Uyini umqondo welithi "isakhiwo". impahla izinhlobo

Bambalwa abantu bazi ukuthi umqondo welithi "isakhiwo" yaqale washayelwa emthethweni WaseRoma, ulandela zonke izinhlobo umhlaba kanye nezinye izinto zemvelo bafakwa kwegazi. Nakuba namuhla ke kwamukelwa kunoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni wonke.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-pre-wamavukelambuso Russia, laqala ukusetshenziswa ingasetshenziswa kuphela ngemva kokusebenza kwalesi simemezelo sikaPeter Omkhulu ngo-1714, lapho wakhishwa ukuze anciphise ingcebo futhi ifa layo esizayo. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, ngemva kokuba siqediwe ngokuphelele ubunikazi eyimfihlo ezweni, welithi "isakhiwo" is kancane kancane siguqulelwa isigaba ezimpahleni ezingasuki phansi futhi wamanje (kanye nombono wokuthi "impahla siqu"). Ngesikhathi esifanayo ezweni kwabalelwa ngoba eceleni ngokuhambisana imibono yabo, kuphela endaweni.

ERussia yesimanje, welithi "neyohweba" uyaphinda asetshenziswe inzuzo zamanje kwezomthetho nakwezomnotho, okwakumele ukusungulwa ubunikazi isimo eyimfihlo ezweni. Ekugcineni, yena waba ezikulowo mthetho yi-Presidential Isimemezelo, okuyinto angena force on 27.10.1993 ngonyaka.

Umqondo nezici

Ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, welithi "isakhiwo" kuvamile impela. Kodwa eqinisweni, bambalwa kakhulu abantu baqonde ukuthi ukubukeka kwangaphandle akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi sihambisana Isimo sezomthetho mayelana Nelungelo impahla, okuyinto ezimweni eziningi kunqunywa izici eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wezwe, omisiwe amasiko zomlando nezinye izimo.

Umqondo "neyohweba", njenganoma iyiphi enye, kuhilela izici eziyisisekelo ezimbalwa:

• Igama - uphawu oluthile noma inkulumo ethi okuyinto iba yimali yesinqumo esingashintshi kule nto.
• Okuqukethwe - isethi izici ezihlukile izici, umnyombo okungase ngokuthi athile obunikazi ebalulekile (kuleli cala neperemeschaemost emkhathini, ukuqina, kanye nezinye nepotreblyaemost).
• Volume - uhlu kuchazwe lwezinto ziboniswa isigaba.

Yini efika lapha?

Kuze kube yimanje, ezisemadolobheni kanye suburban ingcebo - imiqondo ukuthi ayikwazi ukwenziwa kuphela ezinye izinkomba emfushane izici ezithile ezibalulekile. Bayisibonelo zamagama ngokugcwele noma inani ulwazi ngesihloko esithize. Njengakwamanye amazwe ophucukile, eRussia ukucacisa impahla ngokuyinhloko inqamula nomqondo ivolumu, okungukuthi, uhlu izinto kanye namalungelo, okuyinto yakhiwa. Ikakhulukazi, impahla ezisemadolobheni nezisemakhaya kuhlanganisa izinto ezilandelayo:

• Eziningi futhi kugcwele amafa;
• umhlaba;
• konke unobuhlobo ngqo umhlaba ke zikhona izindawo ezihlukahlukene, izakhiwo noma izinto ukwakhiwa sidle;
• izinto, akhiwa ingcebo, okunikeza sokubhalisa isimo ezifanele (kuhlanganise izitsha maphakathi nezwe mfula, izindiza kanye isikhala izinto);
• Ezinye izinto ukuthi babe isimo impahla ngokuhambisana izici umtsetfo lokhona.

Ngokuvamile, uma sicabangela ukuthi isakhiwo esinjalo, kungenzeka ukwaba izwe nakho konke kuhlobene kubo, kodwa azikwazi ukuhamba ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo omkhulu ezindaweni zabo. Kulokhu, uma Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kusukela ngo-2007, amahlathi kanye ekutshaleni zisetshenziswa athola ngokuphelele kuleli impahla, empeleni ayihambisani nomongo izikhungo ezinjengalezi kanye nokwenza kwamazwe omhlaba ekhona.

Ngesikhathi umthetho ofanayo zamanje, uma ucabanga ukuthi mhlaba, kulingana ke kwenani lezinto ezithathekayo ngokuphelele ezifana imikhumbi nezindiza, noma yimuphi omunye, kungabi zilwane noma izimpawu bohlobo ukuthi angachazwa ngokuthi ecacile, kodwa ngenxa iqiniso ukuthi ifanelekile ukusabalalisa umbuso ethize zomthetho amiselwe kwempahla engagudluki ngempela, okungadingi okwamanje zihlanganisa zonke izinhlobo imigwaqo kuleli zwe.

Kuyini lokhu?

Definition of ingcebo izinhlangano kuphela impahla kanye iphuzu wangempela umbono ubalulekile cishe yonke imikhakha yolwazi, kodwa akwanele futhi kuba kude akusho ucede ngokugcwele wonke iqoqo izici eziyizici okuqukethwe kwawo. Ngo umkhuba futhi ngemcondvo kudingeka siqonde kahle ukuthi yini umehluko phakathi kwento yangasese noma umphakathi njengoba into ngokomzimba ezingokoqobo futhi njengoba eziyinkimbinkimbi of ubudlelwano kwezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye zomthetho, esihlinzeka inqubo ekhethekile mayelana nokulahla izinto ezifana, kanye namalungelo akhethekile ukumelana ahlobene nawo.

izici emakethe

Noma iyiphi impahla empeleni likhona ubunye izakhiwo kwezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho, zomthetho kanye ngokomzimba, ngalinye elikwazi, lapho kufanele khona, kungase kube isiqalo, kuye ngokuthi iyiphi injongo, ukuphila ezimweni noma ukuhlaziywa izigaba. Ezimakethe, lapho afeze ukudayiswa kanye irenti ingcebo, kuthathwa njengoba lezimpahla amafomu ezintathu, ukuba nobuhlobo obuseduze nomunye:

• ngesimo into ngokomzimba kokuba izici ezithile;
• isevisi ethile, okuvumela ukuba usebenzise impahla, ukulungela inhloso ethize;
• kwesokudla rem kunoma ingcebo.

Umqondo ezindawo ka lo mqondo ikuvumela ukuba kubonise ngokugcwele nezici zabo ezingokomzimba impahla, okufaka:

• impahla kanye nokwakhiwa izakhiwo;
• indawo kanye nosayizi;
• inhlabathi okuzala;
• sezulu;
• Ukuthuthukiswa;
• imvelo;
• nemingcele.

Imakethe lapho ukuqaliswa Kwenziwa futhi ukuqasha ingcebo, aphathwe njengomuntu into ehlukile esizimele uhlelo olulodwa, ungaphakathi ngesimo eyinkimbinkimbi ukufaka, izakhiwo, izakhiwo, imishini kanye nezinye izimpahla, elihlanganisa injongo sokusebenza. Kubandakanya noma iyiphi impahla elicacisiwe ishidi idatha, kanye ezengeziwe ezazakhiwe phakathi ukusetshenziswa, ngaleyo ndlela ukuba nobuhlobo ukusebenza nge isakhiwo esithile ngendlela yokuthi azikwazi ukuhanjiswa ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo omkhulu kwi-aphoyintimenti.

Kuyaphawuleka: Ministry of Finance eceleni wagcizelela ukuthi indlela yokwakheka ethile impahla engenakususwa kumelwe nakanjani zihlanganisa kwimithombo ehlukahlukene, izitshalo kanye nempahla, kuhlanganise zommbila, amanethiwekhi zendawo endaweni, okuhlangene Igumbi ukupholisa uhlelo, kanye nokunye ukuxhumana. Ngezinye ezifanayo kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo (nemizi emibili noma eyinhloko) akubandakanyi ukubunjwa yayo, izitshalo kanye nempahla, okuyinto eyabangela ngatsi kwehlukile yokusungula izinto futhi asidingi ukufakwa futhi lungasetshenziswa ngaphandle into, uma uhlukanise uletha umonakalo omkhulu lapho zilibangise khona main.

Futhi ungakhohlwa ukuthi amakhemikhali, begazi, izinqubo zemvelo, kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinye nethonya eliqondile phezu ingcebo. Umqondo ingcebo ihlinzeka ukushintshana okuqhubekayo yayo izimfanelo umthengi nobungqabavu ukusebenza, futhi lokhu kunakwe ngokuhamba ukugcwaliseka ukuthengiselana ehlukahlukene yezezimali, kanye nokutholakala nesibhamu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo.

umnotho

Umqondo kwezomnotho yekubuka nomqondo ingcebo njengempahla ngempumelelo eziphathekayo, enokwethenjelwa imali ithuluzi, kanye into eyingqayizivele utshalomali. izakhi kwezomnotho Key, esinikela ingcebo ngezigaba:

• wentengo nezindleko ezivukayo ngokuyinhloko kusukela angasetshenziswa;
• ikhono ukuhlangabezana izithakazelo ahlukahlukene kanye nezidingo zabantu.

Ngenxa abanikazi samanje impahla intela Uhlelo olunikezwa kumiswa kwezabelomali zomasipala, kanye ukuqaliswa izinhlelo eziningi ezikhethekile nomphakathi.

Uhlangothi zomthetho

Ngomqondo zomthetho, impahla iqoqo oluthile amalungelo ezimele kanye nekahulumeni kuso, okuyinto esibekwe umbuso, ikhumbula izici of the ezifuywayo, kanye namazinga ahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele. impahla zamabanga aphansi naphezulu ungahlinzekela amalungelo ngokwengxenye noma indivisible ngabanye, kanye ahlukaniswe ngesisekelo the kwamangqamuzana ngokomzimba mpo futhi enezingqimba ubuso bezwe izinsiza komhlaba, isakhiwo kanye wezasemoyeni.

Ngendlela efanayo njengoba e iningi labantu emazweni yesimanje eziphucuzekile izwe, e-Russia, umthetho iyophinde ngamunye ilungelo ukuthenga, ukudayisa, ukuqasha noma ukudluliselwa kwempahla, kanye kwelifa loonyana kwesokudla futhi uwasebenzise ngendlela izakhamuzi kanye namabhizinisi, okungukuthi, ithuba lisesandleni ngokuphelele mahhala impahla yabo. Kodwa-ke Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kwezinye izimo, ubunikazi impahla (efulethini noma emizini yabazalwane obhekisele) singena ezingqubuzana umphakathi, ukuze ayisekho kuncike endaweni ethile ye-umthetho wangasese.

Umtsetfo lokhona sihlinzekela kungenzeka okwesula umnikazi lezinto ezinjalo ngokusebenzisa ukuthengwa yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kamasipala noma umphakathi, kanye kobhukuda kanjalo ezweni nazo zonke izakhiwo kanye izakhiwo etholakala kulo. Futhi, kukhona eziningi nezinye izinhlobo isiqondiso isimo ubunikazi kanye nokusetshenziswa ingcebo:

• uhlelo nokuklanywa;
• imikhawulo isakhiwo;
• izimfuneko kwemvelo;
• nokudlulisa amandla okuphathwa kwezomnotho;
• intela yempahla kanye ezihlukahlukene ukuthengiselana ahlobene;
• ilungelo izakhiwo dengwane futhi abanye.

ukuvikelwa komphakathi

Iqhaza yezenhlalakahle eyadlalwa izakhiwo ezahlukene (Villas, zokuhlala kanye izakhiwo yangasese), ukuthi kumele ihlangabezane ezingokwengqondo, bokuphila, bokusungula kanye nezinye izidingo zomuntu. Konke okungase kudingeke ukuba ayenze ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwabantu futhi baphile kahle, bagcina uthola khona phansi. Kuze kube manje, ubunikazi ingcebo kuyinto ukwazi komphakathi ehlonishwayo futhi kuyadingeka ukuze yakha phakathi ungqimba ophucukile nomphakathi.

Umhlaba umkhuba

umkhuba Umhlaba yekubuka ingcebo njengoba icebo elithile umhlaba nakho konke okukukho (kanye projection we emathunjini omhlaba), phezu kwawo sandisiwe infinity, kubandakanya noma iyiphi izinto eziphikelelayo eziye elikulo ngokwemvelo noma indoda.

Ngokuvamile, noma yimuphi umnikazi we ezweni elithile futhi kumnikazi enye yezingxenye zalo, kuhlanganise enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi, okuyinto zitholakala ngaphansi, kanye wezasemoyeni ezifanele. Kodwa ngenkathi yena unelungelo eligcwele bachithe kuphela umthamo ezinjalo wezasemoyeni, okuyinto ubengaphetha kufanele isetshenziswe ngokuhambisana imingcele esebenzayo zomthetho futhi, ikakhulukazi, lokhu kusebenza futhi ubukhosi egcwele uhulumeni isikhala emoyeni kwemikhumbi isimo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi hhayi ngokuphelele futhi umnikazi amalungelo okuyinto zitholakala subsurface, kanye nenombolo kahle esikhulu ezindaweni US ihlangabezane Esimweni esinjalo, amalungelo kunoma namaminerali phansi awanazo ezandleni statist, hhayi umuntu ongumnikazi yangempela impahla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umnikazi impahla futhi linelungelo ngokuphelele ukuthola ukukhanya kwelanga.

Prakthiza eRussia

Izihloko kobunikazi ezweni engekho nakunoma isimo eRussia Awunalo ilungelo lokuphenya ukulahla ngokuphelele zonke asendaweni umhlaba ngesakhiwo abo, futhi kuphela lezo namaminerali ezivamile, okusho isihlabathi, ubumba kanye nabanye. Ngakho, imali yamafutha, itshe-nsimbi, amalahle kanye namanye amaminerali neze ezihlobene ezithile ingcebo umnikazi yangasese, engabanikazi bephephandaba, isibonelo, indlu ezweni noma nezinye ingcebo. Definition of kanye le nkulumo isikisela ukuthi imithombo yemvelo ngenhla afakiwe ngokugcwele impahla isimo.

Futhi uzinake Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokomzimba kanye nesakhiwo kwezomnotho kanye zomthetho kwempahla engagudluki okuqondene umuntu akufakiwe futhi wezasemoyeni, itholakala ngenhla ubuso bezwe, ngoba uhlamvu emphakathini futhi ngokuphelele akahulumeni uqobo. Kuphela endaweni eyayithengwe izimali zomphakathi, umqondo ingcebo sihlinzekela ukufakwa zonke izingxenye ingxenye, okuyinto zitholakala endaweni kwelivi mpo.

izakhiwo

izakhiwo eliyisisekelo Basic, esibonakala by welithi "ingcebo", - impahla yayo, ukuqina kanye nepotreblyaemost, futhi ube nezinye izinhlobo kanye izizukulwane izimpawu okusekelwe isisekelo yabo.

Kubalulekile futhi ukubalula ukuthi kukhona lonke uhlu umngcele phakathi imiqondo tintfo mbamba kanye siqu. ERussia, ukwakhelwa yabo yamukelwe ukusebenzisa igama elithi "eningi nolimi ingxenye" futhi "Lezi zimpahla impahla engenakususwa." Obalulekile Kulokhu abizwa ngokuthi izingxenye impahla alienable ukuthi ngeke zihlukaniswe ngaphandle kokudala umonakalo omkhulu hhayi kuphela into, kodwa futhi ukuze ngokwabo.

Ukuba Ngowenkolo futhi kuyinto izinto ezithathekayo ukuthi sibe nobuhlobo ngqo ingcebo ngenjongo eyodwa, futhi ukukhonza kungaba sihlukaniswe ngokuqukethwe isinqumo abafanele yomnikazi (esakhelwe ifenisha, a Iqhwa nokunye).