igazi leNaryshkins. Kuze kube ngumhlaka-17 Meyi, ukubulawa kwabantu kwaqhubeka, ngenxa yalokho wonke amaNaryshkins abulawe.

Esebenzisa amandla wangempela, abagibeli bamemezela u-Ivan inkosi, no-Tsarevna Sophia - umbusi osemthethweni onenkosikazi encane.

Ukugcoba kwabazalwane esihlalweni sobukhosi

Abafana nabafundisi babengenakukhetha ngaphandle kokubona ukufika kwabagulayo nobuthakathaka u-Ivan Alekseevich. Nokho, bafuna ukugcoba okuhlangene esihlalweni sobukhosi sika-Ivan nomfowabo uPetru. ERussia, kwavela isimo esiyingqayizivele lapho ama-czars amabili asungulwa ngokomthetho phezu kwezwe ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ukuzalwa kwalokhu kuqala emlandweni we-country tandem kwenzeka ngoJuni 25.

Ikakhulukazi esenzakalweni esingakaze senzeke, kwakhiwe itrone ekhethekile kabili, enegumbi eliyimfihlo ngemuva kweLabrevna Sophia. Ngesikhathi se-coronation, u-Ivan wathola i-cap real of Monomakh nezembatho zakhe, futhi kuPetru, kwakhiwe amakhophi ahlakaniphile.

Naphezu kokuthi u-Ivan wayengeyena yedwa owazimele, kodwa kwakudingeka ahlanganyele lo mthwalo nomfowabo omncane, amandla angempela kuleli zwe kwakunguSophia noMiloslavsky. Zonke izikhundla eziphawulekayo kuhulumeni ziphathwe abaqokwe. I-Naryshkins yabhujiswa ezombusazwe, kanti umfelokazi uTarina Natalia Kirillovna akazange akhethe kodwa ukushiya inhloko-dolobha. Wabe esemthatha umhlalaphansi nendodana yakhe uPetru eya ekuguqulweni, lapho kwakhiwa khona umbusi wamakhosi.

Ngaphansi kokubusa kukaSophia

Ngemva kokubusa emagatsheni ama-musketeers, i-Miloslavskys no-Sophia ngokushesha bafumana iqiniso lokuthi abantu abahlomile babezwa ukunambitheka kwamandla futhi baqaphela ithonya labo elikhulu kulaba babusi. Kwase kudlule isikhathi eside ukuqhutshwa kwemisakazo eMoscow, kwaze kwaba khona ukuguqulwa kwezinguquko zesonto nenkolo. Bawa ngaphansi kwethonya lamaKholwa amadala, baqala umkhankaso omusha ngokumelene neKremlin futhi bafuna ukuqashelwa "ukholo oludala".

Noma kunjalo, uSophia ucele usizo kumabutho ahloniphekile futhi udlame lwacinywa. Ama-Sagittarians athumela abameli bawo kuSophia ngesicelo sokuthethelelwa, futhi waxolela lezi zihlubuki, wabeka isimo sakhe singasaphazamisi ezindabeni zombuso. Ngakho ngo-1683 uSophia ekugcineni wathatha wonke amandla ezandleni zakhe.

U-Ivan Fifth Romanov usuvele usufike ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, kodwa usalindele uhulumeni. Ukubamba iqhaza kwakhe empilweni yezombangazwe kwakunommeleli ohlelekile emasikweni nemikhosi enhle. Zonke izindaba zakhe zangempela zaziphethe udadewabo nezintandokazi zakhe, phakathi kwazo okuyinto ethandwa kakhulu yiNkosana VV Golitsyn kanye nomabhalane we-Duma Shaklovity. Ngesikhundla esinjalo, uPetru akavumelani ngokucacile.

Ukufundiswa kukaPetru

Ngesikhathi ese-Preobrazhensky, uPeter akazange achithe isikhathi esinikeza isikhathi esiningi emfundweni yakhe nasekudaleni umlindi othembekile. Amabutho empi ahlekisayo, adalwa njengamavikelo okuqeqesha ukuzijabulisa kukaPetru, waba yinto yangempela yezempi engayethemba ukuthi abuyele emandleni. Kusukela ekuthunjweni kwakhe, uPetru wabhala izincwadi ku-Ivan, lapho anxusa umfowabo ukuba akhumbule isithunzi sakhe sobukhosi futhi alawulwe yizwe ngokwakhe. Kodwa-ke, inkosikazi ebuthakathaka ayikwazi ukwenza lutho futhi yachitha sonke isikhathi sayo emithandazweni.

U-Tsarevna Sofya, ezwa ukuhlukunyezwa kwesimo sakhe, wazama ukuba yi-autocrate wangempela futhi agcotshwe ngokomthetho embusweni. Kodwa-ke, iqembu eliqinile labantu abathembekile seluvele lakha eduze noPeter. Phakathi kwabo, isikhundla esiphambili sasihlala ku-Lev Naryshkin no-Prince B. Golitsyn.

Ukuphonswa kukaSophia

Isikhathi esihle sokubamba amandla okwakhiwa ngo-1689. Umngane uSophia V. V. Golitsyn wahlela umkhankaso eCrimea, owaphela enhlekeleleni ephelele kanye nokunqotshwa kwebutho.

UPetru waveza ukuguqulwa kwamaTjhuguluko nokuThuthukiswa kweSemenov enhloko-dolobha futhi wafuna uphenyo ngezimbangela zokuhluleka nokujeziswa kwalabo abanecala. U-Tsarevna Sofia uzame ukusizakala ngokusekelwa kukaPetru osesimweni esinqunyiwe. Umfowabo, u-Ivan, wazama ukudukisa futhi wathi uPetru ufuna ukumbulala. Uqale ukholelwa udadewabo, kodwa wabe esehlala eceleni komfowabo futhi wamsekela.

UPeter waphumelela, icala lwenzeka phezu kweVV Golitsyn kanye noShaklovitiy wedikoni. Owokuqala waphuma ngesixhumanisi, futhi uShalovity wenziwa.

Esikhathini somthunzi woMfowethu Omkhulu

Ngakho-ke, ngo-1689 ukubusa kukaSophia kwaphela, futhi uPeter wakwazi ukuthola amandla angempela. Engafuni ukunikeza imbangela yokudideka okuqhubekayo nokuhlukunyezwa, umbusi wesikhathi esizayo wathatha isikhundla esiphakeme somfowabo, futhi kuwo wonke amadokhumende ngaleso sikhathi isignesha ka-Ivan kaFifth ingaphambi kwe-autograph kaPetru.

Ngokuvamile, phakathi kwababusi ababili babusa ukuvumelana okuphelele nokuqonda okufanayo. U-Ivan kaFifth wamnika amandla angempela ezandleni zikaPetru, etshela umndeni wakhe ukuthi ufanelwe ukubekezelela umthwalo wombusi. UPetru akazange aphikise ukuthi wayephoqelelwe ngokomthetho ukuba ahlanganyele nomfowabo umqhele.

Leli ibhalansi lahlala kwaze kwaba ngo-1696, lapho inkosi ifa, nomfowabo omncane waba yi-autocrat egcwele. Abaningi abaphila esikhathini esithile besazi ukuthi kakade eneminyaka engu-27 ubudala u-Ivan ubukeka njengomuntu ogugile, engaboni futhi ekhubazekile. Lapho eneminyaka engamashumi amathathu, wafa, esevele eseqedile ngokuphelele.

Izingane zika-Ivan Fifth

Ngo-1684 u-Ivan Alexeyevich wayevuthiwe umshado. Ngokuyinhloko ngaleyo njongo, uSophia wabiza eMoscow esuka eSiberia umphathi omkhulu uSaltykov, indodakazi yakhe idume ngobuhle bayo nezimfanelo zayo ezingokomoya. Ivan osemncane futhi ongenalwazi ovela enhliziyweni yonke uthanda uPraskovya Fedorovna futhi cishe sonke isikhathi sakhe asinika umndeni.

Njengoba egula futhi ebuthakathaka, inkosi nokho yabonakala njengomzali onamandla kakhulu. Emshadweni nePraskovia, wenza amadodakazi amahlanu. Inhlekelele yabo yaba yinqaba.

UMaria noTheodosius bafa besana. U-Praskovya Ivanovna ulahlekile emlandweni. U-Anna Ioannovna ube yimbusi waseRussia, ebusa amandla amakhulu iminyaka eyishumi. U-Ekaterina Ioannovna uzoba ngumkaMbusi waseMecklenburg-Schwerin. Indodakazi yabo u- Anna Leopoldovna izoba umama ka-Emperor Ivan VI, ongakaze ahloselwe ukubusa izwe, futhi ngubani ozoboshwa esitokisini.