American chess umdlali Bobby Fischer biography, amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo, izithombe

Phakathi abadlali edume kunazo zonke, yaziwe emhlabeni chess, abambalwa kuphela abantu abakwazi ukuhlukanisa ukuthi ukuhlakanipha kwakhe okungaphezu kokuvamile amehlo. ubuhlakani yabo alethwe nezwe ezemidlalo eziningi ezintsha futhi amaqembu esiyingqayizivele. Enye impikiswano kakhulu kuyinto Bobby Fischer, elalinamandla ukuwedlula chess umdlali sonke isikhathi. Izinga IQ yakhe zazilingana 186, kuba omunye amazinga eliphakeme kunawo wonke emhlabeni.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Bobby Fischer wazalwa emhlabeni omuhle Mashi usuku mkhaya wabantu bezizwe. Ngo-1933, umama iqhawe esizayo, Regina Wender bambalekela eJalimane kokuphindela eSoviet Union, lapho abaningi abayitholayo ezweni lakubo amaNazi athatha izintambo. Okwesikhathi esithile wayehlala endaweni ezweni friendly, lapho wathola umyeni esizayo, uGerhard Fischer. Ngo-1938, lo mbhangqwana wakhipha umshado esisemthethweni, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi esithile saya e-US.

Esikhathini izifundazwe kanye Bobby Fischer wazalwa ngo-March 9, 1943. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-2, ubaba washiya umkhaya lapho ebuyela eJalimane. Umama umfana self Njengoba ayefunde wagogoda futhi udadewabo omdala, uJoan. Leyo ntombazane nomunye wanika umfowabo lo chess kuqala, bese izwe kushintshile ngaye. UJoan Robert (Bobby Fischer) waqala ukufunda imithetho bese udlale nabo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umfana nakakhulu bacwiliswa emhlabeni chess.

Ngaleso sikhathi, umndeni owahlala eBrooklyn. Nsuku zonke, Bobby abasha amahora ambalwa wachitha wedwa, ukudlala yena uthando umdlalo. Lokhu kuye kwabangela ukukhathazeka umama wanquma ukuthola umlingani sparring indodana yakhe. Njengoba sasingazi ukuthi ikuphi ukuze ujike, wanquma ukubeka isikhangiso ephephandabeni. Abasebenzi "eBrooklyn Lokhozi", ungaqiniseki ngalokho kwesigaba ukubeka umbhalo onjalo, wanquma uyidlulisele kuya umuntu onolwazi ngalezi chess journalism. Kwatholakala Hermann Helms, abasabela isikhangiso ngokubhalela mayelana unina Bobby eBrooklyn chess club.

Eyokuqala chess club kanye Umqeqeshi

Ukuphishekela amahora eside wedwa, umdlali young bangafunda zonke tricks yomdlalo. EBrooklyn club ivule amathuba amasha kuye. Bobby Fischer, ogama biography maduze akwaziwe ngabantu bonke, uqala ukuqeqesha nge Carmine Nigro. Lo muntu ngaleso sikhathi kwakuwukuthola umongameli we club. Bobby Young wachitha kule ndawo cishe zonke ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula.

Lapho iqembu yavalwa, abasebancane chess umdlali wancenga umama wakhe ukuthatha siya naye epaki, "Washington Square." Ngaleso sikhathi kwakunabamemezeli uya bonke abalandeli of lo mdlalo - kusukela komncane kuya ezinkulu, kusukela kwezakhi nomphakathi. Bobby Fischer wazalwa ukudlala chess, kwakusobala kakade leyo minyaka. Ngemva konyaka waba wahlanganyela Hortonskom club, kanye izikhathi eziningana ngenyanga oqeqeshiwe ikhono kanye abaqeqeshiwe ngokuvakashela Dzhona Kollinza. Ngaleso sikhathi yena wavakashelwa eziningi abadlali kanye GMS. Kwakuwusuku emzini umqeqeshi elihle Fisher waqala ukufunda izincwadi akhethekile ahlobene umdlalo.

lokuqala ukunqoba

Ukutadisha amaqembu ehlukene, Robert iqhaza kuyo yonke imincintiswano, eyayiqhutshwa lapho. ngokunqoba kwakhe kuqala angabhekwa inqobe umdlalo mncintiswano sendawo engu-10. It is kakhulu wayevelele phakathi ontanga yakhe akukhona kuphela isitayela umdlalo, kodvwa uphindze abe nesifiso ukuba the best.

Izindaba umdlali brilliant waqala washintsha kusuka chess mphakathi omncane onabantu Melika. Bobby waqala amehlo, futhi engu-13 omenyiwe tournaments eziningi. Ngokuvamile, wahlanganyela umdlalo kanyekanye lapho abaphikisi bakhe abanye abahlanganyeli esiqine ngesikhathi esisodwa. Esinye isenzakalo esinjalo senzeka e-Cuba, lapho yena esehambile kanye Regina Wender, unina. grandmasters Famous wamema prodigy abasha ukudlala umdlalo, lokho Robert njalo uvumelana, kungcono ithuba ukufunda okuthile okusha bese ukuqonda ukuhlakanipha amakhosi.

Eminyakeni 16, Fischer zanquma ukulishiya wezemfundo, ukuze achithe wazikhandla ngokugcwele ukufunda futhi udlale chess. Yena ngokuzimela ekhaya ahlelwe parallel imidlalo eziningana naye. Sabalalisa ngokusebenzisa amakamelo ebhodini, ubizwa yanjalo basukile omunye komunye, ekuhloleni ukucabanga ngokusebenzisa uhamba nhlangothi zombili.

tournaments

Ehlobo lika-1956 kwaba-US mqhudelwano junior lapho Bobby abasha Fischer ithole ubuqhawe bakhe kuqala, futhi waba winner omncane mncintiswano. Ngemva kwalokho sekuqala tournaments ukuthi siyomholela kuya okhakhayini chess, okuyiyona ndlela umuntu ngiphuphe kusukela ebuntwaneni.

Ngo-1958 ehlanganyela eYugoslavia imidlalo zonal. Elapho, wahlangana grandmasters eziningi ehola. Zonke ngesikhathi sakhe sokuphumula Fischer esichithwa lokuthuthukiswa kwamasu amasha kanye neze siphuma ekamelweni lakhe. Abahlanganyeli wathi ukubheka guy ibonakala simpleton, kodwa uma kuziwa etafuleni, lonke uthi umdlalo.

Kwaba ukunqoba zaseYugoslavia alethwe Robert ithuba ukuncintisana emazingeni aphezulu. Ngo-1959 wathatha candidate Tournament, lapho prodigy abasha wahlangabezana chess abadlali esiqine emhlabeni. Ukuba wedwa kwelinye izwe, akazange abe umsizi, wesibili noma olunye uhlangothi. Zonke izinqumo nezenzo wayifeza ngokuzimela. Daily nge-spare time Bobby wayehlezi Igumbi nokudlala yakhe chess, kuyilapho abaphikisi bakhe babe imodi efanele, kakhulu ukungcebeleka eziphumulele. Fisher wenza eziningi amaphutha, kodwa namanje wathatha indawo 5th, okuyinto nakakhulu idumela layo futhi kuye kwavula amathemba ezibanzi.

Ngo-1961, umdlalo olandelayo senzeka edolobheni Bled. Esekhulile futhi kahle American chess umdlali Bobby Fischer uwina cishe zonke Party futhi amaphuzu endaweni yesibili. Isikhundla olufanayo kancane ihluleke Spassky, le prodigy abancane kufuna 1966 kuya Piatigorsky Cup, eyaqala ekhatsi Santa Monica.

tournaments Okwalandela alethwe Robert, udumo ngaphezulu emhlabeni chess. Wanqoba iningi okufanayo futhi agcinwe endaweni 1st noma 2nd. Indlela yakhe play eqiniseka kakhudlwana futhi eqinile. Nge ukuqeqeshwa okunjalo futhi ngizigxeka usumisiwe, nobudlova futhi okubi genius wakhuphukela umncintiswano eyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-29 ubudala kwadingeka alwe ne Grandmaster esiqine USSR.

Game nge Borisom Spasskim

Ngo-1972, Bobby Fischer, elalinamandla ukuwedlula US umdlali okwadingeka ayinqobe impi sesihloko emhlabeni. Imbangi yakhe kwaba Boris Spassky. Lo mdlalo ubhekwa kulo mqhudelwano kwekhulu, uye wasondeza eziningi imizwelo, hhayi kuphela abadlali ezweni, kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke, owayegade mpi. Kwakuphakathi iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, futhi abaningi party exhumene Spassky futhi Fischer udweshu phakathi imibuso emibili emikhulu.

Imeshi senzeka e Reykjavik. Kakade kwamaminithi lokuqala umdlalo wabonisa ukuthi singalindela konke umdlali American. Konke lokhu kwaqala kwaba 5 ntambama, Spassky wayekulungele futhi wahlala elinde ekuqaleni. Lo mdlalo uqala, Grandmaster Soviet kwenza yibo abeza kuwe kuqala, bese uchofoza iwashi chess. Zonke babheke phambili esikhathini kumqhudelani yesibili.

Kwadlula imizuzu, futhi Bobby Fischer, iqhawe US, akazange avele. Spassky ezokwahlulela, ngokusobala, siyohlanganisa endleleni eya phambili, bese engena ekamelweni, Robert. Lesi simo akusona ngesonto elilodwa ngaphezulu sizoxoxa wonke amaphephandaba emhlabeni. Kakade ngaleso sikhathi Grandmaster American yabhekisela yena futhi udlale uhlobo yakhe yokuziphatha ome njengeqanda futhi iyingozi. Ngakho-ke, lo mdlalo kulandela umhlaba wonke, ngaphandle le ngxabano kungaphezu umdlalo evamile.

Fisher waqhubeka umdlalo ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge ngokunqoba. Iminyaka eminingi wayenesifo yayilungiselela kweyeCosafa, ukulahlekelwa Spassky emncintiswaneni zisencane. Grandmaster Soviet, kunalokho, ngemuva kokuthola isihloko iqhawe yaba amehlo kangako ekhokhelwe ukuqeqeshwa nokudlala. Ngemva kwalokho, umthelela imiphumela.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iqoqo lokuqala uqalise. Bobby Fischer, ukukhula eyayiqhele 185 cm ngenhla etafuleni, ehlezi esihlalweni sakhe siqu, okuyinto ngokukhethekile alethwe kweyeCosafa. Yena ubuhlungu bonke: ama ukukhanya, futhi umsindo shutter ikhamera, futhi siphakathi kwabantu, kungakhathaliseki isikhundla futhi umsebenzi wabo.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, iqembu zahamba kahle, kodwa ngesinye isikhathi Fischer lenza iphutha, ungenza kuphela usaqala, futhi ulahlekelwa. Lokhu okwamholela ukufutheka, futhi yafuna abagqugquzeli zonke paparazzi futhi imishini yabo zisusiwe ezakhiweni. Ukuba sichithiwe, i Grandmaster American isuswe, ukuyeka ukuba baqhubeke nokulwa. Imeshi kwenzakala iphazamiseke, futhi ukunqoba umdlalo wesibili ukhishwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuze Spassky.

Ngemva 1.5 izinyanga ka Bobby Fischer nokho wavuma ukuqedela umdlalo, kodwa athonya abagqugquzeli ukuhambisa umdlalo lakhe indawo engcono yokuqhubela. Kwakubonakala ukuba ekamelweni elincane umdlalo table tennis. Zezinkampani futhi zonke okwalandela usephumile lwesigameko ezahlukene. Futhi ukuphela umnqobi kwakuba American. Bobby Fischer, nanye iqhawe emhlabeni, ukuthi isihloko wayelinde isikhathi eside engu-15 kusukela bazinqoba zonke abadlali US.

Emhlabeni umdlalo ngokushesha wakhuphukela hype. abameleli Soviet Chess Association yafuna ukuhlola emoyeni, ukukhanyisa kanye kusofa, lapho lwalunguMsindisi, bephawula lokuthi umdlali ekhiqizwa umphumela amakhemikhali noma amaza omsakazo. Ngemva Ukuhlolisisa inhlangano wezizwe zonke izici ubufakazi balokhu mbono uye kuze kube yimanje.

Le mpi yokugcina

Emva kokuthola isihloko iqhawe emhlabeni Bobby Fischer, owaba nesithakazelo biography of abadlali imfundamakhwela kanye nezifundiswa, kukushiya isikrini bese inyamalala isikhashana. Ngo-1975, lapho bekumele avele umdlalo nge Anatoliem Karpovym, ukuqinisekisa isihloko sakhe. Kodwa GM futhi indiva umcimbi.

akukho lwazi mayelana isikhathi eside chess abadlali omkhulu abikwe. Kubonisa ukuthi umuntu onezimfihlo kwaba Bobby Fischer. ukuphila kwakhe siqu nayo oyimfihlakalo. Ngezinye izikhathi ungase ukuzwa ukuthi ezingxenyeni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba.

Ngo-1992, inhlangano yomhlaba wonke ye-kumeshi phakathi Spassky futhi Fischer lahlelwa. Kusengozini babe imali enkulu, ichibi umklomelo wayephezu US $ 3 million. Lomdlalo kuphelelwe kuya iminyaka engu-20 ngaphambi komdlalo Spassky - Fischer, owahamba phansi umlando chess emhlabeni.

I kumeshi kwanqunywa ukuba afeze eYugoslavia. Kodwa Melika anabo kulelo zwe ngaleso sikhathi nzima ubudlelwane kwezepolitiki, futhi Ministry of Finance Fischer ezisengozini unswinyo. Kodwa lokho akuzange kubavimbe GM, futhi aba amaSheshi, ngisho ngomfutho. Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi yakhe esuka chess 1975, egxekwa izinqubomgomo Washington futhi zonke uhulumeni wase-US.

Umdlalo omuhle, abaphikisi labetibambile 30 imidlalo, kanye winner Bobby Fischer futhi waphuma. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wonke ochwepheshe kusho izakhamuzi ngazwi linye batshelwa ukuthi ezingeni kokubili abadlali akufani. Kodwa Grandmaster wacabanga umdlalo futhi ubuqhawe ubelokhu ukuthi akazange alahlekelwe umqhele wakhe winner, njengoba isitha namandla kunaye, akazange ukuhlangabezana.

ukuphila Siqu

Bobby Fischer, ukuphila kwakhe siqu oyimfihlakalo, ngaso sonke isikhathi umdlalo enikelwe. Kanye amantombazane ke cishe bayibukele. Lapho kuxoxwa naye ngesikhathi iMidlalo Yama-Olympic ngo-1962, wabe kanye izintatheli ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama. Mayelana nodaba abesifazane, wathi ufuna party ehloniphekile. Kodwa kunalokho ngikhetsa baseMelika, ngoba, ngokombono wakhe, zingabantu ezimele kakhulu ngamabomu. amehlo akhe wayalwa ngesikhathi amantombazane ezivela eMpumalanga.

Ngolunye usuku, lapho Fisher oneminyaka engu-17 ubudala iqhaza kulo mqhudelwano, izimbangi ayemthume ukuba owesifazane owakwazi captivate a prodigy ingane. Yonke inkathi mncintiswano, wayedlala ezimbi, kusukela sonke isikhathi khulula wachitha lover entsha. Umphumela waba ukuthi umdlali brilliant kwaba phezu isikhundla aphansi kuleli thebula wentsha. Kwaba sifundvo kuhle Robert abasha, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi uthando lwakhe kuphela kwaba umdlalo we-chess.

Bobby Fischer: Managing

Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe, lo odumile chess umdlali obengama hhayi kuphela umdlalo walo ekhaliphile. Ngemva kokuthola isihloko, izidingo zakhe futhi kwaneliswa nezifiso wakhula kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukudlala uma ingavumi ukuduma phambi 4 ntambama, ngoba yena wasithanda ukulala. Futhi ngaphambi Umqhudelwano ukuze uqiniseke ukuthatha ukubhukuda echibini noma ukudlala ithenisi on inkantolo.

American chess umdlali Bobby Fischer kubhekwa hhayi kuphela umdlali brilliant, kodwa futhi edume kunazo Paranoid sikhathi. Ngemva kokuthola lo isihloko eqala ukuba ahileleke uzungu emhlabeni nokufunda ngakho izincwadi eziningi futhi izihloko. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile avele cindezela zezinkulumo zakhe elibuhlungu obumelene amaJuda, BaseMelika Afrika.

Ngemva kokunqoba izindawo Borisom Spasskim ngo-1972 Bobby Fischer waba iqhawe lesizwe. Nge lwaluyophela izinkontileka izinkampani eziningi ezidumile, okuyinto cishe ngokushesha kwenqatshwa. Osaziwayo wazama ukuyengela ukuba amaqembu nemikhosi. Iningi zonke zikleliswe nokumlalela umdlalo. Kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi esithile iqhawe abadumile Bobby Fischer, isithombe mikhondo zonke izinhlelo iyobizwa ngokuthi imbuka futhi uyimbuka.

Robert nomhawu umdlalo, futhi wayekholelwa ukuthi chess ezemidlalo bengakunaki. Ngakho-ke, wabuza ngokubamba iqhaza kulo mqhudelwano ulele izimali, bephawula lokuthi abadlali ungatholi okwakwenza abashayi-sibhakela ezincane kanye nabanye abasubathi sezifundo ethandwa kakhudlwana. Lesi simo sengqondo umdlali ovelele umzalele imiphumela kanye Championships aqala ukuheha ababukeli xaxa izikrini nabalandeli.

Omunye Onjiniyela chess theory kanye nombhali izihloko eziningi phezu mdlalo Bobby Fischer, isithombe engatholwa ezincwadini le timu. Watadisha nqwaba tournaments kwaba owesilisa nowesifazane, kubhekwe kubo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, okwembula nenqubo oludingekayo nezinyathelo ngokunqoba esizayo.

Esinye sezici GM kwaba ukuntuleka ukuncokola, okwamholela ukuthenga 157 amasudi. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi kwelinye imidlalo nge abaphikisi Bobby UFischer wacela ngokubukeka kwakhe enhle nenhle, futhi ucacise kangakanani evumelana. Waphendula wathi u-150 izingcezu, kodwa kwaba ihlaya, lokho Robert kabaqedisisanga. Kodwa iqhawe kwakufanele abe winner kukho konke, futhi eyandisa yakhe ikhabethe 157 zokubhukuda.

Fisher wema ubuhlakani bakhe hhayi kuphela umdlalo we-chess. Yena wayengumbulali sokwazi izilimi futhi wayekwazi ukukhuluma izilimi 5. Wayethanda izincwadi futhi njalo ufunde izincwadi yokuqala. Ngokuya imali, wayehlale ezolile. Singasho, Fisher yayingayidingi, akusiyo ngalendoda yobuciko izinto noma izinto zenani elikhulu, kwaba qakala cuisine okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi uyakuthokozela bonke abantu abacebile. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, wayengumuntu ngenani ekhethekile emphakathini, abalandeli kanye nezintatheli.

Njengoba sekunama-computer ne-Internet yonke indawo, eziningi chess okuyinhloko kwaqala bezama tournaments isikhala electronic. Ngakho, babengakwazi ukuthola Umphikisi Uyakufanelekela, nokuthuthukisa amasu amasha ukunikeza zifiki ithuba lokufunda kusukela ochwepheshe. Omunye umdlali isiZulu ekilasini okusezingeni eliphezulu Naydzhel iDemo wathi ukuthi udlala inthanethi nge Fischer. Yiqiniso, inkosi enkulu grand akazange asayine igama lakhe, kodwa isitayela play Kwakusobala ukuthi lokhu ke.

ukubukwa olukhulu

Bobby Fischer, usuku kabani lokuzalwa kwaqondana nenkathi ka seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili, insizwa ethile iqala ahileleke imibono zungu futhi ezincwadini kwabezombusazwe. Ngemva kokuthola isihloko emhlabeni akukhulumile ngokumelene uhulumeni wase-US. Kodwa ubutha kumaJuda, amaKhomanisi, futhi ezincane ngokocansi wayeqale emuva 60s. Ngaleso sikhathi, umama Wakhe eSoviet Union emhlanganweni Ninoy Hruschevoy futhi wenziwa njalo emsakazweni. Lokhu kwaholela Fisher ukuba namarabi ngaphezulu abavusa inzondo yakhe.

Wayekholelwa nokuthi kwakunezinye lonke run emhlabeni maJuda, ngaso sonke ekuthathweni kwezinqumo izikhundla futhi zonke izinhlangano. Wayekholelwa ukuthi Kuyaphuthuma ukususa nokuhlanza Melika esuka kubantu engadingeki. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kwabathile ngempela ageleza igazi labo! Ezweni lazo, sasibhekwa umkhapheli, uyimbuka. I loudest abaqaphela sivunyiwe izenzo amaphekula ngokumelene United States ngo-September 11, 2001. Wathi sekuyisikhathi ukukhahlela Melika, futhi efuna ukuba ufakazi ukuthi kuleli zwe kuzonyamalala ebusweni iplanethi.

eminyakeni yamuva

Ngemva umdlalo nge Borisom Spasskim Fischer kwakudingeka ngicashele ubulungiswa. Isizathu salokhu kuyinto ukuvinjelwa kahulumeni wase iqhaza elikhulu chess umdlali kulo mqhudelwano kulelizwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, unswinyo olubhekiswe eYugoslavia ngenxa nempi yamazwe aseBalkan ziye kwethulwa. Kodwa Fischer ongakaze azinakekele izidingo, kodwa abakwazanga ukubuyela ekhaya, njengoba elinde enkantolo futhi iminyaka engu-10 ebhadla ejele.

Eshayayo emcimbini weminyaka, wathatha imali yakhe waya eSwitzerland. Ngemva kokuhlala izinsukwana kuleli zwe kuhanjiswe ku Hungary. I-US Federal Bureau wakhipha egunyaza ukuboshwa kwaleli Grandmaster. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi Fischer bazifihla, kuqala ePhilippines ke eJapane futhi ngezikhathi wathutha bengonozulane.

Njengoba Melika Grandmaster ayikwazanga ubuyele emuva, wanquma ukufuna isiphephelo endlini yabazali bakhe. Bobby Fischer, umdlali chess, isithombe okuyinto ibekwe izincwadi edume kakhulu emhlabeni, manje usedinga umuzi omusha. Yena uhambisa isicelo sokuba yisakhamuzi eJalimane, kodwa senqatshelwa. Phakathi ehlobo lika-2004 waboshwa endaweni sezindiza Japanese uma uzama ukushiya izwe. US ayiswe Treaty kudinga sinikeze Fischer.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abameli of iqhawe wangaphambili Kunconywa ukusebenzisa sokuba yisakhamuzi e-Iceland, lapho enza khona umncintiswano wakhe sikhumbuleke futhi elinqobile. Entwasahlobo ka-2005, kwenziwa isinqumo. Robert Fischer ngokusemthethweni wayeseba yisakhamuzi kuleli zwe, ukuze uthole iphasiphothi kanye nohambo kusukela Japan beya ekhaya elisha.

Reykjavik futhi sidlule eminyakeni lokugcina Grandmaster okukhulu. Ngo-2007, Fisher esibhedlela kwathiwa unesifo "yokwehluleka kwesibindi ukusebenza". Ukwelashwa awazange asize, kwathi ngo-January 2008, akazange abe umdlali omkhulu futhi engavamile sonke isikhathi. Wenza umdlalo inqwaba emisha waliyisa ezingeni elisha.

Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi kokufa Bobbi Fisher Wayehlala yedwa futhi wathola imiklomelo izincwadi zakhe, e ayeluchaze ukufana yakhe, wafundisa ubuciko ukudlala chess. A nabangane abambalwa bamvakashela ngezikhathi futhi zigcinwe.