Byukenen Dzheyms: Biography nesithombe

Amacala lapho umbuthano wabantu yimpumelelo, ethandwa futhi owaziwa ungahlangana wena namesakes egcwele, awavamile. Kodwa ngaphansi kwegama zabantu Byukenen Dzheyms eyaziwa abavelele eziningana, esinye sazo asibiza uye negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni umnotho yesimanje. Umnikazi igama elifanayo wayebuye ophumelelayo American, ongumnikazi ibhizinisi elikhulu ugwayi, umongameli wase-United States. Kulesi sihloko sibheka Umlandvomphilo kuzo zonke oluvelele James Buchanan, kanye ufunde mayelana nokuthi wayeqinisile yini uma ngenxa okuyinto baye baba emahle.

Kusukela kaNobel nomongameli xv US the eqanjiwe yamahlaya book iqhawe

Kuze kube manje, kukhona eziningana baseMelika, esimagama aso abe inhlanganisela enjalo - Dzheyms Byukenen. Lawa nabantu anixhunyiwe nomunye imisebenzi okhokhelwayo. Omunye wabo - eziqine usomabhizinisi global futhi usozimboni kwekhulu XIX, okuyinto waqongelela izigidigidi Imboni kagwayi. Okwesibili - owazuza uMklomelo KaNobel Economist Dzheyms Byukenen, azisa theory manje isetshenziswa zezomnotho nososayensi zezombusazwe emhlabeni wonke.

Igama efanayo owedlule ezimbili iqhawe esihlokweni sethu, egqoka xv wase-United States uMongameli. Alas, asikwazi ukuthi wehlela emlandweni ngenxa ezinye sokunconywa ekhethekile, kodwa lokhu Buchanan futhi into kwanyakaza - abavumelana ngayo mlando American wambiza umongameli Ngcolile wonke umlando omude wesizwe USA.

Uhlu abanikazi abadumile ngaleli gama akunakubangelwa elinye iqhawe, Nokho, lokhu eqanjiwe eyodwa. Zaba omunye yamahlaya book uhlamvu kinovselennoy Marvel - isosha eliyingane okuthiwa Dzheyms Byukenen (Bucky Barnes). Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi ngekhulu xxi, umbukeli wayebona eziningi kangaka izinkanyezi movie ukuthi akanalutho ungakwazi kusimangaze. Kodwa nge Bucky Barnes zonke Kwatholakala ehlukile. "Abalandeli Marvel 'baziwa ukuzinikela kwabo, emakhomikhi netincwadzi uthando yenkampani okweqile of izinhlamvu wakhe oqanjiwe. Lapha futhi Byukenen Dzheyms, usuku olulodwa ekubeni ingxenye indaba amahlaya, efana savuka futhi waba indoda yangempela. Uhlamvu waya enengqondo ukuze kwi-inthanethi abalandeli abazinikezele inkampani ifilimu ahlelwe yomlando wakhe, izinkondlo ukuzinikezela kuye ukuphawula ngawo wonke ekuskrini isinyathelo sale iqhawe.

Kulesi sihloko thina iyobheka Umlandvomphilo emfushane wonke abadumile James Buchanan, khomba ukufeza, ngenxa okuyinto baye baba nomlando. Yasungulwa "Marvel," Biography yokuphila Bucky Barnes, thina, ngenxa ubulungiswa kanye kubalandeli bakhe, njengoba halamuzi Ekupheleni kwalesi sihloko.

Economist omkhulu futhi owathola uMklomelo KaNobel

Elokuqala Buchanan biography okuyinto sicabanga kuyoba uwena ogama laso - Dzheyms Makgill Byukenen Jr ..

Wazalwa ngo-1919, kwelinye izifunda zaseMelika, ngokuthi Tennessee. ekwakheni iqembu lakhe lokuqala ikusasa owathola uMklomelo KaNobel kwaba lendawo ukuqeqeshwa uthisha ekolishi. Imfundo ephakeme (isiqu esiphezulu), insizwa University of Tennessee, kokuphothula ngempumelelo Faculty of Economics. Ngemva kokudedelwa kwakhe cishe ngokushesha singayiswa empini. Ngemva kokudlula ezikhungweni izinto eziyisisekelo ukuyoqeqeshelwa ukulwa ngo-esikoleni zasolwandle, wakhonza e Guam, kanye ngesikhathi yindlunkulu yemikhumbi at Pearl Harbor.

zobudokotela yakhe kwezomnotho Dzheyms Makgill Byukenen wathola ngemva kwempi, ngo-1948, ngesisekelo-University of Chicago. Kwaphela isikhathi eside abehlobene e imfundiso wokuziphilisa omuhle, ukufunda ezinkulumo zakhe e-University of Virginia, kanye amanyuvesi ovelele kunayo yonke leyo eTennessee Florida.

Ngo-1969, waba Umqondisi yokuqala ngqa ka neCentre for the Study of Public Ukukhetha. Ube engumlobi njalo umongameli we Western futhi Southern Economic Association, bekatsatsa i zokuhlonipha iphini likamengameli we-American Economic Association. amaphepha zesayensi ezabhalwa yisazi Buchanan, equkethwe izinto ngezihloko debt umphakathi, imfundiso yokuziphendukela amasevisi mutual, ithiyori libertarian, inqubo yokuvota futhi Macroeconomics.

Umsebenzi owanikhipha ukuqashelwa emnothweni sezombusazwe sembulunga yonke

Dzheyms Byukenen - Economist, omsebenzi wakhe osetshenziswa njengeHholo ngesisekelo isayensi yesimanje zezombusazwe nakwezomnotho. Wayengumuntu umsunguli Virginia School wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Umsebenzi wakhe baba kulethe elilodwa ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo eqinisekisa ukuthi amabutho non-kwezomnotho ehlukahlukene izithakazelo siqu osopolitiki ngabanye nethonya ngqo kwi imigomo yezomnotho ezahlukene zezwe ngalinye.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela azisa uJames Buchanan avunyelwe umlobi wayo ube owathola umklomelo kaNobel. Lo muntu waphila ukuphila sasivumela eside, waze washona ngo-January 2013. Namuhla igama lakhe ajwayelekile zonke sesayensi yezombangazwe Economist, akwezinye yemisebenzi yakhe yesayensi kabanzi ekutadisheni theory kanye umkhuba wokwenza izinqumo zezombangazwe nezomnotho.

Injinga Ugwayi uyise osikilidi yesimanje

Igama eliphelele lomuntu bio kabani iDemo sibheka eminye - Dzheyms Byukenen Duke. Yazalwa ngo- North Carolina ngoDisemba 1856. Ubizwa ngokuthi uyise kagwayi yesimanje, futhi ngesizathu esihle.

Esikhathini 1880s yena nomfowabo baba umkhankaso ekunqandeni ukubhema, eyasungulwa uyise - Washington Duke. Ekuqaleni, imboni yabo kwaba kuphela niche elincane ibhizinisi ugwayi. Kodwa ngemva kweminyaka emibili, James wathola umbono omusha. Uma phambi zonke osikilidi curled abasebenzi ngesandla, kodwa manje, kanye nomhlaba obhekwe umshini ukwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo osikilidi, inqubo kungenziwa yashesha izikhathi eziningi. Futhi iNkosana abasha benza konke ukwenza lo mshini wahlakulela.

Aluthola ilayisensi umshini wokuqala emhlabeni, Automated usikilidi yokukhiqiza inqubo kusungulwe James Bonsakom umakhenikha. ukukhiqizwa ifektri ifinyelele ezingeni elisha. Umshini ngobumnene ukoma ugwayi owodwa engapheli futhi imimese ukuthi uphendukisa at amabanga alinganayo, sinqume zibe abaningi abancane. Imikhawulo zazo curled ngesandla ngaphambi abasebenzi ugwayi kusuka iphele ukuphuma, manje ngenhloso ofanayo afuthwe ngesibulali amakhemikhali ezikhethekile. Futhi, ukuze uthuthukise ukunambitheka entsha usikilidi sifakwe emanzini e Molasses, glycerol noma ushukela.

Inombolo osikilidi ekhiqizwa lenyuka ngesivinini esimangalisayo. Uma ngaphambi abasebenzi James ifektri shift ngamunye angase ukukhiqiza esiphezulu kagwayi angu-200, manje, umshini ukuze ushintsho kalula wayesekhathele ayizinkulungwane 120. Amayunithi! Ngaphambi James Buchanan Duke, ziyinkinga entsha - ukudayiswa. Umqulu, oveza imboni yayo yesimanje, kuyinto 1/5 yalokho Melika ngibhema ngaso sonke isikhathi. Futhi Duke wahlanganyela ukumaketha nolaka. Wayengumuntu umxhasi emicimbini ehlukahlukene, omnikeza osikilidi khulula at imincintiswano zayo ezihlukahlukene, kanye beveza ukutshala e amaphakethe amakhadi collectible. Yena amaqembu kuze US esincintisana zako ezisemqoka futhi kudala esinakho - American Tobacco Inkampani.

eyodwa kuphela ngo-1889 lapho kudingeka achithe isikhathi ku ukukhangisa ayizinkulungwane 800. Dollars. osikilidi yakhe bathandile abantu ethi nguye owafundisa Melika nabo babengicindezela ukuba ngibheme Camel. Kodwa omkhulu amavolumu ukukhiqizwa baqhubeka befuna ukunyuselwa, izimakethe ezintsha omkhulu.

Kwehlukanisa emakethe imikhiqizo kagwayi

Esikhathini 1890s ekuseni wayethethelela ngokuphuthumayo ezama ukugqekeza UK emakethe, kodwa babemlindile nezimboni abanolwazi abangabulawanga uya sokunikela. Ngaphansi usongo kwakuwukuhlasela iNkosana emkhathini kwabo, kucinisekiswe corporation olulodwa, ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lapho ezama ukuba bahlasele American emakethe James. Through izingxoxo ukusilela yathinteka ukuthi wanika zonke izinhlangothi.

Kulesi sikhathi esinzima ukuze James Buchanan lozakwethu yakhe ibhizinisi sikhishiwe kuye kumangala engapheli. Ekugcineni, ngo-1911, i-ayitholwa American Inkampani Kagwayi abasekho. Ngokusho inkantolo, inkampani lahlukaniswa laba izinkampani ezincane eziningana, futhi ngaphansi kokuqondisa UJakobe wayengomunye wabo kuphela.

James impumelelo emkhakheni amandla

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili Buchanan Duke eyasungulwa eziningi izinkampani amandla ezincane, okuyinto yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ukudalwa Duke Energy Corporation esikhathini esizayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza ugesi Mills yendwangu Duke (amqamba wasebenza ngempela ngempumelelo), Nhlangano uye walungiselela ukukhanya kagesi emadolobheni amaningi ase-North kanye South Carolina. On endaweni yokugcina ngo-1928 ukuthi lwenziwe ichibi enikeza ugesi ukuze sonke isiFunda. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, wawubizwa ngokuthi behlonipha James Buchanan Duke.

Akukona nje kuphela ukwakhiwa umbuso ugwayi, kodwa futhi ube ngumsizi wabaningi, University

Umlando uyakhumbula lo muntu hhayi kuphela ngokuthi uyise osikilidi yesimanje. Nge zezigidi zamaRandi enhlokodolobha, James usenqume ukusungula ithemba layo Isikhwama nge dolobha $ 40 million ngo-1924.

Iningi lezi zimali UMuphi wanika Durham University, okuyinto manje eyaziwa ngokuthi Duke University.

Dzheyms Byukenen: Biography, okuyiwona amahloni

Igama Buchanan ngeke ukhohlwe ngokushesha, ngoba kuye kwafeza lukhulu ukuze imemori eliqhakazile kuye abantu babephila amakhulu eminyaka ngemva kokufa kwakhe. Iningi yefa lakhe Duke washiyela esiza abantulayo: ukwesekwa kanye nokuthuthukiswa-Duke University, kanye nezikhungo zemfundo ezifana University D. Smith, Davidson Ikolishi Furman University. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye imali washiyela eziningana izibhedlela engenzi-nzuzo futhi amakhaya zezingane etholakala eNyakatho naseNingizimu Carolina.

Indodakazi yakhe edumile emhlabeni wonke - Doris Duke - eliyifa yonke impahla esele, nemali kayise. Abasenkumbulweni yakhe, ensimini ka Duke Farmes yena wadala ingadi ebusika emangalisayo, lapho iqoqo nenhle of ukubaza lithunyelwe. Doris ngokuthi konke lokhu ubuhle izingadi Duke.

Omunye umongameli esaba sibi kakhulu emlandweni wase-US

Enye indoda egama layo nguJakobe Buchanan zangishiya yakhe emlandweni we-US - xv umongameli we Melika. Inani layo ngesikhathi yombuso namanje kubhekwa impikiswano enkulu. Ezinye izazi-mlando ngokuphepha ukuyibiza esibi njengalesi abongameli US osolwa ngokuthumba passivity nokuba manqikanqika. I-agumenti main ngokumelene Buchanan wukuthi uhulumeni wakhe kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe ukwehlukana States eNorth ne-South nokuqala okwalandela kwempi yombango ezinzima.

Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi umbono ibhodi ukuthi umengameli akufanele kube categorical ngakho. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi kwadingeka agijime kuleli zwe libe ngelilodwa ngokufanayo lezinkathi yayo ezinzima kakhulu. Engxenyeni kwekhulu XIX yesibili, inkinga zokugqilazeka Melika sibucayi kakhulu. Ukuxabana we waseNingizimu kanye North ayikwazanga wayeka, futhi umlando imicimbi alushintshwanga, ngakho ungase bathi Buchanan ngisho njengoba umongameli, ngokuvamile, ayibanga namandla.

Wazalwa xv owayezoba umongameli Melika ngo-Ephreli 1791 Pennsylvania emndenini sasivumela abampofu nabantwana abaningi. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, le nsizwa yakwazi ukuthola degree umthetho. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kuqala professional efika ngenkathi usebenza ummeli phakathi nempi wamaNgisi namaMelika.

Ngo 1814-1816 GG. e yakhe ekhaya isimo Pennsylvania , yaba ilungu ephalamende imbala. Ngo-1831 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile inxusa Petersburg endlini. Futhi ngemvume ngempela ngempumelelo isivumelwano ukuhweba kuqala phakathi Melika neRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, waphikelela izikhundla lephalamende kanye noNgqongqoshe Wezindaba Zangaphandle.

Ngo-1856, e-Democratic Party abaphakanyiselwe umengameli angenele ukhetho zakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi e isimo Kansas , nesimo esinzima - lapho esebenza ezimbili ohulumeni nobutha (abasekeli kanye nezitha ebugqilini). Abasebenzi esabalindele umongameli omusha nezinqumo zakhe ngekusasa Kansas. Awufuni babhebhethekise isimo esinzima kakade, Dzheyms Byukenen yanquma ukufaka Kansas isimo senceku. Ngokulandelayo, kube khona kubhikisha yezigqila, okuyinto uhulumeni US ngempela ezinzima ukubeka phansi. Futhi ukucindezelwa yokuhlubuka kuye kwabangela ukwahlukana enkulu nakakhulu futhi baya elihlanganisa iNyakatho neNingizimu.

ososayensi Political nezazi-mlando ziye zaphawula ukuthi umlandeli wakhe, u-Abraham Lincoln, uMongameli Buchanan Elikhulu balifulathela lelo zwe usesimweni esibi, on the esengozini yombango phakathi amakamu amabili ezingahlangani. Buchanan washona ngo-1868, kokuba ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, ukuba babhale indaba ulunge kangakanani nezinqubomgomo zayo. Kodwa ikakhulukazi ke kungaphumeleli, ngoba emlandweni ke futhi wahlala umongameli lalibhekisela USA.

Uhlamvu esilandelayo "Marvel" ngegama James

Futhi yokugcina eyaziwayo Byukenen Dzheyms, ogama biography uzobe okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko, Uma unganakile, kungahlali odlule namaqhawe yenkampani. He is eqinisweni umlingiswa oqanjiwe kabani biography iye ngempumelelo yasungulwa abalobi "Marvel". Kodwa kuyafaneleka ukuthi liye yasungulwa kwaphumelela kangangokuthi abalandeli yamahlaya emhlabeni wonke ngifuna biography futhi ngempela imininingwane yokuphila yalo umlingiswa oqanjiwe. Lokhu uhlamvu izethameli azibona kuqala ngo-2010, lapho isikrini sakho esikhulu kwafika "OwokuQala Avenger."

Ngakho, ngokuvumelana legend "Marvel", Dzheyms Byukenen Barnes (umlingisi, ukuqaphela ngomfanekiso wakhe esikrinini - Sebastian Stan) wazalelwa e ezikude 1917. Wabonisa Imiphumela ezinhle emasimini nemidlalo ehlukahlukene, kuye kwaba umholi ekilasini yayo. Uma uJakobe waphawula ukuthi hooligans beat umfana ababuthakathaka, wasukumela kuye. Lo mfana kwaba Stiv Rodzhers, kamuva owaba edume uCaptain Melika. Ngemva kwaleso senzakalo, abafana saba abangane abakhulu. Lapho kuqala iMpi Yezwe II Dzheyms Byukenen (Bucky) Barnes ngabuthelwa ebuthweni wayeyisici ekamu ebusika ukuqeqeshwa McCoy futhi wathunyelwa phambili Italy.

Winter Soldier phezu Buchanan nesibongo

Ngaphezu kwalokho, lathunjwa ihlukane ka "Hydra" futhi wathunjwa, okuyinto ngabhekana ukuhlukunyezwa, ukuhlushwa, isikhathi eside wahlala atihambi todvwa. Lokhu ekuthunjweni uthola umngani zakhe zasebuntwaneni abase phakathi nempi, kusho uCaptain Melika. Yena odlula ukuhlenga oJakobe namanje ngiyamkhulula ekuthunjweni. Dzheyms Byukenen (Bucky) ijoyina iqembu kudedelwa kuye nezinye futhi umgomo wabo ezivamile iba isifiso ukusula "Hydra" kusukela ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngelinye ilanga izimpi Dzheyms Byukenen Barnes ayeka isitimela, umzimba wakhe awuzange abatholakali, futhi bonke bavumelana ukuthi wayesefile.

Empeleni, umzimba Buchanan satholakala omunye Amayunithi "Hydra". Yena kusulwe ngokuphelele inkumbulo, futhi isikhathi eside phezu komzimba James olwenziwa ucwaningo ehlukahlukene. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingi, yayibizwa ujule emsebenzini othile ubuthongo yokufakelwa, ngezinye izikhathi akunika uphapheme lapho-ke kwakudingekile ukuba athobele lo myalo lokubulala umholi enamandla.

Ngokusho komunye izinqumo we "Hydra", Buchanan kwadingeka abulale uCaptain Melika, futhi kwakungeyona ngokuphelele ngeke kube yinkinga kuye, ngoba inkumbulo yakhe, sikhulise izinkumbulo ebuntwaneni ubungani, sekuyisikhathi eside lisuswe. Lapho efeza lo msebenzi, e-isikhathi sokuba itholane phezulu okuqondile phakathi uCaptain Melika nomngane wakhe, kuJakobe, ukhanya kwaqala ukubuyela inkumbulo yakhe, futhi bobabili basinda. Kodwa Dzheyms Byukenen, ngubani manje konke okuthiwa Winter Soldier ke wanyamalala futhi.