Uyini sikwele? Indlela yokuthola vertices indiza kwesibalo Sectional, ivolumu kanye lokungcolisa we engela sikwele?

Izimpendulo umbuzo mayelana nokuthi iyiphi sikwele, kungenziwa isethwe. Konke kuncike kuwe babo wakhuluma ngale ndaba. Lo mculi uthi isikwele - 4, 8, 16, 32 nemishayo noma jazz Improvisation. Ingane - kungcono umdlalo nge ibhola noma umagazini yezingane. Umqondisi womshini uzokuthumela ukufunda usayizi wefonti kanye nemishini - zinhlobo metal-iphrofayli.

Zikhona nezinye eziningi amagugu kuleli zwi, kodwa namuhla sizocela umbuzo wezibalo. Ngakho ...

Ukubhekana nalokhu sibalo, sizokwenza kancane kancane, ukusuka kokulula kuya kokulukhuni, bese uqale nge umlando isikwele. Njengoba wabonakala, njengoba ziqondakala abantu, ososayensi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene nempucuko?

Umlando ekuhloleni isikwele

izwe lasendulo Uyabubona square, ikakhulu njengoba amaphuzu amane eziyinhloko. Ngokuvamile, naphezu Quads eziningi, ngezinye nje isikwele eyinhloko inombolo - ezine. Ukuze-Asiriya sikwele-Peruvian - umhlaba wonke, okungukuthi, limelela izinkomba izindlela ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le ikhampasi.

Ngisho yonke kufana isikwele, futhi ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezine - embonweni ka-Nyakatfo Melika. Ukuze amaCelt, yonke - ke kufana nokuthi ezintathu square, owakhe isidleke sakho phakathi, futhi kusukela maphakathi imifula emine ageleze (!). Futhi zonke nabaseGibithe babekhulekela kule sibalo!

Okokuqala esachazwa zezibalo amaGreki sikwele. Kodwa kubo, lokhu ipholigoni sinezici ezimbi zodwa. Pythagoras akakuthandanga izinombolo ngisho, wababona ebuthaka futhi njengabesifazane.

Ngisho nezinkolo square samanje. Ngo Islam, Kaaba - inkaba zomhlaba - akuyona ezinye eyindilinga, okungukuthi umumo cubic.

ENdiya, grapheme main ezimele emhlabeni, noma uphawu emhlabeni, waba rebaptized sikwele. Nalapha futhi, sikhuluma amaphuzu amane eziyinhloko, izifunda ezine umhlaba.

EChina, isikwele - ukuvumelana emhlabeni nokuhleleka. Chaos is ezinqotshiwe isakhiwo square Vary. Sikwele alotshiwe embuthanweni, siyini isisekelo sokubona wonke, efanekisela ubunye uxhumano yendawo ezungezile Nomhlaba.

Amaqaba Russia - Square Svarog. Lolu phawu ubizwa nangokuthi Svarog Star noma Star yeRussia. Kuhle eziyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba yakhiwa intersecting nemigqa avaliwe. Svarog - unkulunkulu ngensimbi, umdali main, ngomdali esibhakabhakeni ngokwaso kokwethula Rus. Lolu phawu kuyinto rhombus, okuyinto ephinda ekhuluma Zomhlaba futhi iziqondiso zalo ezine. Futhi inkanyezi elinemisebe ezine - 4 amakhona umhlaba, lika Svaroga 4 - Ophila phakade yakhe. A ray empambana - isikhungo.

Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo isikwele

Lamagama ethandwa kakhulu efikayo engqondweni ka protagonist wethu - "Black Square".

isithombe Malevich sika namanje ethandwa kakhulu. Sekuyisikhathi eside Umbhali emva indalo yayo wahlupheka umbuzo ukuthi kuyini nokuthi kungani isikwele elula black on background elimhlophe ngakho kuqhakambisa uqobo.

Kodwa uma sihlolisise eduze, uzoqaphela ukuthi indiza square akuyona bushelelezi, futhi izimfa inki omnyama iqoqo shades multi anemibala. Kungenzeka ukuthi ekuqaleni kwakukhona Ukwakheka ezithile, lapho umbhali akakuthandanga, futhi evala emehlweni ethu kule sibalo. Isikwele esimnyama njengoba lutho - black imbobo, owukuphela magic ukuma sikwele. A uyize waziwa ukuheha ...

Omunye ethandwa kakhulu "izikwele eliwumlingo". Eqinisweni - itafula, yebo, isikwele egcwele izinombolo ohleni ngalunye. Isamba lezi zinombolo kuyinto yonke imigqa, amakholomu kanye diagonals (ngokwehlukana) okufanayo. Uma diagonals kuyaqedwa kusukela equation, isikwele - semimagic.

Albrecht Dürer e 1514 wadala Umdwebo "Melancholia mina", okuyinto ukuboniswa isikwele 4x4 magic. It azihlangani yezinombolo ngamakhalamu, imigqa, diagonals, ngisho isikwele bangaphakathi amathathu nane.

Ngesisekelo lezi Izibhebhe zazingumsebenzi iphazili ezithakazelisayo kakhulu futhi ethandwa - "Sudoku".

AbaseGibhithe babe ngowokuqala afeze inombolo interconnection umugqa (usuku lokuzalwa) kanye nezimfanelo ezakhayo, amakhono umuntu. Pythagoras wathatha lolu lwazi, ambalwa kusetshenzwe futhi ibekwe isikwele. Umphumela waba skwele Pythagoras.

It has a endaweni ehlukile ekubhuleni. Kusukela usuku lokuzalwa umuntu Balisisa ngokungeza izinombolo ezine eziyinhloko ukuthi ezibekwe Pythagoras Square (isikwele). Wabeka zonke ulwazi olufihliwe mayelana amandla, ezempilo, ithalente, inhlanhla, ubuntu kanye nezinye izinto emashalofini. Ngokwesilinganiso, ukunemba survey 60% -80%.

Uyini sikwele?

Square ngokuthi lesi sibalo Jomethri. Umumo sikwele - quadrilateral, esesikhundleni amacala alingane nama-engeli. Okuningi ngokunembile, lo quadrangle ngokuthi lesifanele.

Isikwele has izimpawu zayo. Ziyakwazi:

• izinhlangothi obuphelele alinganayo;
• engeli elilinganayo phakathi ngokwabo - iqonde (90 degrees).

Ngenxa yalezi zici futhi izici umbuthano yisikwele kungenziwa olotshiwe, futhi uchaze ke emzungezile. Umbuthano circumscribed kuyinto tangent kubo bonke emavetheksi yayo elalibhalwe - phakathi zalo. Bagxila zizofana maphakathi square futhi bayohlanganyela zonke ngokuphambeneyo yakhe ngesigamu. Lesi sakamuva, esikhundleni salokho, bayalingana bahlukanise amakhona isikwele ngeticucu letilinganako.

Omunye idayagonali uhlukanisa square ku ezimbili isosceles onxantathu, okubili - ezine.

Ngakho, uma ubude emaceleni isikwele - t, ubude engaba umbuthano circumscribed - R, futhi angabhalwa - r ke

• isikwele isizinda ndawo noma indawo square (S) uyalingana S = t ² = 2R ² = 4r ^2;

• isikwele ipherimitha P kufanele ibalwe ifomula P = 4t = 4√2R = 8r;

• ubude engaba R umbuthano = (√2 / 2) t;

• elalibhalwe - r = t / 2.

Sikwele base endaweni Kusengenzeka ukubala, ukwazi uhlangothi lwakhe (a) noma ubude idayagonali yayo (c), khona-ke ifomula izovela ngokulandelana: S = ² kanye S = 1 / 2c ^2.

Uyini sikwele, thina atholakala. Ake sihlolisise imininingwane, ngoba sibalo kwesikwele iyona isikwele izinhlangothi zazo ziyalingana. Anakho ezinhlanu eksisi wesimethri, nomunye (lesine-oda) sidlula isikhungo futhi perpendicular indiza kwesikwele, kanti kunabanye abane - ekabili wesimethri-eksisi, bobabili kuhambisana izinhlangothi, futhi pass ezimbili ngokusebenzisa diagonal we isikwele.

Izindlela wokwakha isikwele

Ngokusekelwe incazelo, kubonakala sengathi akukho lula kunaleyo ukwakha isikwele esiphelele. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa isimo ukuthi unawo wonke amathuluzi nesilinganiso. Futhi uma kukhona ayitholakali?

Ake sibheke izindlela okhona, kuyosisiza ukwakha lesi sibalo.

Ukulinganisa umbusi futhi setha square - lawa amathuluzi main lapho ungakwazi kalula kakhulu ukwakha isikwele.

Ekuqaleni, maka iphuzu, bathi A, sizokwakha kuso isisekelo sikwele.

Ukusebenzisa umbusi, ngaphandle kuwo niye kwesokunene ibanga elilingana nobude ohlangothini, isibonelo 30 mm, bese usetha B. iphuzu

Manje, kusukela amaphuzu amabili, usebenzisa perpendiculars gon swayipha-30 mm ngamunye. Ngesikhathi semikhawulweni perpendiculars isethi amaphuzu C no-D, ezixhunywe nomunye, ukusebenzisa irula lapho kusetshenzwa - konke ABCD square ngohlangothi 30 mm ngomumo!

Ukusebenzisa umbusi protractor futhi kulula kakhulu ukwakha isikwele. Qala, njengoba kwaba njalo endabeni odlule ngokuya, isibonelo N, ngaphandle isikhawu yayo ovundlile, isibonelo 50 mm. Beka iphuzu O.

Manje maphakathi protractor ukuxhumana H iphuzu, lokumaka ku engela ⁰ 90, therethrough futhi iphuzu H Yakha ingxenye mpo 50 mm ekupheleni kwayo nge iphuzu P. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngale ndlela ukwakha ingxenye yesithathu kusukela iphuzu O ngu engela 90 ⁰ 50 mm, ake Uphela iphuzu P. Xhuma amachashazi R R. ozivulile OGMF sikwele obuphelele uhlangothi 50 mm.

Kungenzeka ukwakha isikwele, usebenzisa kuphela ikhampasi kanye wokulinganisa. Uma une usayizi ebalulekile isikwele futhi ubude eceleni eyaziwa, kuzomele kakhudlwana futhi wokubala.

Ngakho, wafaka le yokuqala iphuzu E - lokhu kuzoba ke ka vertices kwesikwele. Okulandelayo, khetha indawo lapho uzobe akhiwe vertex okuphambene F, okusho ulinde Hedgehog idayagonali zomzimba wakho. Uma ukwakha isikwele ngobukhulu, ne ubude eceleni, ukubala ubude besikhathi diagonal ifomula:

d = √2 * a, lapho - ohlangothini obuphelele.

Uma sewazi ukuthi ubude obuphelele diagonal inhloli ukwakha lesi silinganiso. Kusukela iphuzu E nge caliper bebheke iphuzu F ukudweba umkhumbi ka engaba inhloli. Kunalokho, kusukela F iphuzu - umkhumbi ubheke iphuzu E, lo engaba efanayo. Through the iphuzu empambana lezi semi imibuthano, ukusebenzisa irula lapho kusetshenzwa, ukudweba isixhumanisi ingxenye. Hedgehog futhi GI aphambana at engele kwesokudla futhi diagonals ziyikusasa isikwele. Hlanganisa amachashazi UOM, IL, ZHZ futhi ESISEBENZA ubuso bombusi, uzothola i EIZHZ square olotshiwe.

Kusengenzeka ukwakha isikwele ngomugqa owodwa. Uyini sikwele? Okuningi okuqukethwe yile ngxenye indiza igudle intersecting izingxenye (imigqa ray). Ngakho, asinakuqiniseka ukwakha isikwele ku izixhumanisi vertices zayo. draw Okokuqala izimbazo. Ohlangothini square amanga kubo, noma empambana we diagonals isikhungo kuvumelana iphuzu lendabuko - incike isifiso noma inkinga izimo zakho. Mhlawumbe sibalo yakho ngeke zibekwe kusukela eksisi at ibanga elithile. Kunoma ikuphi, uphawu lokuqala amanani ezinombolo (ngezikhathi noma kunemibandela), amaphuzu amabili, khona-ke empeleni iyokwaziwa ngisho ecaleni obuphelele kwesikwele. Manje sesingasho ukuthi siqiniseka ukubala izixhumanisi asele vertices ezimbili, ekhumbula ukuthi emaceleni isikwele ayalingana nomunye futhi ngokulinganisa. Isinyathelo sokugcina - ukuxhuma bonke amachashazi uchungechunge nomunye nombusi.

Yiziphi izikwele?

Square - sibalo ichazwe ngokucacile futhi ngokuqinile kungagcini izincazelo zabo, ngakho izinhlobo izikwele musa ihluke ukwehluka.

Isikwele geometry Euclidean bubonakala kabanzi - a quadrilateral nge amacala alingane namakhona, kodwa ngezinga engele ayicacisiwe. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-engeli kungenzeka degrees 120 ( "ayizindunduma" square), futhi, isibonelo, 72 degrees ( "ngilugweda" sikwele).

Uma ucela yini isikwele geometry noma isayensi, bazobuka ukukutshela ukuthi - kuba igrafu ephelele noma Planar (amakholomu K ₁ ngokusebenzisa K _4). Futhi kungcono ngokuphelele kweqiniso. Ukubala has vertices futhi emaphethelweni. Lapho uvuka ku pair ngaphambilini, akha igrafu. Isibalo vertices - lena oda igrafu, inani imiphetho - lingakanani. Ngakho, isikwele - igrafu Planar nge vertices ezine futhi imiphetho eziyisithupha, noma K _4: 6.

ohlangothini square

Esinye sezimo esiyinhloko khona sikwele - khona alinganayo sobude izinhlangothi - ukwenza ohlangothini ibaluleke kakhulu ezihlukahlukene izibalo. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo inikeza izindlela eziningi ukuze isikwele eceleni obuphelele yabalelwa ebukhoneni ezihlukahlukene idatha engumthombo.

Ngakho, indlela yokuthola ukubaluleka isikwele?

• Uma wazi kuphela ubude diagonal we isikwele d ke ungakwazi ukubala isiqondiso fomula elandelayo: a = d / √2.
• I ububanzi we umbuthano elalibhalwe luluhlangothi kwesikwele, futhi ngenxa yalokho, kabili engaba, okungukuthi: a = D = 2R.
• Irediyasi kwendilinga nakho kungasiza ukuthola ukuthi yini ohlangothini square. Singathola engaba R D ubukhulu, okuyinto yena, ilingana idayagonali kwesikwele d, futhi ifomula ngoba diagonal we isikwele ngokusebenzisa siyazi: a = D / √2 = d / √2 = 2R / √2.
• Kusukela nokulingana usikisela ukuthi ufunde uhlangothi isikwele (a) Kungenzeka esebenzisa ipherimitha yayo P futhi endaweni S: a = √S = P / 4.
• Uma siyazi ubude umugqa ukuthi isuka ekhoneni kwesikwele futhi kweqa phakathi yayo eduze eceleni C, nathi futhi ukwazi ukuthola lokho ubude eceleni sikwele: a = 2C / √5.

Yilokho Zingaki izindlela kukhona ukubona ezifana uhlala ezibalulekile njengoba ubude isikwele.

ivolumu isikwele

Lamagama ngokwayo akunangqondo. Uyini sikwele? Lena sibalo indiza kokuba imingcele ezimbili kuphela - ubude nobubanzi. Futhi ivolumu? Lena kwebalingisi ambalwa of isikhala elalihlala into, okungukuthi, ingabalwa kuphela emizimbeni ivolumu.

Ozungezayo umzimba, konke bombo kukhona tikwele - cube. Naphezu umehluko omkhulu futhi ayisisekelo, abafundi ngokuvamile zama ukubala ivolumu kwesikwele. Uma-ke sika umuntu ephumelela, Umklomelo kaNobel inikezwe.

Futhi ukuthola umthamo we V cube, kwanele ukuba azale ande womathathu lwezimbambo zakhe - a, b, c: V = a * b * c. Futhi njengoba abayikho definition alinganayo, ifomula singase sehluke: V = ^3.

Values izingxenye kanye nezici

Isikwele, kanye nanoma yikuphi ipholigoni, kukhona phezulu - nanti iphuzu lapho esiphambanweni sakhe. Phezulu amanga square ku umbuthano echazwe nxazonke. Ngokusebenzisa isikhungo phezulu isikwele idayagonali liphela okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi bisector futhi lo engaba umbuthano circumscribed.

Njengoba isikwele - sibalo flat, bese usika bese wakha square cross-section akunakwenzeka. Kodwa kungase kube umphumela empambana indiza umzimba eziningi okukhulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, isilinda. kwesigaba Axial we isilinda - isikwele noma isikwele. Ngisho square engenzeka ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo indiza ye umzimba ngasiphi angle!

Kodwa isikwele kunesinye sengqondo esigabeni cross, kodwa hhayi abanye, kodwa kuya esigabeni segolide.

Sonke siyazi ukuthi kwesilinganiselo Golden - isilinganiso lapho nenani elilodwa uyalandisa kwesinye kanye sum yabo kunani emikhulu. Kafushane nje, leli phesenti simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako: ukubaluleka inkomba (isamba) lihlukaniswe by 62 no-38 ubudala amaphesenti.

Isigaba segolide zithandwa kakhulu. Isetshenziselwa ku ukuklama, ubungcweti, yebo kuphi, ngisho emnothweni. Kodwa-ke lokhu ingxenye isuselwe Pythagoras hhayi kuphela. Kukhona, isibonelo, ngisho inkulumo ethi "√2". On osekelwe kuyo ukwakhiwa kwalesi calandze ashukumisayo, nakho kukhona abasunguli nezakhiwo Iqembu (A6, A5, A4, njll). Kungani sikhuluma calandze ashukumisayo? Ngoba isakhiwo sabo kuqala nge-sikwele.

Yebo, okokuqala udinga ukwakha isikwele. ohlangothini lwaKhe kuyoba ulingana ohlangothini ezincane we isikwele ngekusasa. Khona-ke kudingeka ubambe idayagonali kwesikwele futhi usebenzisa Ikhampasi, ubude idayagonali ukuhlehlisa phambili sikwele. Kusukela iphuzu etholwe empambana oyakhayo isikwele kabani idayagonali futhi ukwakha futhi ukuhlehlisa obuphelele walo ohlangothini isandiso. Uma uqhubeka isebenze kule scheme, uzothola calandze dynamic kushintsha njalo.

Isilinganiso uhlangothi olude lemfishane konxantathu sokuqala 0.7. Kuyinto cishe 0.68 esigabeni segolide.

I amakhona isikwele

Empeleni, into fresh ukusho mayelana engeli kunzima. Zonke izakhiwo, kunjalo futhi izimpawu kwesikwele, siye ohlwini. Ngokuqondene emakhoneni, ezine zazo (njengoba kunoma iyiphi quadrangle), ekhoneni isikwele ngasinye - emgceni locondzile, ukuthi, has a Usayizi degrees ayisishiyagalolunye. Ngu definition, kukhona square elingunxande. Uma amakhona ezinkulu noma ezincane - lena esingokomfanekiso esihluke.

Ovundlile kwesikwele uhlukaniswa uba nengxenye emagumbini alo, okusho ukuthi kukhona bisectors.

kwesibalo isikwele

Uma kudingeka ukubala ukubaluleka sobukhulu ezahlukene isikwele (isikwele ipherimitha ubude emaceleni noma diagonals) zisebenzisa zibalo ezahlukene, okuyinto zihlobene property isikwele, kanye nemithetho eyisisekelo imithetho geometry.

1. Indlela endaweni sikwele

Kusukela zibalo ukubala endaweni quadrilateral, siyazi ukuthi (endaweni) iwumkhiqizo ubude nobubanzi. Futhi njengoba ohlangothini square zilingana, endaweni kuyoba ulingana nobude ngapha langapha, elakhiwa ngo-besigaba sesibili

S = ^2.

Ukusebenzisa theorem kaPythagoras, singakwazi ukubala indawo isikwele kokwazi ubude idayagonali.

S = d ^2/2.

2. kwesibalo azungezwe isikwele

Umjikelezo wesigcawu, njengama-quadrilateral, ulingana nesilinganiso sobude bezinhlangothi zawo, futhi kusukela konke okufanayo, singasho ukuthi umjikelezo wesigcawu ulingana nobude ohlangothini obuphindwe ngamane

P = a + a + a + a = 4a.

Futhi, i-thethem yePythagore izosisiza ukuba sithole umjikelezo ngokusebenzisa i-diagonal. Kudingekile ukwandisa ubude bokuhlangana ngezitshalo ezimbili ezimbili

P = 2√2d

3. Ukulingana kwe-diagonal yesikwele

I-diagonals yesigcawu ilingana, ihlangene ngakwesokudla futhi ihlukaniswe ngephuzu le-intersection ngesigamu.

Zitholakala ezilinganisweni ezingenhla zendawo nomjikelezo wesigcawu

D = √2 * a, d = √2S, d = P / 2√2

Kukhona nezindlela zokuthola ukuthi ubude be-diagonal yesigcawu bunjani. Ingqikithi yembuthano ebhaliwe iyingxenye yayo yokuhlukanisa, ngakho-ke

D = √2D = 2√2R, lapho i-D ububanzi futhi iR radius yombuthano obhaliwe.

Ukwazi indawo yomjikelezo ojikelezayo, kulula nakakhulu ukubala i-diagonal, ngoba ububanzi, okungukuthi, d = D = 2R.

Kungenzeka futhi ukubala ubude be-diagonal, ukwazi ubude bomugqa ovela ekhoneni kuya enkabeni yecala C: d = √8 / 5 * C.

Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi isikwele siyingxenye yendiza ephethwe imigqa emine ye-intersecting.

Emigqa (kanye nemidwebo eyenziwe yibo), kunezilinganiso ezanele ezingadingi incazelo eyengeziwe, kodwa umugqa awupheli. Futhi ama-polygons aphethwe yi-intersection of lines. Kuzo, ungasebenzisa ukulinganisa okulinganayo, kuhlanganiswe zibe uhlelo oluchaza imigqa eqondile. Kodwa kubalulekile ukucacisa imingcele eyengeziwe nemibandela.

Ukuze unqume ama-polygons, kubalulekile ukuqamba i-equation engayichaza umugqa, kodwa ingxenye ehlukile engaqondakali, ngaphandle kokungenelela kwemibandela eyengeziwe nezincazelo.

[X / x _i ] * [x _i / x] * y _i- lokhu yi-equation ekhethekile yama-polygons.

Abakaki besikwele kulo kubonisa isimo sokungabandakanyi ingxenye engxenyeni yenombolo, okungukuthi, kumelwe sishiye inamba kuphela. Y ngiwumsebenzi ogijima ebangeni lephameter kusuka x kuya x _i .

Ukusebenzisa lesi silinganiso, singathola ama-equations amasha wokubala kwamagceke nemigqa ehlanganisa izingxenye eziningana. Kuyinto eyisisekelo, yonke indawo yama-polygons.

Khumbula ukuthi isikwele siyingxenye yendiza, ngakho-ke incazelo yalohlobo y = f (x) ingamelwa, ngokuphindaphindiwe kunalokho, njengemisebenzi ehlanganisiwe, engabonakaliswa ngokubaluleka okulinganayo uma imelwe ngokweqile, okungukuthi, kuye ngokuthi Kuzo zonke i-parameter t:

X = f (t), y = f (t).

Ngakho-ke, uma sisebenzisa ngokulinganayo ukulinganisa jikelele kanye nokumelela kwe-parametric, khona-ke singathola i-equation ngenkulumo yama polygoni:

X = ((A2 + A3) * A5 + A4 * P) * Cos (L)

Y = ((A1 + A4) * A5 + A3 * P) * Isono (L),

Kuphi

I-A1 = [1 / [T / P]] * [T / P]; I-A2 = [2 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 2]; I-A3 = [3 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 3]; I-A4 = [4 / [T / P]] * [[T / P] / 4]; I-A5 = TP * [T / P],

Lapho i-diagonal ye-tangle, L yiyona engxenyeni ye-slope eya phezulu kwe-P diagonal, i-parameter ihlukahluka ebangeni kusukela ku-P kuya ku-5P.

Uma L = 3,14 / 4, khona-ke ukulinganisa kuzochaza izikwele zamanani ahlukene, kuye ngokuthi ubukhulu be-Pagon diagonal.

Isebenzisa isikwele

Ezweni lanamuhla, ubuchwepheshe bukuvumela ukuba unikeze izinto ezihlukahlukene ngesimo sendawo, ngokuqondile ingxenye yesigcawu.

Lokhu kunenzuzo kakhulu, eshibhile, ehlala isikhathi eside futhi ephephile. Ngakho-ke, manje yenza amapayipi wesikwele, izinqwaba, ucingo (izintambo) kanye nezintambo zesikwele.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko ziyabonakala, zivela geometry zasemqoka. Njengoba ubukhulu obufanayo, indawo yombuthano obhaliwe uncane kunesikwele esigcawini esibhalisiwe kuso, ngakho-ke ukungena kwe-tube yesikwele noma amandla okusebenza kwesikwele sesikwele kuzoba ngaphezulu kunezilinganiso ezizungezile.

Ngokuvamile, izinto zokwakheka kwesigaba sendawo zihle kakhulu futhi zisebenziseka, ukufakwa, ukuqinisa.

Uma ukhetha lezi zincwadi, kubalulekile ukuthi uhlole ngokuqondile isigaba sokuwela kwesigcawu ukuze ucingo noma ipayipi ikwazi ukumelana nomthwalo odingekayo. Esimeni ngasinye, yiqiniso, imingcele enjalo njengamanje noma ingcindezi, kodwa ngaphandle kwemithetho eyisisekelo ye-geometri yesikwele ngeke kudingeke. Nakuba ubukhulu bezingxenye zesigcawu kungabalwa kakhulu, bangaki abakhethwa emiphaketheni enikeziwe kusukela ematafuleni asethwe amaGOST wezimboni ezahlukene.