Esifanekisweni Equestrian Donatello sika. I Okugweda Yenguquko. lesikhumbuzo ukuze Gattamelata

Inkathi Yenguquko Italian ngezindlela eziningi wayefana a umoya oqabulayo emva ngukujabha nobumnyama Ephakathi. Izwe, indlalifa ababengamaSulumane ukuba njengombusi woMbuso Ongcwele WamaRoma, walungisiswa lokhu isimo sabo ngokugcwele, akunika izwe isibalo esikhulu abaculi ekhaliphile. Italian Renaissance kwakuyinkathi bachuma kuzo zonke ubuciko, kusukela izakhiwo umculo. Omunye wabaholi kule nqubo ngakwesokudla kuyinto ebaziwe. A umdali main, sekungamashumi amaningi eminyaka, kunqunywa ukuthuthukiswa ebaziwe kwaba Donatello okukhulu. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Ukuvuka emva ubuthongo eside

Ngo Ephakathi, ebaziwe laliyingxenye ebalulekile ye izakhiwo hhayi wazalwa art ehlukile. Kusukela ekuqaleni Renaissance iyashintsha: uqala abambele ensembles yezakhiwo njengokuphelelisayo, kodwa izakhi nokho ehlukile. Omunye wabantu bokuqala phakathi kwamagatsha amaningi ubuciko ebaziwe waguquka ngokoqobo kanye nezimpilo abafayo abavamile, badonswa, baphuma okuqukethwe zenkolo. Yiqiniso, ama-theme Christian zigxile abaculi, kodwa ngokuya bona bephendukela kwabanye ababephila ngesikhathi.

Kukhona izinhlobo ezintsha athuthukile portrait, imifanekiso eqoshiwe Equestrian khona. Ukuqopha iba ngumgogodla ezikhungweni zomsebenzi ensembles lathumela, ekushintsheni incazelo nokubeka nangezindlela - ukuthuthela kude indima esekelayo. Kukhona izinto ezintsha. On isihlahla esikhundleni yemabula neyethusi. Ngo Northern Italy in inqwaba ekhiqizwa ubumba eziqoshiwe (ezenziwe ngobumba nezitini). Njengoba ukugcwalisa Lorenzo Ghiberti iqala esakaza amasu ubumba ngezinkomishi ezinamekwe ngomthofu. Ngokushesha wathandana amakhosi kanye nethusi eliningi elingenakulinganiswa, ngezibani zalo umxhwele izinzuzo phezu ezinye izinto.

I Okugweda Yenguquko

Kakade okuthiwa Lorenzo Ghiberti owasebenza ngayo ekhulwini lokuthoma xv futhi waba phakathi abaculi bokuqala abake baye baphendukela okwangempela. Indawo ephakathi umsebenzi wakhe kukho konke ukuphila (1378-1455) ukubhekana nale nkinga yokudala impumuzo enhle omkhulu. iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili Ghiberti wasebenza emnyango enyakatho okubhapathiza Florence. I izingoma impumuzo, adalwe master ngokusebenzisa igalelo isitayela Gothic: i angularity ozimele kanye ongaphenduliwe ukuba isigqi Ukwakheka libhekisela ngokunembile le siko. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ukusebenza kanye nombono omusha isikhala, isici kakade Renaissance.

ngendlela Ongokoqobo nge force ngokugcwele waphendukela yokubhapathiza emnyango empumalanga phezu okuyinto Ghiberti wasebenza omunye engamashumi amabili. izifundo ukuboniswa ubuhle nokungapheleli esakuzuza ukuphi ekhethekile: a ezilinganiselwe sibalo kuze landscape egcwele imininingwane, emigqeni zilotshiwe ngokucacile nangobuciko okhetheke khulu. Eastern ISango okubhapathiza abhekwa omunye ezikhangayo Florence futhi uhlobo uphawu ngokunqoba izitayela ezintsha ematsheni phezu igalelo esidlule.

Enye umqophi esaziwayo Italian Renaissance kwaba Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Yena waba nguthisha wokuqala Velikogo uLeonardo da Vinci, owabonisa ongumfundi wakhe amasu amaningi ebaziwe nokudweba. Nokho, Verrocchio imidwebo cishe zazifile, awukwazi ishiwo ukubaza yakhe.

Omunye abadumile eminingi yemisebenzi yakhe - esifanekisweni KaDavide, ngoba lapho, ngokusho legend, imodeli kwaba okhaliphile ye-master. Nokho, la mazwi, kuyangabazeka kakhulu. Ngokungangabazeki esinye - David Verrokko libonisa ngokucacile lapho da Vinci wathatha abaningi amasu abawuthandayo: curls ayizingelosi aluhlaza, umzimba ngendlela ethile ekhethekile futhi edumile isigamu-smile.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko Verrocchio kwaba esifanekisweni Equestrian ka condottiere Bartolomeo Colleoni. Esifanekisweni kubonakala amathonya eziningi Renaissance art: i-unesifiso sokudlulisela ifomu yaphelela, umthelela anatomy we ebaziwe, isifiso ukuze udlulisele imizwelo futhi ukunyakaza figure eqandisiwe.

Primus kokunye Pares

I Okugweda Yenguquko nge zokusesha ngoba isitayela esisha futhi yezikhalazo kwaqala kudala ngilukhohliwe namanje ngabe olufana ne isithombe akuphelele, ungabi phakathi kwabo Donatello. Wizadi omkhulu, ungakwazi Akungabazeki ubizwe iphayona, ngakho kwakunokuvungama okuningi emisha ematsheni ngenxa yale mpatho. Ngaphandle kwayo, lukhulu yayiyobizwa ophucwa Renaissance: Donatello wathola ikhambi ekwakhiweni esitebeleni yenkinga izibalo, wafunda ukudlula amandla adonsela phansi, isisindo, futhi umzimba ubuqotho, selokhu amakhosi lasendulo wadala esifanekisweni nude eqala ukudala ekumeni sculptural. Wabonwa njengoba umdali phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, futhi kwaba nomthelela nasekuthuthukisweni kwezwekazi art inkathi.

ekuqaleni komgwaqo

Donatello, ogama biography ayiqukethe babelwazi usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa (mhlawumbe e 1386), wayevela carder umndeni ingcweti uvolo. Wazalwa mhlawumbe e Florence noma emaphethelweni ayo. Igama eliphelele Donatello - Donato Di Niccolò di Betti Bardi.

Ngokuzayo umqophi abadumile Italian waqeqeshwa workshop ye Ghiberti ngesikhathi lapho esebenza ku ukudalwa esangweni esenyakatho okubhapathiza. Mhlawumbe kungenxa lapha Donatello wahlangana umakhi Brunelleschi, nabo ubungani aye wasigcina kukho konke ukuphila.

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo of amakhono kuye kwaholela yokuthi kakade 1406 lo Donatello amazinyane kwakuwumkhuba oda ahlukene. Wayefundiswe ukwenza isithombe umprofethi ngokuba ingosi ye lombhishobhi Florence.

zemabula David

Donatello, omsebenzi wakhe eminyakeni yokuqala yomsebenzi wakhe kubonakala ubuntu eliqhakazile umbhali, ngemva nje oda senziwa entsha. Eminyakeni 1407-1408 wayesebenza ku esifanekisweni zemabula kaDavide. I ebaziwe aluphelele ngakho njengoba isithombe kamuva hero waseBhayibhelini, esenziwe master, kodwa ibonisa izifiso kanye imfuno umdali. David Awuchazwa efomini classical mellow yinkosi olunezintambo noma umqulu. Kodwa njengoba insizwa eyayikade nje wahlulwa uGoliyati, futhi uyaziqhenya feat yakhe. Esifanekisweni uyakhumbula isithombe heroes lasendulo: David oba ngesandla esisodwa hip, izinyawo zakhe uhlezi ikhanda isitha sika, umzimba zihambisana ezithambile emphethweni izingubo. Nakuba zemabula esifanekisweni isacuketse Echoes of Gothic, lingelikaJehova Yempucuko akunakuphikwa.

Noma San Michele

Donatello wafuna ukudala umsebenzi wabo siqu ikhumbula hhayi kuphela ngokuvumelana enkulu futhi ukwakhiwa jikelele kwabantu, kodwa futhi ube yindawo ekhethekile lapho esifanekisweni izokwenziwa. Akhe dalo kukhona nenzuzo kakhulu wabheka ncamashi lapho babekwa emva kokuqedwa. Lwenza umbono wokuthi ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho futhi. Kulesi umsebenzi by Donatello nge ngcono ithalente ngokuya asuka izimiso Gothic futhi depersonalization ephakathi. izithombe adalwe ukuba bathole izici elikhanyayo ngabanye, imiva ngokuvamile kufezwa ngokusebenzisa izici okungajwayelekile.

Zonke lezi umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama yenkosi sobala kahle nezithombe zosanta, okuyinto esidalelwe ibandla Noma San Michele yena. Izithombe zetshe base efakwe niches, kodwa kwakubonakala siphelile ukubaza ezizimele ukulingana ngokuvumelanayo ku izakhiwo zesonto futhi musa encike kuyo. Ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabo kukhona izibalo St. Mark (1411-1412) kanye St George (1417). Esikhathini isithombe Donatello lokuqala ephethwe ukudlulisela Ukuzikhandla semicabango yobudlova ngaphansi ikhava enokuthula Imininingwane yangaphandle. Uma udala esifanekisweni ye-master baphendukela endleleni yasendulo esitebeleni kulungiselelwa sibalo. Egoba le esifubeni kanye izingalo, kanye indawo emphethweni izingubo - yonke into subordinated kule reception.

St George ufanekiselwe osemusha zempi, esekelwe i-billboard ebekwe, ongokomoya, kunqunywa nobuso. Lokhu samuntu wumumo ekahle, okuyinto ngokulinganayo ubukele ku kokubili okuqinisekile Donatello kakhulu.

Bronze David

Zonke izazi ziyavuma ukuthi omunye okudaliwe enkulu kaDavide Donatello yayimangalisa, ebaziwe, waphonsa lethusi (mhlawumbe 1430-1440-yalolucwaningo). Vasari, owokuqala nesazimlando sezobuciko, wabhala ukuthi kuyalelwe Kozimo Medichi, kodwa enye idatha eqinisekisa leli qiniso, kukhona.

David - ngokwezifiso ebaziwe. Ukuqhubeka samuntu icebo lakhe, ukuphumula ku zemabula uDavide, Donatello okubonisa iqhawe abasha waseBhayibhelini elekhanda nje wahlulwa uGoliyati ngasezinyaweni zakhe. Nokho, ukufana, kule kanye imikhawulo. Bronze uDavide esemusha akagcinanga, yena abasha. Donatello kuvezwa kuye nqunu, cabanga ngokucophelela zonke esonta we eqinile, kodwa owakheke ngokugcwele umzimba womfana. Izingubo umalusi cap kuphela umqhele umfire nezicathulo nge Greaves. Ukuze ufake sibalo ye-master esetshenziswa contrapposto reception. wonke Isisindo umzimba iyiswe nomlenze wesokunene, kwesokunxele uDavide linyathele ikhanda wesitha. Ngakho reception kufinyelelwa nokuzwakala lathambisa ukuma, uhlezi emva ukusikwa. Dynamics yangaphakathi eyinqaba sibalo, ukufunda sibonga ukuphambuka zomzimba kusukela eksisi eyinhloko ebaziwe futhi indawo inkemba lula.

Bronze uDavide wadala njengendlela esifanekisweni, okungase kubhekwe nxazonke. Kwaba esifanekisweni lokuqala nude kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Ifa amakhosi neRoma lasendulo lasendulo esiyitholayo kuyo yonke sibalo hero. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izici ebaziwe esingokwemvelo, ligcwele ubuntu namandla futhi kanjalo samuntu Renaissance kwezifiso.

Eshukunyiswa Lomuzi Waphakade

Waphelela khona amakhono akhe balukhulume eziholela ngesikhathi lokuya eRoma. Emzini ebamba igalelo umbuso omkhulu, Donatello baletha ulwazi olujulile canons lasendulo futhi temasu ekusetjentiswa kwelulwimi. Ezenye rethinking yobuciko isiGreki sasendulo saseRoma Donatello elisetshenziswa ukudalwa uMnyango loMkhandlu Florence, eyayihunyushwe wasebenza kusukela 1433 1439. Mhlawumbe kuwukuthi Lomuzi Waphakade umqondo omusha wavakashela Donatello: esifanekisweni Equestrian ka condottiere Erasmo ka Narni, ngokubona abacwaningi abaningi, uJesu wazalwa emva umhlangano lesikhumbuzo sabantu basendulo Aurelius.

iqhawe

Erasmo ka Narni kwaba condottiere Venetian, ukaputeni esiqashiwe. Isiphelo sakhe akusona nobuqhawe kakhulu ngesakhiwo esonta, kodwa ephefumulelwe Donatello. Gattamelata (okusho "ikati honeyed") - isidlaliso wathola isosha fortune ubunjalo umsungulo kanye ukunakekelwa ngesikhathi sinye esifanayo esikisela ngeziphansi, okusikhumbuza ukuziphatha ikati uyazingela. Waqala inkambo yakhe kusuka phansi kakhulu futhi ukhonza ngokwethembeka Florence, ngakwazi ukufeza okuningi. Eminyakeni yamuva, Gattamelata wakhonza njengephayona induna Army of the Venetian Republic. Ngemva kokufa kwakhe, isosha fortune ukuba angcwatshwe Basilica del Santo Padua. Gattamelata washona ngo 1443.

Triumph Donatello: esifanekisweni Equestrian ka Erasmo ka Narni

Venetian Republic, ukhumbula uquketheni umkhuzi wezempi, kuvunyelwe umfelokazi wakhe nendodana ngezindleko zakhe siqu ukufaka lesikhumbuzo condottiere. Esivelele lo mbono futhi waqala Donatello. esifanekisweni-Equestrian owabadala iminyaka eyishumi, kusukela 1443 kuya ngonyaka 1453.

Esifanekisweni imitha emithathu we plan master eyayibekwe kwimitha ayisishiyagalombili-isinyathelo. Ubukhulu we ukubaza babe umphumela umqondo by Donatello: esifanekisweni Equestrian kwaba sibekwe ngokumelene isizinda lombhishobhi elikhulu futhi kuphela uma impressiveness ayo babekwazi ukubheka njengenhlangano umsebenzi ebalulekile futhi abazimele. Itshe lesikhumbuzo yafakwa ngendlela wanikeza umbono wokuthi ebashiya thempeli kancane zisuswe ngokushesha.

I isinyathelo lihlotshiswe izithombe iminyango, Babelana kuthabathela ecaleni lasempumalanga, entshonalanga ikhiyiwe. Lokhu uhlamvu has a incazelo eqondile: endaweni yabafileyo ingaba faka, kodwa awukwazi ukuphuma. Iminyango asikhumbuza injongo yokuqala lesikhumbuzo, kahle mayunithi Donatello. Gattamelata ngehhashi kwadingeka ukuba avuke emathuneni lombhishobhi. Itshe lesikhumbuzo kwaba original cenotaph lethuna - futhi lapha Donatello yabonisa propensity yakhe lokuqamba kabusha.

yobudala indoda

Condottiere kuboniswe Donatello - enokuzethemba egcwele amandla, kodwa ikhehla. Encwadini yakhe esandleni sobunxele Wand kwesokudla asiphathele izinso. Yena kubonisa umfanekiso hero of the Renaissance: aluwona abilayo, kodwa uchazwe kabusha ukuphila - iqhawe-isazi sefilosofi, cishe ugxile nemikhuba Donatello. Statue condottiero Gattamelata ngesikhathi esifanayo isibonelo esihle kakhulu kuyikhono portrait umqophi. ubuso bakhe akakwazi kudidaniswe nabanye: nose uthathekile, umugqa esicacile umlomo, isilevu amancane cheekbones sigqame.

Isembatho umkhuzi - ubufakazi besifiso sokuwunikeza izici hero lasendulo. Gattamelata begqoke hhayi yesimanje Donatello izingubo nezikhali ngezikhathi zeRoma. Kucatshangwa ukuthi it is nokujaha izingxenye izambatho othathwe master isikhathi eside kunazo zonke. Nokho, inqubo yokudala isikhumbuzo Donatello rose eziningi izinkinga: kwakudingekile ukwakha ushintsho liyavumelana kusukela sibalo we condottiere ihhashi, nangezindlela ukudala umbono oyifunayo. Lezi nezinye izinkinga lokhu kwakudinga isikhathi. Umphumela wokusebenza kwemicabango okuqhubekayo ezifana nazo zonke izindleko.

Donatello adunyiswe umsebenzi wakhe, wamthatha nabantu bangesikhathi sakhe. Lokhu kufakazelwa isiginesha master, akakhulumi oshiywe yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Isikhumbuzo condottiere Gattamelata ephefumulelwe Okugweda eziningi nezikhathi okwalandela (ezifana Andrea del Verrocchio kakade ngenhla).

Judith

Esinye isibonelo esihle wekhono ngu Donatello kwaba esifanekisweni "UJudith futhi Holofernes", wadala eminyakeni 1455-1457. Umsebenzi wobuciko sibonisa indaba iTestamente Elidala womfelokazi kusukela Bethulia, ngesibindi wabulala i-Asiriya Holofernes jikelele ukulondoloza emzini wakhe wokunqoba. owesifazane Abuthaka nge amehlo bathinteka futhi ubuso egcwele usizi, kunesithembiso esandleni sakhe inkemba waliphakamisa, ukulungele ikhanda elincike limply ngasezinyaweni zakhe udakiwe Holofernes.

"UJudith futhi Holofernes" - okuhlukile ethandwa ku Renaissance amasiko ubuqhawe zesifazane. Donatello ayifake kulo msebenzi amakhono futhi wakwazi kudlule njengoba imizwa yakhe ehlukahlukene, uJudith, futhi umfanekiso isithombe iyonke. I ekhululekile kakhulu ingxenye Ukwakheka - ebusweni lomfelokazi. Kwasebenza kahle ukuze kubonakala uyaphila. Lapho ubuka uJuditi adalwe Donatello, kulula kakhulu ukuba baqonde lokho okutshelwa imizwelo wazizwa. Buthule amakhono legends nazo izici ekhululekile sici master, ngokugcwele lasetshenziswa Donatello ukule ebaziwe.

Donatello wafa mkhulu 1466. Eminyakeni yamuva, ukuphila izisusa ukuguga nokufa nokuhlupheka wabusa emsebenzini wakhe ngokucacile. Phakathi nale nkathi, kwakukhona uMariya UMagdalina ngu Donatello - hhayi Echichima ubuhle kanye namandla intombazane, kodwa isiphelile ngokuzila ukudla futhi bazizwa isisindo zeminyaka yokuphila isalukazi. Nokho, kulezi, futhi imisebenzi ngaphambili of umoya umqophi brilliant usaphila futhi siyaqhubeka ugqozi futhi bajabule.