Kukhona manje iholidi professional njalo umsebenzi. Kukhona yena nabantu abasebenza ku namabalazwe. Usuku Umdabuli futhi wamabalazwe kuphawulwe ngenyanga yokuqala yasentwasahlobo njalo ngeSonto lesibili, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuvela amanye amaholide noma cha. Ngakho, ngo-2009, yatholakala ngo-March 8. Kulabo abangamazi ukuzihlanganisa kartosostavitelstvom leli holide angaliboni, okungukuthi ngokuphelele. Phela, uma ubheka, umsebenzi Abaklami bamabalazwe futhi abahloli kubalulekile ukuba ngamunye wethu.
Kanjani ukugubha
Lapho ukugubha Umdabuli eRussia, lapho kuchazwa isimemezelo sikaMongameli, ngemvume ngo-2000, ku-11 Novemba. Inyanga anginikhethanga ngengozi. Kwaba ngoMashi 1720th Kwenkosi Enkulu uPetru mina wakhipha isimemezelo ku isidingo futhi isibopho semisebenzi cartographic kuto tonkhe tinhlangotsi isimo Russian. Futhi ngo-March 1919th kakade uhulumeni wamaSoviet lapho sibhekene Yabantu Commissars usayine Isinqumo ku ukusungulwa VSU (Geodetic Administration). Usuku Surveyor BakaJehova E-Ukraine kuhlangene ntambama sokuma nokugubha ngo-Ephreli, njalo ngeSonto lokuqala lwenyanga. Ngezinye izikhathi ewela Apreli 1 futhi kuvumelana ngosuku uhleko. Kukhona ezinye izinhlangano ukuthi ukugubha professional iholide abahloli yabo futhi Abaklami bamabalazwe, Mashi 15, yokudumisa Isinqumo Yabantu Commissars, eyanyatheliswa ngo-1919 ..
Abaklami bamabalazwe lasendulo
Aphanjaniswe ocabanga ukuthi amakhadi kuyadingeka ukuze uthole into phansi. Nabo, ungakwazi ukufunda ngisho emlandweni emhlabeni wethu! Kukholakala ukuthi lezi zindawo okokuqala ucishe eqondile isithombe bavele ngaphambi 14-15 eminyaka AD. Kodwa zaba khona kusasele isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu. Isibonelo salokhu ikhadi usosayensi ngesiGreki uPtolemy, elikhombisa wonke amazwekazi, kuhlanganise ne-Antarctica, kuyabonakala. Kamuva imisebenzi yakhe esetshenziswa Abaklami bamabalazwe abaningi ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Usosayensi French Orontsy Feeney (Oronteus Phynius) emuva 1531 esethula nebalazwe Antarctica, okungukuthi, iminyaka cishe 300 ngaphambi wokuvula yayo esemthethweni! Ngisho nangaphambili, ngo-1513, i-Antarctica iye emelelwe ebalazweni Piri Reis, i Umkhuzi, isazi Nangomthenwa esivelele kunazo zonke ngokuthi iConstantinople. Kwakukhona nezinye compilers, okuyinto kuwufanele kokukhuluma wamabalazwe kanye Umdabuli suku. Zayishiya kithi ibalazwe nezwekazi enomoya emhlabeni ngaphandle ice, nge indawo esiqondile imifula, amachibi kanye amagquma, lapho ososayensi abaningi banamuhla baye bafunda kuphela ekhulwini lama-20.
Imfihlakalo Atlantis
Hon uPlato e VI ekhulwini BC, wasolula imfumbe mayelana Atlantis isintu. Njengoba kunzima ngifuna into eyodwa amagumbi omhlaba ke kwesinye. Siyabonga kumephu lasendulo-Antarctica, ihlanganiswe ngokunemba okukhulu, kwakukhona version bokuba khona impucuko elahlekile khona. IziNyathelo asiyazi Abaklami bamabalazwe owaphila eminyakeni eziyisithupha noma ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezingu edlule, futhi ungacabangi ukuthi uma uyomgubhela Umdabuli futhi wamabalazwe, baye bavumela ososayensi yesimanje yokuthola izinto eziningi. Ngenxa amakhadi abo, wathola ukuthi isikhathi eside e-Antarctica kwaba sezulu ngempela omnene, eduze kolwandle iMedithera. Kube ogelezayo emfuleni, izingadi ezivundile. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, kuba ngempucuko yasendulo bangaba khona ezwekazini. Ekhulwini lama-20, ososayensi baye baqhuba phezu ezineqhwa izwekazi zokuzamazama komhlaba, ucwaningo ezijulile, yamba ukushuba eqhweni futhi wathatha amasampula. Izifundo isikuqinisekisile ukuthi Abaklami bamabalazwe lasendulo wahosha amakhadi ngokunembile emangalisayo. Indlela ababefakaza ngayo ngaphandle kunoma iyiphi idivayisi yesimanje alwaziwa.
izindlela yangokwesiko
ibalazwe ngamunye has igridi izixhumanisi (ikuphi emkhathini). Ngubani ukucacisa wobude elinesisindo. Idivayisi okuqala yasungulwa ngekhulu le-18, uJohn Harrison. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, lo drafters we ikuphi amakhadi kunqunywa ngokubuka ukusitheka kwelanga satellites, nobubanzi - emthambekeni ukukhanya zomhlaba emkhathizwe. izinto Indawo zinqunywa zibukeke, futhi ibanga kulinganiswa izintambo noma nge amasondo. kuskrolelwa yakhe kusukela into ukuphikisa, bese iphindwe ubude usebe enanini linemibhikisho. Kodwa ukuze uhlela lamatshwayo amazwekazi elikude, kwakudingekile noma ukubafinyelela noma ukufunda nabo endaweni ephakeme kakhulu. Manje kwenziwa ngosizo izithombe zasemoyeni, ngokusebenzisa i iziphuphutheki, futhi ekuqaleni? It kuseyimpicabadala kanjani abantu babephila ezingaphezu kuka 5-6, futhi zeminyaka edlule, ephethwe ukudweba sasivumela ngokunembile lamatshwayo amazwekazi ababengamazi.
ababehamba olwandle
Ekhulwini le-13, owasungula le ikhampasi, okuyinto lula kakhulu umsebenzi Abaklami bamabalazwe. Ngaleso sikhathi kuba ibalazwe ezweni hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi kolwandle, ayesetshenziselwa amatilosi. Kuyinto lokhu alala isiqu Hristofora Kolumba. With ukuthuthukiswa navigation kanye nomhlaba obhekwe ngokunemba amathuluzi yangokwesiko ezinwetshiwe ngcono. uthi amaningi anika mikhankaso ukuhlola amazwe engaziwa. Ngenxa yalokho, amakhadi babé eqonde kakhulu, kwakube nokusitheka wonke kuqala. It wadalwa German Martin Behaim. Ngemva kwesikhashana, uGerhard uMercator futhi Abraham Ortelius wenza kuqala Atlas emhlabeni. Kukholakala ukuthi isayensi of ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe yasungulwa Mercator. Ngosuku we Umdabuli futhi wamabalazwe, abaningi usho igama lakhe. Kwaba lesi sazi esethula uhlelo izinkomba yendawo ibalazwe projection. Ngekhulu le-18 Yaqala ukulinganisa ukuphakama into phezu kogu lolwandle, lapho kwaqala nesimo sendawo.
Ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe eRussia
ERussia, njengoba kuwo wonke amazwe athuthukile, ukubaluleka omkhulu exhunywe ulwazi emifuleni indawo, amachibi asezintabeni, amahlathi, imizi kanye imigwaqo phakathi kwazo. Ngisho Ivan Grozny wakhipha umyalelo tekuhlelwa kwemisebenti umdwebo endaweni enemininingwane. Umphumela waba okuthiwa "Umdwebo Big", manje elahlekile. Singagcina ngokubu- amazwana kule umsebenzi. Kodwa waqhubeka amakhophi amabalazwe yeSiberia, okuyinto eyabangela oda uPetru Godunov e-1667. Futhi Fyodor Godunov, usebenzisa "Umdwebo Big" wenza ibalazwe lakhe. Futhi nakuba inkosi, wachitha izinyanga ezimbalwa, the wamabalazwe waba ngesikhathi esihle kakhulu. Peter mina, ngenxa esinqumweni okuyinto sigubha Umdabuli ngoMashi, hhayi kuphela wacosha baton of ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe isiRashiya, kodwa futhi wenza le nkinga ngelinye lamavesi abaluleke kunawo wonke umbuso. Ukuze enze umsebenzi uPetru ngimenywe bezinhlamvu zemali angaphandle, mina wayethumele okungcono izikhulu zendawo abahloli (Kozhin futhi Urusova). Kamuva, kwadalulwa eyanyatheliswa Atlas lokuqala eRussia 19 amabalazwe ezindaweni ezahlukene.
ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe yesimanje
Ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe uye savela futhi ngemva kokuba uPetru I. Paul engaziphathiswa lo msebenzi emnyango wezempi, u-Alexander ngamisa amabutho abahloli amasosha, futhi abangu-Nicholas mina yakwamukela ukusungulwa the Pulkovo Observatory. Izindlela kanye nokuhlela ubuchwepheshe uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa. Ngo zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili Abaklami bamabalazwe waqala ukusebenzisa izinqubo izindawo yesici futhi photochemical izithombe lezinto. Electronic Technology okusungulile icebo, abanyathelisi, ama-scanner isicelo zasemoyeni ngcono inqubo yokudala amabalazwe olunembile. Manje ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ukucabanga ngokuphila kwethu. Amamephu abashayeli kanye nezivakashi, ososayensi bokuma komhlaba futhi abakhi. Wemihlaba ukwenza amalungiselelo abo ezindaweni, ezikhona, amabalazwe, ujantshi kanye nemigwaqo. Usuku Umdabuli ngo-2014 wawa ngo-March 9, ngemva nje uSuku Lwabesifazane. UMongameli ihalalisele abahloli kanye Abaklami bamabalazwe yezwe bafisa owengeziwe kubo impumelelo zomsebenzi.
Ngiyanihalalisela Umdabuli futhi wamabalazwe
Emigwaqweni nemizana ngokuvamile ongakwazi ukubona abantu nge yokubeka, ezingeni noma theodolite. Bathatha izilinganiso, ukucacisa lesifanele indawo lezinto, enze i-engeli esibophezelayo. Ukuhalalisela nabo eholidini babo bomsebenzi kungaba nje amazwi, kodwa kungaba izinkondlo. Ngokwesibonelo, lezi:
Wemihlaba, atlases kanye amabalazwe wonke compilers,
Ngokuqinisekile umsebenzi wakho kubaluleke kakhulu,
Ingabe zonke Bump abode lasemhlabeni,
Nemifula ukuthi engena kulo,
eyikhulu izikhathi ngeke ukukala, kayikhulu hlola
Futhi zisidedisele ibalazwe ubudala,
Leisure nge sezulu Wayevame ukushaywa ehlukana,
Bheka phansi nobunzima.
Ngakho ake wena ngokuvamile uyamamatheka
Luck kanye isiphetho igcina ekulimaleni,
Ake yonke imibono yakho abathola isahlulelo,
Futhi une injabulo anele eyikhulu!