Bronze - i Ukwakheka ingxubevange. I amakhemikhali ukwakheka zethusi

Abantu abaningi bayawazi nethusi kukobana usakaze ukubaza kanye izikhumbuzo. Empeleni, insimbi bancishwa ukunaka kwabantu ongafanelwe. Hhayi ize emlandweni wesintu kwaba ngisho Bronze Age - inkathi yonke, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho ingxubevange uye ngaba nesikhundla evelele. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu izinto ambalwa asetshenziselwa kokubili umkhakha futhi kwezobuciko. Izimfanelo possessed ingxubevange ye nethini nje esisemqoka ezimbonini eziningi. It is esetshenziswa ekwakheni kwezibhamu, isakhiwo umshini, ngomjovo we izinsimbi zesonto, nokunye. Ngakho kukhona namuhla inani elikhulu lensimbi amamaki, ngamunye ephethe izakhiwo ezithile zangaphambi abalingisa.

Ukusetshenziswa zethusi zokugcina

Lapho kukhulunywa ngaye okokuqala i ingxubevange ye nethini ezangesikhathi IV yeminyaka BC. Kuyinto lokhu impumelelo zobuchwepheshe, ngokusho kwezazi-mlando, ake impucuko yase-Aramu Naharayimi ukuthatha ngenkathi isikhundla ekuholeni. Imivubukulo eyenziwa eningizimu Iran, ibonisa ukusetshenziswa kabanzi zethusi ngokwenza arrowheads, imimese, nemikhonto, izimbazo, izinkemba. Phakathi uyathola kukhona ngisho ekhaya impahla, ezifana ifenisha kanye nezibuko, kanye izimbiza, amphorae, isitsha sezimbali kanye amapuleti. Ukuze minting zemali lasendulo kanye jewelry ekwenziweni wasebenzisa ingxubevange efanayo.

Bronze Ephakathi iqala ukuba ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa eYurophu. Kusukela liveze izinto nezimo omkhulu like kwaqhuma futhi domes isonto. Ngezinye Mayelana nokwenzeka kamuva, ukuthuthukiswa isiqoqi sama-softwe, metal njengoba esisetshenziswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene futhi kwaqashelwa. It bayazisa, ikakhulukazi anti-friction futhi anti-ukugqwala izakhiwo. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi impahla esetshenziswa ngaphambi, kuthi oluhlukile kulolo namuhla ithusi. Ukwakheka ingxubevange yakhiwa sebuningini ukungcola okuncane kakhulu konakalise izinga layo.

I amakhemikhali ukwakheka ethusi yesimanje

Namuhla izinto okuthiwa zethusi ingxubevange ngezinto ezimbili nethini, angasetshenziswa ngezabelo ahlukahlukene. Ukuze wenze zensimbi isethi izimfanelo kule pair angase engezwe zinc, i-phosphorus, i-magnesium, phambili ne-silicon. Ukuba khona ukungcola ezivelayo ngobuchwepheshe lanamuhla is cishe encishisiwe zero.

Ezimweni eziningi kubhekwe isilinganiso eyamukelekayo ethusi tin ngezabelo 85 kuya kwangu-15. Ukwehlisa inani wathi ingxenye yesibili, ngezansi ezingeni kuphakamisa izinkinga eziningi, main okuyinto ngokwahlukana isigaba. Le nkulumo ibhekisela inqubo Metallurgical ingxubevange babhekane nezinga elikhulu futhi eyenza lukhuni engalingani.

Ithonya ingxubevange ku yayo umbala izinga

abantu Unolwazi bangafunda okuningi mayelana impahla, nje ngokubheka umbala, okuyinto has a ngethusi. Ukwakheka kunomthelela oqonde ngqo lokhu ipharamitha. Wena ukuyichaza ke, obomvu luhlaza unika ithusi ingxubevange. Ngakho-ke, ukwehla ngamaphesenti esivuna nezinye izakhi kuzosho inguquko kancane kancane umbala kuya amathoni buthuntu.

Ngo ezivamile ishidi izingxenye (85% yethusi) isikhunta zethusi yellowness. inguqulo enjalo zingatholakala kaningi. ingxubevange White etholwe emva ukulungisa isilinganiso ukuba 50:50. Kodwa athuthela ithusi lakho baba grey, kumelwe inciphise ethusi 35%.

Njengoba for ushintsho izici ngokoqobo ingxubevange ngenkathi ukusebenzisa udondolo lwakhe, isimo kanje. I ductility we impahla kweyeme okuqukethwe tin therein. Kuyinto esingaphansi pliable ngaphezulu kuyoba zethusi, kodwa lokhu kuyiqiniso kuphela kuze kube umkhawulo othile. Ngakho, uma ileveli 50% ingxubevange iba ezithambile futhi.

Bronze art

impahla eqinile futhi iqine, kokuba kulokhu a ngokwanele ongaphakeme ukuncibilika lokushisa kanye ductility ezinhle, ayikwazanga abe nesithakazelo kubantu yokudala, e abaculi ethile. Kakade V-IV BC leminyaka eGrisi saveza nemininingwane emincane ubuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza of eziqoshiwe lethusi, okuyinto esasebenza nanamuhla. Siqukethe ngalolo statue flameproof impahla ekuqaleni indawo ngemakhilayoni, okuyinto ngqo abhidlizwa ngesikhathi ekusakazeni. Ngenxa yale njongo umdwebo uye ngowokuqala ekhiqizwa imodeli usimende, futhi ngemva isikhunta ekusakazeni. Okuqukethwe wax lapho zihlatshwa okushisa nje liyancibilika, futhi yikhona okuthatha indawo yayo wethusi ayaphola bese osemanzi. Ngemva okungaba umphumela walokho kuphela ukucubungula futhi alethe ekupheleleni.

wezikhali metal

Ukuze womshini izibhamu, futhi nezempi esizayo nezinye, ke ubelokhu esebenzisa ngethusi. Ukwakheka ingxubevange, esetshenziselwa ngalezi zinhloso ngokuvamile iqukethe 90% yethusi 10% tin kuphela. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi indaba for izibhamu kumelwe babe namandla kakhulu futhi ifa amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu eqine. Lezi zimfanelo zethusi Brand BrAZhMts10-3-1.5. Ngaphandle yezingxenye esemqoka ukubunjwa yayo equkethwe 1.2% manganese, okwandisa izici kokukhuhlana futhi lokushisa.

insimbi Production isonto

Bell ukukhala kumele kube namanothi, kodwa umsindo walo kufanele ajabulise indlebe buqamama. Isimanga siwukuthi kodwa nethusi ine lomculo. Ukuze uthuthukise insimbi yayo umsindo Yenziwe i ingxubevange nge tin okuqukethwe okusezingeni eliphezulu (20 kuya ku-22%). Ngezinye izikhathi, futhi unezela kancane esiliva. Izitembu wethusi asetshenziswa womshini izinsimbi kanye nezinye izinsimbi zomculo eshaywayo ngoba ngokoqobo kwezinye izimboni nakanjani ezingafanele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi leli ingxubevange has a okusanhlamvu isakhiwo esihle futhi fragility anda.

Wali band acid kanye ne-aluminium nethusi

ingxubevange Okokuqala ehlanganisa 90% yethusi futhi 9% ithini 1% phosphorus lasetshenziswa ngo-1871 Künzel ngonyaka. Wayelethwa okuthiwa phosphor zethusi, kanye ukwaziswa okusencwadini isicelo yayo ngokuyinhloko isiqoqi sama-softwe. Khona-ke wabumba ezihlukahlukene umshini izingxenye ukuthi bavezwa engxabanweni anda. Phosphorus kuyadingeka ngenxa yokwanda kuyaqina kanye nokwenza ngcono izakhiwo anticorrosive. Inzuzo enkulu yaleli metal ukuthi kahle igcwalisa iyiphi ayimigodi ku ekusakazeni.

Aluminium lethusi, okwakhiwa kwalo kuyehluka wokuqukethwe lelisetulu yethusi (95%), ukubukeka kuyafana igolide. Ngaphezu ubuhle, it has nezinye izinzuzo eziningana. Ngokwesibonelo, ngaphezu 5% aluminium ingxubevange kwenza ukumelana ukuz ukuba ezindaweni ezinodlame ezifana hyperacidity.

Njengoba izinto womshini ahlukahlukene izingxenye zemishini, metal asebenzayo cishe emhlabeni ngelinye zethusi wali band ephepheni Izigayo kanye ekukhiqizeni powder ngenxa ephakeme esiphikisayo ukudabuka.

Silicon neyethusi manganese

Silicon yengezwe ingxubevange ukuthuthukisa conductivity. Kuyimfanelo asetshenziswe ekukhiqizeni ngocingo izintambo. Izikhombo Silicon zethusi Ukwakheka simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: 97,12% yethusi, 1.14% ithini 0.05% silicon.

Inqubo nzima kakhulu ukuthola aqhoshe ingxubevange equkethe manganese. Yonke inqubo ithatha indawo izigaba eziningana. ferromangan Okokuqala ukungezwa ithusi esibunjiweyo. Khona-ke, ngemva lokushisa elinqunyiwe, ukungezwa tin, ne-zinc, uma kunesidingo. ngokuqinile British Bronce Inkampani ekhiqiza izinhlobo eziningana zethusi manganese, kokuba viscosity ezahlukene kanye ubulukhuni. Ukusebenzisa ingxubevange efanayo kungaba cishe zonke izimboni.