Homeliness, Amathuluzi kanye nemishini
Amafutha esibani: Izivakashi zisebenzisa. Kaphalafini isibani, "Die Fledermaus"
Kaphalafini - noma uketshezi esobala nge umthunzi aphuzi, okuyinto umphumela we-petroleum yokucwenga. Ezahlukene iphunga othize kanye ukungaguquguquki oily. Kunezinhlobo eziningana ukuxhumana. It is lisetshenziswe umkhakha nokuphila kwansuku zonke. It ukhonza njengelungu woyela kaphalafini. Intengo ke itsatfwa ngaphansana, isib, uphethiloli noma diesel.
Phakathi izinhlobo hydrocarbon ekhiqizwa elikhulu kuthatha ukukhanyisa kaphalafini. Mayelana naye, futhi Kuzoxoxwa ngani esihlokweni.
Ukuthola kaphalafini
izakhiwo Amazing lamafutha ukushintsha izici zawo ngenxa ye ziphuzo zazihluzwa ukubonwa emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka adlule. Kodwa kuphela ekhulwini XVIII saqala ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo wathola ngenxa yale nqubo. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, ososayensi wabhala ukuthi ngenxa ye ziphuzo zazihluzwa amafutha kushintsha umbala walo kusuka amnyama ukukhanyisa ophuzi. Kwaphawulwa ukuthi, ngokungafani kuya indaba kokuqala, ukukhanya likhanyisa izidakamizwa kalula kakhulu. Lezi kokuma kwakheka isisekelo ukusetshenziswa eminye ukuthola uwoyela kaphalafini.
Kaphalafini is etholakala petroleum ngu ziphuzo zazihluzwa, (noma ukulungiswa kwananoma). Eyesibili inketho - kabusha okufanayo "igolide omnyama". Kwezinye izimo, ukwakheka is phansi hydrotreating olwengeziwe. Le nqubo ezithuthukisa ketshezi. Ngenxa yalokho lezi zinqubo Aromatics okuqukethwe asendabeni ilingana 14-30%.
Ukhanyisa kaphalafini eyatholakala kusukela kaphalafini elula. Ngenxa yalesi yokugcina is phansi hydrotreating. Uma sicabangela le nqubo kusuka iphuzu amakhemikhali buka, ama-athomu ye-hydrogen enamathiselwe amangqamuzana hydrocarbon ezakha kaphalafini. Ngenxa yalokho, amangqamuzana abaphukile hydrocarbon elimnandi isibabule nezinye izakhi zamakhemikhali. Ngakho yezingxenye ezingadingekile ziyasuswa.
isakhiwo
Ukwakheka kaphalafini ayinakho "zokupheka" ecacile. Kungaba ziyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo kawoyela ongahluziwe, kusuka kulo yakhiwa, kanye kusukela indlela ukucubungula yayo. I izinto kufakwe Ukwakheka, zihlala zinjalo. Izinguquko amaphesenti abo. Kuphela The main ingxenye ugajwe ehlukahlukene yokukhumbula hydrocarbon. Kuye ukwakheka kanye nezici ushintsho we ketshezi uqobo.
Izingxenye uphalafini yilezi ezilandelayo izinhlobo carbons:
- Beka umkhawulo aliphatic, ogama okuqukethwe ingahluka kusuka 20 kuya 60% umthamo isamba.
- Naphthenic (20 ku-50%).
- Bicyclic elimnandi - kusuka 20 kuya 30%.
- Okuqukethwe hydrocarbon unsaturated kungenzeka afika kwangu-2%.
Kanti ukungcola komoya-mpilo, isibabule nezithako ze-nitrogen. Okuqukethwe sulphur uphalafini okukhanyisa ingeqi amaphesenti 0.1 ngezithukuthuku inqubo hydrogenation.
Ububanzi bokusebenzisa
amafutha esibani isetshenziswa izibani. Kungakhathaliseki igama, lokhu kodwa hhayi kuphela endaweni yakhe eyinhloko ukusetshenziswa.
Kuyasebenza nasezingxoxweni zasendlini ukufudumeza ukupheka. Lezi zihlanganisa:
- Kaphalafini isitofu - Ukushisa idivayisi, okuyinto esetshenziswa ukuthi idlangile. Lapho umsebenzi wakhe awuyona omlilo oqondile uphalafini, nje iyasha. Ngenxa yalokhu, akukho kumiswa umule.
- Kaphalafini isitofu, okuyinto ihlukile zinhlobo ezandulele yokuthi isivele evutha kaphalafini. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenzisa amanye ama-Vedas kaphalafini akukwazi ngenxa ukwakheka kungenzeka yentshede.
- Primus, okuyinto efana sikaphalafini igesi. It ahluke olunye uhlobo kuphela uphethiloli. Kuvame kuthathwe ezivakashini nabadobi.
Esinye isici esibangela ukusetshenziswa - imishini okuyinto usike metal. Lizinga kulezi zindawo ngenxa ikakhulukazi yokuthi ilangabi e omlilo ebhema kaphalafini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo kaphalafini isetshenziswa njengoba kuphela. Wasebenzisa ekukhiqizeni anamathelayo, upende, iraba, ekhaya (ukuze bahlanze izingubo, isikhumba izimpahla nokunye).
"Die Fledermaus"
amalambu kaphalafini libé ukubingelela eziningi kusukela esikhathini esidlule, okuyinto Ngifuna ukhumbule ngezinye izikhathi. Bambalwa abantu azijabulele ekhaya manje. Kodwa ingabe ukhohlwe lokhu? Ngokwesibonelo, bekhanyise isiketekete, "Die Fledermaus". Ongenayo amkhumbule? Uyinto bomdabu, osikhumbuza ebuntwaneni. Yiqiniso, akukhona igama elisemthethweni. Kodwa kumane kubonisa ukuthi lalibizwa kubantu. Futhi lokhu kwakuhambisana nezinga eliphansi ilangabi ngithuthumela. Yena flickered, esigubuzele ntambo, ngokuvamile elaqheshulwa wawungathi. Lawa izinkumbulo zazo ungafuni ukukhohlwa. Abaningi ukubabiza isosha esihlatshelelwayo. Ngakho-ke, ake ubuyele esiphuthumayo.
Kaphalafini Lamp "Die Fledermaus" futhi ithengiswe okwamanje. Kungaba umhlobiso enhle yendlu noma kuvulandi. Inani layo namuhla ruble angu eziyinkulungwane nengxenye.
izici izidakamizwa
uhlelo ecacile amazinga ezichaza izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zokwakha kanye izinto athuthukile eRussia. Kuyinto amafutha ngaphandle futhi isibani. GOST 11128-65 futhi GOST 4753-68 usethe nemingcele eziyisisekelo okumelwe ahlangabezane nazo, lolu ketshezi oluvuthayo.
Uma usebenzisa uphalafini ukukhanyisa, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele ukuphakama iphuzu intuthu, sulphur, flash iphuzu, futhi turbidity. Inkomba Kugcine ephawula ikhono hydrocarbon ukuba ashise ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekhanyise isiketekete kufanele ibe esiphezulu lemali okungenzeka kube semikhawulweni ukukhanya (ngamanye amazwi, kumkhawulo hydrocarbon aliphatic).
Izinhlobo ukukhanyisa kaphalafini
Le ngxube angase abe izinhlobo eziningana, ngayinye yaba has izici zayo siqu. I obujwayelekile esibani KO-25. Lapho-ke bakha elikhanyayo Ilangabi omlilo lapho kungekho kumiswa umule nezinye izingxube zamakhemikhali elimazayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona izinhlobo ezinjalo ukhanyisa kaphalafini njengoba i-DA-20, i-DA-22, i-DA-30.
Zonke lezi zinhlobo aqukethe okufanayo sulphur akuyona amaphesenti angaphezu kuka-0,003 wezindleko. Kuyafana futhi nenombolo acid engeqile tinongo 1.3%.
Kaphalafini ukukhanyisa KO-30 has kwabantu aphansi, okuyinto 0,790 amagremu cm 3 ngalunye ngesikhathi lokushisa 20. Isibalo esifanayo, kodwa okungenani 0,830 amagremu cm 3 ngayinye, siphathelene KO-20.
Flash iphuzu ngoba i-DA-30 kuba degrees 48. Ukuze uthole ezinye izinhlobo iziketekete lesi silinganiso awehleli ngezansi degrees amane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphuzu ifu zonke izinhlobo -15 degrees. Kuphela ukhanyisa kaphalafini grade KO-20 unephuzu lokushisa ifu degrees nambili.
Lokho okwakudingeka ukuze kukhokhwe impahla
Ake ubone ukuthi kungakanani udinga ukuchitha imali yokuthenga kaphalafini. wentengo kuzoncika ezintweni eziningi, kuhlanganise izici zayo.
Ngakho, ukwenza i esibani KO-25 kuqala ruble 35 kilogram per, noma 50 cents ilitha, uma uyithenga ngobuningi. Esikhathini isitsha nomqulu omncane uphethiloli kuyoba ezibizayo (mayelana 70-100 ruble ilitha).
amafutha esibani kuyinto lezimpahla ethandwa ngalesi sikhathi. izimfanelo Universal umvumele ukuba bahlale funa ezindaweni ezithile umkhakha nezokuthutha.
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