Biography emfushane Radischeva Aleksandra umlando wokuphila, nobuciko kanye amabhuku

Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev eyaduma njengendlela umlobi abanamakhono futhi imbongi, kodwa ngendlela efanayo ukuthi, wayengumuntu sefilosofi labetibambile egcekeni esikahle. Lesi sihloko ihlinzeka emfushane biography Radishcheva (I-grade 9, kodwa, lolu lwazi kungaba wusizo kakhulu).

Ebuntwaneni. Ukuhambisa eMoscow

Alexander wayeyindodana okhuluma ngomnikazi wezwe ocebile Nicholas Afanasevicha Radishchev. Yazalwa ngo- sifundazwe Saratov, edolobhaneni Upper Oblyazove e 1749. Uyise wayeyindoda isiko, ngakho wazama asinika indodana yakhe futhi imfundo yekhethelo. Radishcheva unina Thekla Savvichna. Wayengomunye YaseMoscow umndeni gentry nezazi. Igama lakhe sasekhaya - Argamakova.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abazali Radishcheva iphathwa serfs sabo kahle kakhulu, futhi afundise indodana yakhe. Ebuntwaneni Alexander Nikolayevich ophasiswe Oblyazove. Kuyaziwa ukuthi indlu yabo kwakuyinkonzo abacebile ezinkulu, kwakuhlale eziningi amadoda. Ngo Radishchev kwadingeka bobane nabafowabo abangamakhulu ayisithupha, izingane ku-alinganayo akhulumisana ngayo nama-inqaba, baphuthuma kubo nge emzaneni. Uthisha Radishchev ngokusobala okwakuyi futhi umhlaba igama lakhe? - UPetru Mamontov. ngothando Radishchev wayekhumbula indlela uMalume watshela indaba.

Lapho eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, abazali bakhe bahamba naye eMoscow. Kukhona wahlala ukunakekelwa kwesihlobo kukamama. Belingana nezingane umninikhaya sika, wafunda uprofesa waseyunivesithi uthisha French. Babenenala engumFulentshi ubudala, ayebalekele besuka ezweni labo.

Ukubeka umfana kwakungavamile. Waba khona izinkulumo zezazi eziholayo serfdom izingxabano, ukwakhiwa, imfundo, ubushiqela. Izivakashi Argamakovyh abangu awanelisekile kuhulumeni Elizabeth, nangaphansi uPetru ukudedelwa Okwesithathu akwenzeki, kunalokho, ukucasuka lakhula. Ngo ezifana isimo Ros Aleksandr Nikolaevich.

ikhasi Corps

Lapho eneminyaka engu-13 ubudala, wakhononda emakhasini. Lokhu kwenza Umbusikazi uCatherine II. Ukuze Radishcheva encane khulumela izihlobo zakhe Argamakovy.

Kuze 1764 Catherine nge uhulumeni eMoscow, lapho wokugcotshwa okwenzeka, bese nge zakhe namakhasi, kuhlanganise Radishchev wabuyela Petersburg.

Ikhasi Corps 'sasingacebile ehloniphekayo "isikhungo kuleyo minyaka. Zonke abafana babeqeqeshwa uthisha kuphela eyodwa - Morembert, ngubani waphoqeleka ukuba asikhulise ubabonise indlela yokukhonza iNdlovukazi at ibhola, ezinkundleni zemidlalo yaseshashalazini, in the izitimela.

Biography emfushane Radishchev, indawo ebaluleke kakhulu lapho ngiyomletha impumelelo, akazange ukuchaza lokho okwehlela umfana emkhathini izingxoxo sina futhi izithakazelo zomphakathi zithutha enkantolo ngoLwesithathu. Yiqiniso, wayeseboshwe sathatha bonke inzondo dlova, amanga, ukuthopha, futhi manje yena wayebona konke amehlo ami, futhi hhayi nje kuphi, kodwa kuzo zonke ubukhazikhazi esigodlweni.

Kwakungenxa Corps of amakhasi Alexander wahlangana Kutuzov, ngubani oyoba wakhe omkhulu iminyaka eminingi. Nakuba ekugcineni izindlela zabo washintsha, lo mphathi akakwenzanga lokho ukutshela igama elilodwa ezimbi mayelana Radishchev. Umlando Omfushane wokugcina - isiqinisekiso ngqo.

e Leipzig

Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngemva kokuthuthela Petersburg Radischev kanye abafana abahlanu wathunyelwa eJalimane ukuze lokuyofunda eyunivesithi. UCatherine II wayefuna ukuba ummeli abafundile futhi wakhonza ingxenye zokwahlulela.

Kancane kancane iqembu labo elincane lakhula. Ngokwesibonelo, e Leipzig weza Fyodor Ushakov, owayeyisikhulu ngesikhathi isiphathimandla abasha. Washiya isevisi ngenxa yolwazi inyuvesi. Fedor Sibahlanu, futhi ngokushesha waba umholi weqembu lezinsizwa.

Radishchev wachitha kwelinye izwe iminyaka ecishe ibe mihlanu. Sonke lesi sikhathi, wazikhandla futhi cishe got a degree wezokwelapha, kodwa namanje izincwadi eyamdonsela kakhulu. Biography emfushane Radishcheva kubonisa isithakazelo yayo kule nascent German predromanticheskomu isiqondiso.

Izwe ishaqekile iMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Ayisikhombisa ', okwaphela muva nje, ngakho umphakathi uye wazakhela eningi imibono yamaSoviet, singasho svobodomyslennyh, uma kungekhona wamavukelambuso. Futhi abafundi Russian kutintfo kwayo. Ndawonye nabo, wafunda e-University of Goethe, belalele izinkulumo zefilosofi ezivelele Platner, owayeyilungu umsekeli liberalism.

EJalimane, izinsizwa wahlala kahle, ngoba yinduna yabo Bocoum, esabekwa iNdlovukazi, kwaba umashiqela kweqiniso nabahahayo. Wathatha izinsizwa zonke imali ethunyelwe okuqukethwe. Bese abafundi banquma ukudlubulunda. Lesi sinqumo wabashiya emaceleni njengoba baboshwa futhi wathumela ukuthethwa kwecala. Kodwa Russian Ambassador wangenela.

Bocoum wadubula kamuva kakhulu, ngaphambi nje kokushiya Radishcheva ekhaya.

ukubuya

Biography emfushane Radishcheva ukhuluma ukuthi 1771 wafika Petersburg kanye Kutuzov futhi Rubanovskii. Abantu abasha zigcwele nethemba nangokuzimisela, ofakwe kwezifiso okuqhubekayo social, bangathanda ukusiza umphakathi.

Kubonakala sengathi eminyakeni abayichitha eJalimane, iNdlovukazi bakhohlwa ngenjongo ngokuthumela Amakhasi phesheya. Radishcheva bezimisele ukusebenza e Senate a rekhoda. Lokhu kwabangela insizwa ulwandle nasiphazamiso ngokushesha washiya isevisi.

Ngo 1773 wangena endlunkulu Jikelele Bruce, nalapho efike waphelela khona aqokwe umshushisi wenkantolo yezempi. Lo msebenzi waphefumulela u-Alexander Nikolayevich, kodwa wayegunde ukuzwakalisa. Ngenxa charm yayo kanye erudition, waba entree ku umphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu amakamelo abaphilayo abalobi. Alexander akazange akhohlwe nakancane yakhohlwa intshiseko yakhe yobuciko. Ngisho Biography emfushane kakhulu Radishcheva abakwazi bathule ngomsebenzi wakhe. Futhi akudingekile.

indlela etemibhalo

Ngokokuqala ngqá U-Alexander walibhekisa ukuze umsebenzi wokubhala ngisho e Leipzig. Kwakuyisikhathi ukuhunyushwa emaphamfulethi kwezombusazwe nakwezenkolo. Kodwa ikhasi bakhe abasebasha is hhayi kuqeda, ngoba "iGazethi" eshicilelwe kwenye, ndima ngaphansi okunoshukela.

Petersburg, wahlangana ne kubashicileli bakamagazini "Painter" novikov. Ngokushesha kwabonakala isihloko esithi "Ukudlula Kwekuheha", kodwa yanyatheliswa ngokungaziwa. Biography emfushane Radishchev, into ebaluleke kunazo zonke, akukhona - njalo phezu, kufakazelwa yiqiniso ukuthi umlobi kuyaqabukela waveza ngegama lakhe siqu kwi imikhiqizo.

Esikhathini "LukaMuratori" kwathiwa ngokucace ikhombisa impilo ezweni ngomzana, nazo zonke izenzakalo zawo elibuhlungu. Yiqiniso, uhulumeni phezulu akakuthandanga lokho, abanikazi bamazwe bakhubeka. Kodwa futhi umbhali noma umshicileli akesabi. Futhi ngokushesha, ephephabhukwini efanayo yashicilela isihloko "ngesiNgisi Hamba", esivikela edition odlule. Bese ukuqhubeka "ngxenye".

Empeleni, nale ncwajana futhi waqala umsebenzi edabukisayo Radishchev.

Abaningi Alexander wahlanganyela izinguqulo, okuyinto nayo enyatheliswa novikov. Ngokwe-oda Catherine incwadi yahunyushwa kubo, "Ukucabanga ngomlando YesiGreki" Mably. Kodwa ekugcineni washiya abanye amamaki akhe, kanjalo engena impikiswano yombhali, kanye nezincazelo eziningana (kuhlanganise izwi "ohlanga").

Ngo 1789 kwafika kunyatheliswa incwadi "Ukuphila Ushakov", okuyinto eye wamvusa komsindo. Yena futhi yanyatheliswa ngokungaziwa kodwa akekho bangabaza ukuthi zabhalwa Radishchev. Zonke waphawula ukuthi incwadi eziningi izinkulumo esiyingozi nemicabango. Nokho, iziphathimandla ziye indiva indlela yakhe aphume, ukuthi kwaba uphawu for umlobi we okwenzayo.

Biography emfushane Radishcheva ebangeni 9 akuyona njengoba okunenjongo, kodwa kuqashelwe ukuthi umsebenzi lo muntu ubengaveli unganelisekile hhayi kuphela iziphathimandla kodwa futhi amalungu Russian Academy, lezikhulu eziningi.

Radishchev akazange ukuzola. Wayefuna kwezinye izinhlelo zokwenziwayo olukhulu. Ngakho-ke ngaqala avele okuthiwa iSociety of Friends of kolimi, ezazihlanganisa abalobi abaningi, kanye amatilosi nezinduna. Wathatha indlela yakhe: walalela izinkulumo.

Umphakathi uye waba magazini "likaSomlomo weNdlu isakhamuzi", okuyinto wanyathelisa, benamandla Radishchevskaya imibono. Kukhona futhi isihloko isazi sefilosofi yena, njenge- enkulumweni inkulumo-ze ( "Ingxoxo okungukuthi indodana wobaba). Phela, ayenakho eziningi kanzima, ukuthi wathumela ukuphrinta. Ngisho nabalandeli bakhe ukuba baqonde indlela kungaba yingozi.

Umlobi, kwakubukeka sengathi abazange bakuqaphele, njengoba amafu ebuthene phezu kwakhe. Kodwa kuyacaca ukuthi lichaza biography. Radischev Aleksandr Nikolaevich, omsebenzi wakhe zamkhonza inkonzo engenamusa, waba ngaphansi iso iziphathimandla. Uphalafini emlilweni wathela ukushicilelwa wakhe olandelayo.

"Uhambo kusuka Petersburg eMoscow"

Biography emfushane Radishcheva iqukethe iqiniso elilodwa elishiwo isimanga. umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko, isivivinyo ukucwaninga lidlule ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi lokhu akunakwenzeka, kodwa kwaba. Into wukuthi ukuzishaya nje lazy kakhulu iSikhulu Samaphoyisa AmaJaji ukusifunda. Ukubona isihloko kanye uhlu lokuqukethwe, sekunqunyiwe ukuthi lokhu kumane nje mhlahlandlela. Incwadi lanyatheliswa ukuphrinta ikhaya nombhali, ngakho elikuqukethe, akekho owayazi.

Uzungu ulula. Ngokuvamile isihambi uya esigodini kwenye, futhi, odlulayo emizaneni, uchaza lokho akubona. Le ncwadi umhlaziyi vocal kakhulu amandla autocratic, izingxoxo mayelana abalimi labacindezela kulendawo ukuyekelela.

Sekukonke, amakhophi angamakhulu ayisithupha ezanyatheliswa, kodwa ithengiswe bebabi amabili nanhlanu. Long beya abafundi umdayisi abafuna ukuthatha ezandleni edition wamavukelambuso.

Yiqiniso, umkhiqizo ezifana asitholanga impendulo evela abafundi, noma iqembu elibusayo. UMbusikazi yomlobi kuqhathaniswa ne Pugachev, futhi wathandwa kuqhathanisa lihlongandlebe.

Kwakukhona ngaphezu iziphathimandla kanye nomunye umuntu ngeke bakujabulele umsebenzi Radishchev. Ngokwesibonelo, Pushkin wathi mayelana incwadi kubanda kakhulu, siphawula ukuthi "kwakunguSamuweli ncwadi Okuqukethwe akuzwakali" silotshwe "ilunga zobuqaba."

Ukuboshwa nokudingiswa

Ngemiyalo yezikhulu uCatherine II Radishchev eboshwa. Kwakungu-June 30, 1790. Ngokusho kwamaphepha olusemthethweni, isizathu nokuvalelwa kwaba umbhali kuphela "Ukuvakasha". Kodwa, njengoba iNdlovukazi kwase kuyisikhathi eside kwaziwa mayelana nohlobo imibono kanye nemisebenzi ye-isakhamuzi, leli cala kwakuhlangene kanye nezinye imisebenzi yakhe yobuciko.

Ngenxa uxhumano ne ahlaza ke owayehlakazekile yi okuthiwa iSociety of Friends. Investigation wayala inhloko UStepan Sheshkovsky amaphoyisa omshoshaphansi, owawungumnyaka wesahlulelo siqu Empress. Lokhu ngandlela-thile wafunda Aleksandr Nikolaevich Radischev. Umlando iDemo (9-ibanga ngalesi sihloko kukharikhulamu esikoleni) ukhomba yokuthi amakhophi esele okuvela kuyo le ncwadi baqothulwa umbhali, okuyinto ethukile ngempela.

Radishchev wayeboshwe uPetru noPawulu Fortress. Weqa sokuhlushwa esesabisayo nje ngoba udadewabo lomkakhe uye athuthela lonke wesahlulelo sakhe ubucwebe. Lapho "ukudlubulunda 'aqaphele ukuthi kuyingozi umdlalo kwakuhileleke naye lapho, yena waba ukunqobile ukwesaba. Ngenhla ke kusondela usongo isigwebo sokufa ku umndeni wakhe - a amambuka inhlamba. Khona-ke Radishchev waqala ukuloba izincwadi wokuphenduka, nakuba kuwukugcina kakhulu.

Kusukela umbhali wafuna wayiqamba ngokuthi amagama abalingani kanye nebangani. Kodwa Radishchev engakhulumanga igama elilodwa. Ngokusho imiphumela enkantolo ngoJulayi 24 isigwebo sentambo. Kodwa njengoba umlobi kwakungomunye enhle, kudingeka imvume kwazo zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni. Radishchev ke ukulinda kuze kube yilapho 19 Agasti. Kodwa ngasizathu simbe ukubulawa lihlehliselwe, futhi ngo-September 4 Ekaterina indawo uhlanganyela bedingiselwe eSiberia.

Ulwazi mayelana nale minyaka eyishumi ezayo ayichitha ejele Ilmen, ungase ubuyise yomlando wakhe omfushane. Alexander Radishchev, abalobi, abangane wamuka ekudingisweni, wahlala khona iminyaka eyisithupha kuphela. Ngo 1796, uMbusi uPawulu, owaziwa ngokuba uchaza ukubhekana kwakhe nonina, wakhulula umbhali. Futhi 1801 wayethethelela amnestied.

eminyakeni yamuva

U-Alexander I ngokuthi umbhali ukuba Petersburg wammisa yokuma Commission on libhala imithetho.

Ngemva kokudingiswa Radishchev kwakulotshwe izinkondlo ezimbalwa, kodwa akazange athole injabulo literatorstva. Kwakunzima silwe nenkululeko yokucabanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphila eSiberia kakhulu libukelwa phansi impilo yakhe, akabange abasha futhi zingajabuli. Mhlawumbe wonke la maphuzu baphoqa umbhali ukubaleka ukuphila.

Biography emfushane Radishcheva liqukethe ulwazi ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili izinguqulo sokufa kwakhe. Esokuqala okuphathelene nomsebenzi. Ifuna wasikisela ukwethula imithetho ukuthi nokulinganisa amalungelo ezakhamizi, futhi usihlalo babakhuza kuye, esongela eSiberia. Alexander wathatha lokhu enhliziyweni futhi anobuthi.

Le nguqulo yesibili ukuthi ngephutha Zaziphuza aqua regia futhi wafa phambi kwendodana yakhe. Kodwa imibhalo umngcwabo, ukufa yemvelo lubalwa imbangela yokufa.

Kuze kube namuhla ethuneni komlobi ayizange yasinda.

Isiphetho ifa etemibhalo

Kuze umbhali zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili izincwadi ayitholakalanga. Wayaziwa kuphela njengendlela umhlali ( "mfowethu") Penza esifundeni - Radishchev. Umlobi, Biography (lemifisha isethulo, kodwa enjalo engenakulibaleka) okuyinto sasidabukisa kakhulu, awuzange baziswa besikhathi sakhe. Zonke izincwadi zakhe ashiswa. Kuphela ngo-1888, lo magazini encane wadedelwa eRussia "Ukuvakasha". Futhi kakade 1907 - iqoqo imisebenzi umbhali kanye imbongi.

umndeni

Umlobi useke washada kabili. Enomkakhe lokuqala Anna Rubanovskii waba nezingane ezine. Kodwa owesifazane washona ebeletha indodana zokugcina uPawulu. Bheka emva kokuphuma kwabantwana bakwa kwesokunxele ngaphandle omama bavumelana uDade Anne-Catherine.

It wayengadlali owayeneminyaka ngomfazi Radishchev yesibili, bamlandela ekudingisweni. Ezinye izingane ezintathu bazalelwa umshado wabo. Endleleni emuva Petersburg Catherine ukugula futhi washona. Lokhu lusizi ukulahlekelwa yizo zonke izingane Radishchev.

Biography emfushane nemisebenzi yomlobi amadlingozi ngempela. Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo izenzakalo zokuphila kwakhe, yena akazange asilahle imibono yabo futhi elalibalandela kuze umoya wokugcina. Lokhu kubonakala khona amandla umoya womuntu!