Giotto umbhoshongo Florence

Omunye edume kakhulu izinto Florence iyona Tower of Giotto. Izithombe basembhoshongweni insimbi lihlotshiswe ngifaka, amaphosta, t-shirts, lokunyenti, ngabe tinkomishi nezinye izinto eziyisikhumbuzo nge ukubukwa komuzi Italian lasendulo. Tower odlale indima ebalulekile empilweni Florence ephakathi. Zisuka nje, kwaba ukukhonza njengoba iwuphawu ubukhulu, namandla ezempi kanye kutimela edolobheni. Kulesi sihloko sichaza ukwakhiwa basembhoshongweni insimbi ezikweletini. Ekukhunjulwa ingenye yezindawo zokuqala ohlwini iyoyibona e Florence. izivakashi Abaningi abazi ukuthi abheke kuphi umbhoshongo ngu Giotto. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, kuba nombhoshongo isikhencezo Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore.

Campanile Inani le-Florence

Ukuze aqonde indima basembhoshongweni insimbi empilweni medieval komuzi isiNtaliyane, kudingeka senze umlando kancane. Ekuqaleni kwawo-namakhulu eminyaka XIII-XIV e-Italy, raged ne sina izimpi zombango phakathi Guelphs futhi gibbelinami. Eyokuqala wakhuthaza nasekuqiniseni igunya likapapa, kuyilapho yokugcina wakhuthaza ithonya imithetho yombusi. Guelph ukunqoba kwaholela ukubusa ESonto LamaRoma Curia. Indlu umbhoshongo gibbelinskih lokuzalwa zazifihliwe, abanikazi bazo babulawa noma bathunjwe.

Ukukhombisa phambi ukuyo yonke indawo iNkantolo Yamacala Ezihlubuki catholicity yayo, uhulumeni omuzi aqala ukwakha okusezingeni eliphezulu isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi ka amasonto Gothic. "Ukuncika" Tower of Pisa - lena omunye wabo. Florence, sekuyisikhathi eside okuyinto ligcwaliswe Siena ku isici kabani umkhankaso kuyoba ephakeme, futhi wayefuna ngazo zonke izindlela ukwakha eliphakeme isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi lombhishobhi yakhe. Futhi kwakukhona umbhoshongo Giotto. I wedolobha wanquma ukwenza ukhokhe intengo asukume baqashwe ukuze kwakhiwe imfashini kakhulu futhi, ngokufanelekile, master ezibizayo. Lowo Mbhalo wangonyaka we-ke uthi: "Lo mkhankaso uwukukhazimulisa edolobheni, futhi lokhu kungenziwa kuphela uma umsebenzi ngeke aholwe master ovelele ... Ezweni hhayi ukuthola othile abanamakhono kakhudlwana ngaphandle Florentine Giotto Bondone."

Ukwakhiwa kombhoshongo

Ngokwe izimiso Italian art Gothic Cathedral, igumbi wobhapathizo (baptistry) futhi isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi (Campanile) bekufanele kube ehlukile komunye nomunye. iminyaka emibili kuphela ngemuva kokuqala ukwakhiwa Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, e 1298, kwathiwa wemba isisekelo umbhoshongo. Ekuqaleni, belfry ukwakha ndawonye nomkhandlu ethunywe umakhi Arnolfo di Cambio. Nokho, ngo-1302, wafa, kanye nokwakhiwa umbhoshongo insimbi ime kakhulu ngendlela koleminyaka engamatshumi amathathu langaphezulu. 9 Julayi 1334 umbhishobhi edolobheni nokuwubeka itshe lokuqala ngayingcwelisa endaweni lapho umbhoshongo kwaba nokwanda. Giotto uqalise, lapho umuzi usethe wakhe wamthembisa iholo wonyaka we eziyikhulu zegolide florins - isamba omkhulu ngesikhathi. Rabi, ngubani Ngaleso sikhathi ngangineminyaka engu-67 ubudala, imantshi ahlinzekwa imfashini imodeli "German". Wabuye wakucabangela ipumelelo umakhi lombhishobhi ngu Arnolfo di Cambio ukuba Campanile ngokuvumelana isakhiwo polychrome isonto. Giotto esetshenziswa entsha yokuzenza ebizwa ngokuthi "chiaroscuro", okwenza umbhoshongo sengathi ngesineke. Master futhi yakhelwe imigexo imidwebo, umlando okuthiwa. Kodwa ngo zemabula ukuqaphela icebo lakhe akazange abe nesikhathi. Washona ngo 1337, lapho Giotto umbhoshongo Florence lakhiwa nje phambi uqimba kuqala.

ukwakhiwa okuqhubekayo

Kunengqondo, ungakhathazeki ngoba edolobheni, lo nokulahlekelwa akazange alethwe. Ukudweba master ovelele, zonke izibalo kanye imidwebo "izindaba" zemabula, okuyinto wayehlose ukubeka ezindongeni, kakade ngokuphepha egcinwe ku imantshi. Kodwa abameleli benquma ukumema ukuba ukwazi ukuqhubeka ukwakhiwa okungenani umakhi ovelele - Andrea Pisano. Lokhu ukwakhiwa wizadi odumile we portal eningizimu okubhapathiza. Wayesebenza phezu kombhoshongo insimbi kuze 1343 futhi wakwazi ukwakha elandelayo, uqimba yesibili. Nokho Giotto umbhoshongo ngalesi simo esaba ehlotshisiwe biforami okusezingeni eliphezulu. Ngenkathi lonke master kulandelwe ngokucophelela imidwebo kwesokunxele Giotto.

Ngo 1347 yena wahlasela yonke iYurophu "omnyama ukufa." Kusukela isifo wafa Andrea Pisano. Umakhi lwesithathu, Francesco Talenti, kuphelile ukwakhiwa basembhoshongweni insimbi. Waphila ngaso, ngokuvumelana plan of Giotto, ezintathu izinhlobonhlobo zemabula, kodwa futhi wenza izinguquko zabo okusalungiswa yasekuqaleni. Noma kunjalo, kusukela ekuqaleni ukwakhiwa esidlule ikota kwekhulu, kanye nesitayela German waphuma imfashini. Njengoba isisu imitha-122 isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi kwakudingeka ashade isikwele etendeni ukuphakama "uyizingalo ezingu-50". Ngo 1359 Talenti ishiywe ngamabomu umbono. Umdwebo lokuqala, manje kugcinwa eMnyuziyamu Siena, futhi umkhankaso eduze Florence Cathedral zihluke kakhulu. Kodwa, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abaklami ezimbili ezalandela ziqhubeka ilethe imibono yabo ekudalweni elale ndalo emangalisayo yobuciko, umbhoshongo insimbi isabizwa ngegama "Tower of Giotto."

Uphi Campanile

Ukuphakama ukwakhiwa kwamamitha 84 Kunzima miss. Lonke eziyinkimbinkimbi zezakhiwo esisogwini Cathedral Square e Florence. Lona esontweni Santa Maria del Fiore (ukuhumusha - "Our Lady of the Izimbali") futhi khulula emi isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi kanye okubhapathiza of San Giovanni. Lapho sibhekene ingosi eyinhloko Cathedral, eMbhoshongweni Ka Giotto ivuliwe ohlangothini lwesokunene ke.

umhlobiso yangaphandle

Ubuhle umbhoshongo insimbi esimaziyo. Naphezu monumentality futhi ukuphakama, kubonakala sengathi imigexo kunesakhiwo. Umbhoshongo kuyinto zikanokusho, Airy. division Self-equkethwe futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu amawindi Gothic ukwenza kube slimmer. Tower of Giotto sibhekene ezintathu izinhlobo amhlophe; a Carrara ezimhlophe, eziluhlaza Prato futhi Siena abomvu. Ukuvuleka Gothic skilfully nokwelukiweyo amakholomu elisontiwe. ifaka KaMose ukusebenza Cosmati abazalwane usenze izindonga zaba mhlophe green.

Eziqoshiwe kanye bas-Imifanekiso

Kungenxa yokuthi lokhu umhlobiso naseMbhoshongweni odumile Giotto. Uphi panel wizadi? Giotto ushiye ngemuva izinto eziningi ezenzekayo. Mhlawumbe abanye panel we eziyizitezi lokuqala nelesibili yileyo wokusika noma abafundi esikoleni sakhe. Ekuqaleni, izinhlangothi ezintathu Giotto umbhoshongo ukuthi lihlotshiswe bas-imifanekiso. Kamuva, abanye engangisonta panel wadala master Luca della Robbia. Isihlanganisi wesithathu belfry lihlotshiswe eziqoshiwe elishumi elinamithandathu. ubuqambi Original Donatello iyiswe Museum, futhi umoya, ilanga nemvula Amakhophi. Ezinye zemabula 'umlando "isibaluli Andrea Pisano.

umbono

Njengoba beshiya umbono yokuqala, Talenti, umakhi lokugcina umbhoshongo insimbi, abaphefumulelwe babengayazi enikeza inkonzo enkulu nakwizizukulwane zezivakashi. Ngenxa yezinguquko iphrojekthi Giotto umbhoshongo Florence kwaba ephansi cishe amane amamitha, kodwa esezikhiphe platform wokubuka. Manje, breaking izinyathelo 414, ungajabulela panorama omuzi wasendulo, ukucabangela ngokuningiliziwe Dome of Brunelleschi umsebenzi. Yonke ezingaphakathi umbhoshongo inqanyulwa by inqwaba amafasitela kancane sokunqoba esiteji, ungakwazi ukujabulela ukukhanya njengoba lace umhlobiso isicwebezelisi esivimba amanzi.

A entry single kule Campanile kubiza 6 euro. Okuningi inzuzo engaphezulu ukuthenga i ithikithi ohlanganyelwe 10 Yebo, kufaka ekhatsi kuvakashela umbhoshongo, Dome, le okubhapathiza of San Giovanni, le Crypt Saint Reparata futhi Museum zomlando.