Allelic nezakhi zofuzo-non-allelic

zofuzo Inani

Nge kokutholakala elisekela kwezakhi isayensi iye yazuza esisha base ucwaningo substrate yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - isimiso sezakhi zofuzo. Lokho-ke wabeka ulwazi mayelana nazo zonke izinguquko esikhathini esidlule futhi oluzayo ekuthuthukiseni umzimba.

ufuzo futhi ukushintshashintsha isilinganiso ikuvumela ukuba ugcine kuphela nqampuna umhlabeleli, kodwa kunalokho yehlulekile ukuthola ezintsha, ngcono isakhiwo kanye nekufaka ligalelo ukunqoba ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo.

nemiqondo eyisisekelo zofuzo

Ngo isisekelo yesimanje zofuzo chromosomal ifa wamukela imfundiso substrate eyinhloko chromosome morphological - nokwakheka olujiyile-DNA eziyinkimbinkimbi (chromatin) kusuka lapho ngesikhathi zamagama amaprotheni, futhi ulwazi funda.

Ufuzo esekelwe imiqondo eziningana: isakhi (a esephepheni DNA ingxenye isici iyunithi ethize), genotype futhi phenotype (isethi zezakhi zofuzo nemikhuba i umzimba), gametes (germ cells neqoqo elilodwa wama-chromosomes) kanye zygote (s amaseli diploid).

Zofuzo, esikhundleni salokho, zihlukaniswa okuyizona (A) futhi esikhubazayo (a) kuncike nokudlanga esinye isici kunelinye allelic (A no a) no-non-allelic izakhi zofuzo (A no B). Allelic esisogwini efanayo chromosomal izifunda kanye esephepheni omunye uphawu. zezakhi zofuzo Non-allelic kuthiwa ngokuphelele nakubabona zitholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene futhi encode izici ezahlukene. Nokho, naphezu kwalokhu, izakhi zofuzo-non-allelic unekhono nihlanganyele, futhi isishiya ukuthuthukiswa izici ezintsha ngokuphelele. Ngokusho ukwakheka qualitative ka alleles eziphilayo zingahlukaniswa zibe homo- noma heterozygous esimweni sokuqala kukhona izakhi zofuzo ezifanayo (AA, aa), kwesinye - zihlukile (Aa).

Mechanism futhi isakhi ekusebenzisaneni wesifunda

Amafomu isakhi sofuzo ukuxhumana phakathi zofuzo American T.H.Morgan wafunda. Imiphumela yocwaningo lakhe, uye walisho imfundiso yokuziphendukela chromosome ufuzo. Ngokusho izakhi zofuzo kuye kufakwe omunye chromosome zizuzwe ndawonye. zezakhi zofuzo maKristu abizwa exhumene bese bakha okuthiwa amaqembu nokuxhumanisa. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ngaphakathi kula maqembu futhi kwenzeka isakhi sofuzo recombination crossover - Ama-chromosomes e ukushintshashintsha izingxenye ezihlukahlukene ndawonye. Kulesi okunengqondo ngokuphelele futhi kungase kutholakale iqiniso lokuthi izakhi zofuzo ahlelwe ngqo elilodwa ngemuva nezinye, ukwahlukana inqubo Ukunqamula-phezu bangaveziwe futhi zizuzwe ndawonye.

Uma kukhona ibanga phakathi izakhi zofuzo, ematfuba ngokuhlukana okukhona - lesi simanga ibizwa ngokuthi "akuphelele adhesion zofuzo." Ukukhuluma ke kabanzi, ukusebenzisana phakathi i izakhi zofuzo allelic kwenzeka emaqhingeni ezintathu ezilula: ukubusa okuphelele ukunikeza okumsulwa imfanelo evelele, ukubusa akuphelele ukunikeza Lesisemkhatsini kodominirovanie sici kanye nefa kokubili izici. zezakhi zofuzo Non-allelic nazo ngofuzo nzinyana: Amacebo complementarity, polymers noma epistasis. Lapha uzobe ngofuzo kokubili izici, kodwa ngokwezinga ezahlukene.