I-Nyakatfo Melika: impumuzo kanye nezici zayo

Isimo sezwe Minerals eNyakatho neMelika - konke wafunda esikoleni namuhla geography izifundo. Ukwazi lezi izindaba kuyadingeka hhayi nje ngobe kutawutfutfukisa ukuhlolwa, kodwa nezalo ukuthuthukiswa jikelele. Phela, ngamunye wethu kumelwe baqonde ukuthi kobuso Iplanethi esiphila kuzo.

I-Nyakatfo Melika, impumuzo zazo sizoxoxa ngani kulesi sihloko ungathi uhlobo asike izidumbu zabantu mpo eNingizimu Melika. ibhande Inamandla aseCordillera ezintabeni welula ngasogwini olusentshonalanga waya 7000 km. Advantageously, le uyisicaba ingxenye esempumalanga yesiqhingi-mpumalanga yezwe. Konke lokhu kusikisela ukuthi usizo eMelika has ziyezwana eqinile. Nokho, kunomehluko obalulekile phakathi kwalezi amazwekazi. Ikakhulukazi, njengoba Cordillera uhlelo wasentabeni ngobubanzi okuningi futhi isakhiwo inkimbinkimbi njengamanye ama-Andes (obizwa nangokuthi Andes Cordillera). Zakhiwa lonke uhlelo amabanga, ezahlukene isakhiwo zomhlaba futhi Geological bangabantu ababili abahlukene.

empumalanga zone

zihlukaniswa Kusobala cishe wonke Cordillera 5 orotektonicheskih longitudinal esishintshashintshayo. Eyokuqala yalezi, esempumalanga - Laramide orogeny emikhulu: Mount Mackenzie, Brooks Range, Ridge Eastern Sierra Madre, eziNtabeni ZaseRocky. Lesi sakamuva ingahlukaniswa ngokuvumelana izici of orography zibe izingxenye ezimbili: nasenyakatho naseningizimu. Phakathi kwabo imele phesheya IYellowstone Plateau. straightness eqondile yamafomu izici elikhanyayo orographic.

Front Ibhanga eziNtabeni ZaseRocky

Front Ibhanga eziNtabeni ZaseRocky (i-Nyakatfo Melika) has impumuzo ezilandelayo:-ke welula cishe 2000 km emgceni locondzile, ezithinta ngokuqhubeka, ubuqotho nekufana yokulandelana kwayo ngokohlu umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Ridge kuchazwe ngokucacile, ebekiwe umqhele emaweni iphakama okusezingeni eliphezulu, okuphakama kwawo ifinyelela 4000 m. Kancane kancane yehla empumalanga kuya Elikhulu Plains. Ibanga Front kuya entshonalanga yephutha zomhlaba esenyakatho ingxenye. Ngo phakathi entabeni encishisiwe. Bawela umfula PIS, okuyinto ingenye wemithombo yoMfula Mackenzie. Ibanga Front engxenyeni eseningizimu wokwandisa. It ihlukaniswe yaba amabanga ethize, okuphakama kwawo sikhulu: Lewis, Caribou, waseScotland. Kule ngxenye kukhona iziqongo ngobukhulu Front Range. Robson siyintaba (ukuphakama 3954 m) neNtaba Columbia (3747 m). amafomu Alpine eNyakatho Melika sendawo evamile Front Range. Kuthiwa nguye futhi owenza libhekene glaciation ezimangelengele futhi abalulekile.

EziNtabeni ZaseRocky nasengxenyeni eseningizimu

Single yokhalo zaseRocky musa yakha nasengxenyeni eseningizimu. Lapha basuke akhiwa amaqoqo ngabanye, ngezinye izikhathi sikude futhi ahlukaniswe "amapaki" - umcengezi ububanzi, emele izigaba ithafa-njengalelo baxhumane echibi elikhulu emaThafeni Omkhulu. Ingxenye lamagquma (Sangre de Cristo, Wasatch) welulela cishe ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu. Okunye (isib Uinta Mountains) - e entshonalanga empumalanga isiqondiso perpendicular kubo. ukuphakama elikhulu futhi ububanzi bhande entabeni inxephezelwa yokuntuleka phambili. Umngcele phakathi Elikhulu emaThafeni futhi eziNtabeni ZaseRocky is ngokucacile kakhulu azisho: odongeni emaweni - emthambekeni ezintabeni. Wik kwesigaba - lawa ejwayelekile epiplatform izintaba ukuthi kwamiswa emva ukusebenza emaphethelweni omunye ezisekelweni lasendulo.

Ziyisivikelo Amathafa yangaphakathi futhi Amathafa

Okulandelayo - ibhande Amathafa yangaphakathi futhi Amathafa kwakheka nevadiyskuyu alo ezwekazini lweNyakatho Melika. Impumuzo libhekene eligoqiwe izakhiwo nevadiyskimi emelelwa peniplenami. Phakathi kule zoni kukhona ithafa, okuyinto abavaleleke "izingcezwana" yesikhulumi North American lasendulo futhi aboshezelwa Cordillera (Northern iMisa, Colorado Plateau). Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke emathafeni intermountain Fraser, Yukon, le Basin Omkhulu, Colombia, North kanye Central iMisa, Colorado.

Omkhulu Basin

Omkhulu Basin - denudation ithafa, elikhulu kunawo wonke endaweni. Le ndawo, whose banzi isesikhathini 800, ngokuvamile, kuyinto alternation esipara futhi entabeni nge predominance ayengaphansi. On 1500m isilinganiso ephakanyiswe ithafa ebusweni. Nokho, iyehla iyenyuka ezinkulu ezindaweni eziphakeme. + Plateau emikhulu parallel aphambana nge eziphakemeyo mayelana 3 km (Wheeler isiqongo - 3982 m). ayimigodi Deep, ngokuthi Bolson, amanga phakathi kwazo. It is semi okuvalelwe ngafaka elisemcengezini, okuyinto yisici amanzi yangaphakathi. Ukufa Valley - omunye wabo (-85 m).

Relict eziqongweni Avame ukutholakala (kuhlanganise Izigaxa mlilo).

Colorado Plateau futhi Grand Canyon

Colorado Plateau - ingenye emakhoneni eyingqayizivele kakhulu kuyiplanethi yethu, okuyinto i-Nyakatfo Melika Nobe ezaziwayo. impumuzo yaso enhle kakhulu. Ngokusho oyiyo Geological (ibhodi ovundlile ungaphazamisekile entabeni sedimentary rocks bobudala obungefani - kusukela lasendulo ukuze verhnepaleoziyskih olele engaphansi crystalline) kuyinto ithafa efana yesikhulumi North American. Indawo yayo - inamagquma ethafeni, okuyinto ifinyelela ukuphakama 3860 m.

Ukuganukeja yasethafeni iyona Grand Canyon (i-Nyakatfo Melika). Ukuma futhi sezulu bakhangwa kule ndawo izivakashi eziningi. Grand Canyon (ngezansi) kwamiswa kusukela eMfuleni Colorado, phakathi busebenze. It ifinyelela ka 1800 m, ububanzi 8 kuya 25 km ithafa futhi 1km ezingeni phansi ukujula. emithambekeni emaweni kukhona, isici ezithakazelisayo oluyinqaba-Grand Canyon. Bona iphuma inqubo umonakalo erosive futhi weathering. Kumila crystalline okushunyekiwe emazombezombe isiteshi emincane.

Inner ibhande entabeni

I wesithathu indawo - entabeni kwangaphakathi - ibhande nevadiyskih ububanzi: Coast Izintaba, Alaska Range, le-Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada, kanye transverse Volcanic Sierra Madre Occidental. Lobuqotho umehluko phakathi kwalezi lamagquma. rocks Igneous yibona e isakhiwo sabo. Cascade Mountains - batholith izintaba-mlilo, abethelwe kuwo. Ugema lwaseSierra Nevada kuyinto quin giant crystal batholith nge ezitshekile emithambekeni emaweni entshonalanga nasempumalanga.

ibhande synclinoria

Izoni wesine synclinoria zone. Lokhu ukwehlisa wokuhambela amagatsha, okwakuhlanganisa kwamiswa lo Neogene. Ingxenye okwamanje emelelwa ahlukahlukene amatheku zasolwandle, sisebunzimeni. On izwe kuba esigodini Ukufa, Elikhulu Central Valley, sifinyelela aphansi iColorado.

Kude West zone

Izikhathi eziyisihlanu - entshonalanga kakhulu. Kuyinto ibhande elisogwini eligoqiwe alpine emikhulu njengoba Aleut (zikhona 25 nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo), Peninsula Kenai, Isiqhingi Ridge eVictoria Peak (ukuphakama - 2.200 m), Chugachsky Ridge Peninsula Victoria, Coast Ranges, Range Sierra Madre del Sur. Bonke bangabangasokile medium-high, kodwa iziqongo evelele kunazo zonke ngenhla 2 km.

Kuye kube sezingeni glaciation, kobukhulu esishintshashintshayo orographic longitudinal, asike izidumbu zabantu zomhlaba futhi erosional, aseCordillera ihlukaniswe 4 esifundeni morphostructural: Cordillera of Mexico, United States Cordillera Cordillera Cordillera Canada ne-Alaska.

Esempumalanga yaleli zwekazi

Yeka impumuzo eNyakatho neMelika empumalanga? Asivume. Njengoba sesiphawulile, yakha nesimo sendawo North American ngokuvamile flat abasengxenyeni esempumalanga yaleli zwekazi. Ngokuyisisekelo sublime (Central, Laurentian) namathafa okusezingeni eliphezulu. Eliphansi kukhona ngasogwini: Primeksikanskaya, esifundeni i-Atlantic, Prigudzonskaya eMississippi e sifinyelela engezansi emfuleni efanayo.

Appalachian ibhande entabeni

ENyakatho Melika, ngokungafani kuya eNingizimu, omunye ibhande entabeni welula agudle ugu olusempumalanga - Appalachian. Lokhu amabanga uhlelo entabeni, ezisuka eGulf of St ngokufanele. Lawrence mayelana 33-32 ⁰ s. m., ukuthi cishe 2,300 amakhilomitha. Isiqhingi Newfoundland isixhumanisi enyakatho. Appalachian - ke epiplatform nezintaba eziphakeme. Umehluko ebalulekile phakathi izingxenye eningizimu nasenyakatho ye zokhahlamba kubangelwa izici zomhlaba kanye nesakhiwo umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu. Graben Hudson liwumngcele phakathi wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi Appalachian. Northern Appalachians sisonke - kuba ithafa inamagquma. It ubuswa umuntu izintaba noma izintaba. Northern Appalachian abaphila glaciation eziNgekho ngaPhansi kukaHulumeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuma ezintabeni manje - flat, kuphela iziqongo eziphakeme kunazo babe emasekisini enezindonga emaweni.

Wik Appalachians

Noma alternation of eside ezigodini kuqondane and lamagquma ezahlukene Southern Appalachians. Kusukela empumalanga nasentshonalanga ukunweba kanye unyawo ithafa. It Piedmont entshonalanga - ithafa oluyisicaba denudation, ezakhiwe Early eCambria crystalline rocks okuyinto. Kusukela liyophuma zisuka emoyeni ziqonde kuya entshonalanga uchungechunge izintaba, cishe okuqhubekayo (Kohut, Unakite, Black, Smoky, omkhulu, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, njll), Ukuphakama - 1-1.5 km. Lokhu "entabeni elidala" - cores obukhulu Caledonide, le denudation lelungiselelwe.

Ziyisivikelo emikhulu nezigodi

Enye yezindawo eziphawuleka kakhulu Appalachian Izintaba itholakala entshonalanga kubo. Lokhu okuthiwa Intaba Young, noma ibhande lwezinkalo nezigodi. Nazi ezinye izici ezithakazelisayo impumuzo enkulu yeNyakatho Melika. rocks sedimentary kwenkathi Paleozoic yakhiwa yonke insimu: Amabanga - shales futhi sandstones lesigodi - Dolomites futhi limestones. Uma yelulwa amakhulu amakhilomitha kuya eningizimu-ntshonalanga kuya enyakatho-mpumalanga ye-umugqa elula ezintabeni, ububanzi izigodi kushintshane flat-isipikili noma ikamu nge emikhulu emincane. Njengoba lisendaweni ephakeme 500-600 amamitha, phansi ezigodini. lamagquma iphakama ukufinyelela 1-1.2 km. Valley tectonically amelela anticlinoria emikhulu kukhona synclinoria. Lokho, okwamanje bubonakala ngokucacile uhlobo ukungafani isakhiwo zomhlaba yefomu yesimanje, okuyinto has a impumuzo lapha eNyakatho Melika. Izithombe Appalachia lapha ngenzansi.

Lesi isibonelo kwegazi, noma kombhala uhlobo impumuzo. Sitholakala ezintabeni kuyinto ngempela ezingavamile, futhi kakhulu ngokukhazimulayo Appalachians. Lolu hlobo impumuzo kanye emigqeni waqala ngokuthi "impumuzo Appalachian." Belt "entabeni abasebasha" entshonalanga onqamuka Appalachian Plateau (Cumberland, Allegheny). Kuyinto protrusion obude kuyinto 300-400 m. Lena ithafa siphezulu Piedmont. Indawo yayo onqenqemeni empumalanga okusezinhliziyweni ukuphakama mayelana 1.2 km, nasentshonalanga - 500 m Plateau izindawo dissected ngokujulile izigodi nemifula ehlukahlukene (ensungubezini ezinzulwini nge emithambekeni emincane futhi emaweni) ..

Awu, manje ukuthi ngempumuzo eNyakatho neMelika ukuthi kafushane sibuyekezwe kulesi sihloko, sithemba ukuthi kuyoba lula ukuba enze lokho abekusho.