Kuhlelo wentela, kukhona izinhlobo ezahlukene kubhejwa. Zisetshenziswa inhlanganisela ukufeza ngempumelelo enkulu. Yiziphi izinhlobo of entela, okungase uhlangabeze umuntu yesimanje? Uyini umehluko? Kubathinta kanjani umthwalo wentela, okuyinto azizwa isibalo sabantu ezweni lonke? Uyini isilinganiso sentela kusukela iphuzu macroeconomic umbono? Uyini umsebenzi wabo futhi asizakale?
Uyini isilinganiso sentela?
Kufanele uqale luchaze amagama. Ngakho, isilinganiso sentela (isilinganiso sentela nge izintela) kuyinto ngobungako amacala ukuthi iya ku eyodwa ezengeziwe izinguquko egciniwe. Lapho lubonakaliswa imali yabakhokhi bentela kuphesenteji imigomo, ubizwa ngokuthi i-quota. Izinga kuyinto impoqo intela isici.
Umthwalo wentela
Ngaphansi umthwalo wentela ukuqonda ezingeni isithakazelo ngobuhlobo izintela umkhiqizo wonyaka wonke ohlangene yezwe. Ngamanye amazwi, ngaphansi kwalesi umqondo kungaphansi ratio izinkokhelo oyisibopho kuya GDP isimo. Umthwalo ingabalwa eceleni kwaleso naleso sifundvo noma lonke project (inkampani noma umuntu inkokhelo ibhodi). Ukuze abale ke, kufanele usebenzise ifomula: SLF / D, lapho Elf - nenani izintela alinganiswa ngayo, D - engenayo.
Ukuze emazweni ampofu, lapho kukhona uhlelo strong yokuphepha komphakathi elinesimo ongaphakeme intela umthwalo ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile kuba, kunalokho, kuphezulu kakhulu. Kule yakamuva, isibonelo Sweden, lapho eminyakeni engaba ngu-lalilikhulu kune-60%. Kufanele futhi usho Article umehluko phakathi umthwalo langempela futhi bokuzisholo. Ayasiza kusukela luvo uvumele ukulinganisa kube sezingeni ukukhokha intela. Ngakho, saneliswe ngokuthela kwezindebe umthwalo okuzisholo kwandisa amacala ukugwema ukukhokha. Lapho isifinyelele izinga elithile, lo mkhuba ukugwema iba omkhulu, ngakho isimo langempela siyashintsha bebheke ukunciphisa imali wathola. Lapho isimo uthola inani iningi imali, kunenkolelo yokuthi izinga isezingeni Laffer. Kodwa kuze kube yilapho akalingi ukufinyelela. Manje vula nesihloko esikhulu futhi ucabangele izinhlobo entela. Ongaqondile izintela iqoqo uhlelo ezocatshangelwa kuphela Imibandela, futhi sizogxila umugqa.
Yiziphi izinhlobo entela?
Ngakho onjani lapho? Okwamanje, lokhu okulandelayo izinhlobo entela. Zibhaleni phansi kulula ukukhumbula:
- Proportional.
- Regression.
- Progressive.
Ngamunye wabo has izici zayo siqu, okuzokwenza manje kucatshangelwe. Kusekhona uhlobo 4th: Izinga isilungisiwe. nencazelo yalo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi usethe ethile intela okufanele ikhokhelwe kungakhathaliseki iholo. Kodwa ngenxa yokuntuleka ivumelana nezimo zomnotho is izinga manje aselungisiwe alisetshenziswa ngezinga elithile, kodwa kuphela ngesimo yerenti, isibonelo, tonne lamafutha noma nsimbi (kungakhathaliseki iholo) ngayinye.
I ezilinganiselwe sentela
Ngaphansi isenzo indlela enjalo ethathwa izingxenye ezilinganayo zonke izinhlobo ngezimali. Ukubikezela sizokuthinta kanjani abantu bathole tibalo lemali, ukwenza izinkokhelo amancane. Ngakho, kusukela iholo net kufanele emalini imali saziso eya ukudla, izingubo zokugqoka, ukunakekelwa kwezokwelashwa, izindlu kanye zokuthutha. All that remains (sicabangela ukuthi lutho nhlobo ngeke), ukwenza imali discretionary. Kungaba ukwandisa noma iwe emva kokushintsha amazinga akhona (noma yethula emisha). Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezilinganiselwe uhlelo lwentela ngempela ungakhululekile lapho isetshenziswa abampofu. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-ruble angu-500 kusukela 10,000 futhi 5,000 we 100,000 anencazelo ezahlukene abanikazi le mali, ngakho eziningi izinkokhelo saziso esimweni esetshenziswa nezinye izinhlobo entela. Uhlelo ezilinganiselwe isetshenziswa lapho esebenza ebhizinisini elikhulu.
Kwamaciko sentela
Ngaphansi kwamaciko sentela bona ukuze izibopho ezifana ekukhuleni base zikhokhe intela incipha iphesenti okumele zikhokhelwe kusukela umholo wabo. Isibonelo kokusebenza: uma kulungisiwe akuyona ocacile ingxenye inzuzo etholakale, futhi ethile, futhi udinga ukukhokha. Ukuze kube lula bonke imali ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ehlukile. Ngamunye wabo kukhonjelwe isilinganiso sabo. Ngakho-ke, ukunciphisa nenani lenkokhelo akuyona yonke imali, futhi yena. Kwamaciko kwentela eziningi kubonakala indlela badlale intela, futhi njengoba injalo emsulwa it is kancane esetshenziswa. Kukhona izinhlobo ethandwa kakhudlwana entela. kwamaciko Direct - omunye ethandwa kakhulu kulesi sigaba. Njengoba isibonelo esiwusizo ukugcwaliseka kungaholela intela esihlanganisiwe nomphakathi. Ngakho-ke, ukuncipha isilinganiso sentela kwenzeka ngenkathi okwandisa imali ngokuphathelene nezindaba zabasebenzi. Le ndlela yokwenza yakhelwe okukhipha inkokhelo kuzo ithunzi. By the way, mayelana nezinhlobo entela. kwamaciko Direct usesikhundleni esiyingqayizivele lapha. Njengoba usulibonile, isetshenziselwa ezinye izenzo nezisusa esetshenziswa States ukuthuthukisa semthethweni ezingeni.
Progressive sentela
intela Progressive kusekelwe iholo, ezisetshenziswa uma bebona kunesidingo. Of ngabomvu umehluko phakathi izinsiza ezuziwe ne imali izidingo eziphambili ohlwini lokubalulekile. Lesi simiso ngesisekelo intuthuko sentela. Phela, ukwanda belinani engenayo kunciphisa share jikelele yemali ukuya ukusebenza evamile womuntu (imali ku ukudla, izindlu, kanye nezinye izinkokhelo kuqala). Futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukukhulisa inani loya ukuthengwa kwezimpahla okunethezeka, injabulo noma ezinye izinto. Lokhu kulinganisela yisisombululo ezimweni lapho bentela ngaphansi abacebile uhlangabezana intela umthwalo enkulu kunemicebo sicebi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlukaniswe subtypes, leyehlukile bodwa bathi:
- Isisekelo sesistimu yezinombolo Simple.
- Single-esiteji.
- Isisekelo sesistimu yezinombolo Isihlobo.
- Multistage.
- Ukuthuthukiswa.
- Kuhlanganiswe.
umsebenzi izinga
Isimanga ukuthi kungase kubonakale, kodwa isilinganiso sentela, ngaphezu uya khona main, wenza eziningi nemisebenzi uhlelo kwezomnotho. Ezinye zazo yilezi:
- Umnotho we yensindiso 'okweqile ". Ngaphansi-capitalism, kukhona ngumkhuba omubi, njengzinxushunxushu gqwa systemic ukuceka bayingxenye yomkhakha wezolimo nezomnotho kuleli zwe. Nge ngokukhula komnotho ngokuya ongaphakeme entela kwi-mkhulu ngokwezinga lwenteke emakethe ukugcwaliswa. Futhi uma ifinyelela embundwini crisis kuyomelwe awe "kusukela ubude obungaphezulu." Ukuze ugweme lokhu, ohulumeni eziziphishekela inqubomgomo okwandayo umthwalo wentela, ukunciphisa ijubane ukushuba saturation emakethe.
- WokuLawula ukuhweba ageleza. Iqiniso liwukuthi noma yimuphi nengqalasizinda ayiphumeleli ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Futhi uma umthwalo osondela esiphezulu, kungenzeka ukwandisa ezokuthutha noma ukuba sendleleni izintela ngokungaqondile nomthelela isimo futhi eminye ubuyise isabelomali isimo.
Umthelela amazinga emnothweni kusukela iphuzu macroeconomic umbono,
Isimo njengoba isizathu ukusungulwa intela yayingase isetshenziswe yinoma yini kusukela ukuhanjiswa engenayo ukwakha ubulungiswa ziphethe nokuqedwa emibi zangaphandle kwezomnotho. Ukuze kangcono ukufeza izinqubomgomo zabo futhi ukufeza ngempumelelo enkulu, isetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokufeza kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kusukela iphuzu macroeconomic umbono, kukhuthaza ukukhula ukwehla ziphoqa ehlanganiswe kuwo izakhamizi kanye ngesikhathi esifanayo ushukumisa osomabhizinisi ukwandisa supply ekuhlanganisweni. Ngakho kusukela kule iphethini: izakhamizi kancane kufanele nikhokhe intela futhi yehlisa izinga kubo, kulapho kungenziwa wachitha ukudliwa nokutholwa imikhiqizo emisha. Ngakho, umjikelezo owadalwa zandise izinto ezizenzayo emnothweni, okuyinto, nakuba akusiyo obungapheli, kungaba nomthelela omuhle esikhathini lemfisha isikhathi iminyaka eminingi. Ngokusho isimiso isimo phakathi lezomnotho ukuvuselela. Ngokwandisa inkampani entela, kanye nezinkampani bephoqeleka ukukhulisa amanani futhi ulahlekelwe share emakethe futhi ukunciphisa khona yayo. Ngakho, umjikelezo inguqulelo ukunciphisa ukukhula. Kungaphawulwa ukuthi ukuncipha funa aggregate emakethe kuyinto inhlukanozigaba ukubaluleka kwesilinganiso sentela. Lobu buhlobo iye yachazwa ezinhlwini ezingu-Economic Umeluleki kaMengameli wase-US uRonald Reygana Artura Laffer owaba umsunguli inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela "supply-side nakwezomnotho."
isiphetho
Kufinyeta, singasho ukuthi okwamanje akukho sentela jikelele, okungase kusetshenziswe noma kuphi. Mhlawumbe ezothuthukiswa esikhathini esizayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi laliyini, thina manje kuphela yini.