Umqambi German uPawulu Hindemith: Biography, ukuphila, nobuciko kanye ezithakazelisayo amaqiniso

Paul Hindemith (Paul Hindemith) uzuze isihloko omunye wabadlali onamakhono kunabo futhi abanamakhono German. Yena lolungenamaphutsa ngidlala izinsimbi zomculo ezihlukahlukene, olwenziwa kanye negumbi sakhiwa nomculo Symphonic, wabhala imisebenzi eminingi choral futhi uye wasebenza phezu opera. EJalimane, bathi wayeyingane efana nezinye Innovator, ngoba ekholelwa ukuthi umculo akufanele kwenziwe nje amanothi abanamakhono eligoqiwe we Ihubo, kodwa futhi uhlobo ibhethri ukuthi ngemva ukulalela bangaba uhlobo amandla zokuziphatha.

Akwaziwa emhlabeni wonke umculo garde-German

Engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lamashumi amabili, uPawulu Hindemith (biography iDemo iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo kulesi sihloko) sasibhekwa njengophawu lokuthi avant-garde. Washiya ngokuphelele fashion ngesikhathi emhlabeni umculo dodecaphony. umculo waso kwakuyindishi engafani nalutho ebhaliwe ngaphambili. Goebbels banengeke wavuma ke labalobi esiphawuleka kunazo zonke isiJalimane, kodwa lokhu ukuqashelwa akusho ubuhlungu ubudlelwane phakathi kukaPawulu Hindemith futhi impango amaNazi ithiphu. umculi onekhono futhi umqambi waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye izwe lokuzalwa kwakhe. Ngo ekudingisweni, yona wabhala imisebenzi eminingi ku sobuhle bayo zomculo ukuthi abaculi yesimanje kanye musicologists Namanje ngenkuthalo lisetshenziswe umsebenzi kanye namathuba okuqeqeshwa. Wayeke umculo uvinjelwe amaNazi ebhaliwe, manje libhaliswe isigaba zabuna yesimanje. Kamuva kulesi sihloko thina kuzoxoxwa biography, lokusungula, uPawulu Hindemith netimphawu imisebenzi ebhalwe kuye.

lwati lolufinyetiwe endaweni lokuzalwa, abazali nomndeni we umculi

Paul Hindemith, omisebenzi yakhe zaziwa emhlabeni wonke, wabelethwa Frankfurt, edolobheni elincane Hanau am Main. Inhloko lo mkhaya ingcweti ejwayelekile German - Carl Hindemith. Uma uthi nhlá ukuthi kungase kuzwakale kuyindida, okwakuphume kuye mfana ithatha ithalente ezithandekayo indlebe lihle umculo. Kodwa kuyinto eyaziwayo ukuthi uyise, uKarl Hindemit, ngokuba umdwebi nje, uthande ukudlala ku tsintre futhi kwaba ushintsho olukhulu ngempela okuhle umculi nayizimfundamakhwela. Kungenzeka, ukuthi wagxilisa indodana yakhe uthando art bebonke, kuhlanganise umculo.

lomculo nasekuqeqesheni ubuhlakani esizayo

ithalente womfana ukuvela kusenesikhathi. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, wafundiswa ngesikhulu isithakazelo lesi futhi ngafunda ukudlala izigubhu, upiyano, violin futhi viola. imfundo Musical wathola e Frankfurt am Main, wangena somculo. Lapho, uPawulu wafunda ukudlala i-violin futhi wafundelwa amathrekhi esiqhuba.

Ukufa uyise phambili enkonzweni yempi uPawulu

Ngo-1915, uKarl - uyise uPawulu - efa empini. Germany ehilelekile kweMpi Yezwe I, kanye nesimo sezimali imikhaya eminingi German ayiyinhle. umndeni umqambi futhi mculi iyathinteka. Mother Mary wasala umfelokazi onezingane ezintathu, futhi uPawulu ufuna umsebenzi, namakhefu akhokhelwayo ehloniphekile, ukuze ngandlela-thile ukumsiza. Phakathi nale nkathi, yena waba nenhlanhla ukuze uthole umsebenzi sipho concertmaster we Frankfurt Opera. Umbhidisi weqembu lebutho kwakukhona Ludwig Rottenberg. Abathandwayo Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi indodakazi yakhe kamuva washada uPawulu Hindemith.

Accompanist endlini opera wakwazi ukusebenza 1917. Lokhu kulandelwa izinsizwa. Kukhona le ndoda abanamakhono abasha, yebo, akazange ayeke umsebenzi wokudala. Yena wangeniswa ibutho lempi njengoba wesigubhu, futhi iba ilungu quartet string. Ngo-1918, ayezenza e indima yokuqala violin quartet. Ngemva kokuqeda inkonzo yezempi, uPawulu ubuyela Frankfurt Opera House, lapho ayesebenza khona kuze 1923 accompanist.

Ukufika quartet Lykke Amara

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-20-yalolucwaningo emphakathini umculo eJalimane, uPawulu Hindemith kwakuvele kwaziwa njengoba abanamakhono umqambi violin futhi violist. Ukusebenza ngesikhathi Frankfurt Opera enza umsebenzi accompanist hhayi kuphela. Ngo parallel, umbethi wogubhu esabetha indima ivayolini yesibili ethimba A. Rebnera. Ngemva kokubuya impi, Hindemith isinqumo ukudlala kuleli qembu, uViola.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuthandwa zomculo we umeluleki wakhe Rebnera uPawulu azibheka olandelanayo kakhulu. Ngakho waguqula iqembu futhi baba yingxenye omunye quartet - eliholwa violin bodumo Lykke Amara. Ithimba esingapheli waze 1929, futhi ngokungangabazeki, kwaba yimpumelelo enkulu hhayi kuphela ekhaya, kodwa futhi ngalé kwemingcele yayo. Ukufeza ke indima viola, uPawulu wayenesifiso ithuba lokubuka okuningi ubone eziningi amazwe aseYurophu.

Ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kudingeka umsebenzi wokuziphilisa omuhle

Paul Hindemith - umqambi, ogama usebenza umphakathi jikelele wezwa lokuqala ngo-1922, emzini Salzburg, ngesikhathi Umhlaba Umculo Izinsuku. Impumelelo izingoma eyabhalwa kuye Nokho yayisobala, banga eziningi ingxoxo. Ngo-1923 wamiswa njengephayona elivamile umhleli koMkhosi Contemporary Umculo, okwenzeka ngo-baye edorobheni okuthiwa Donaueschingen. UPawulu wahlala ethembekile izintandokazi zabo iziqondiso ezintsha e umculo, futhi iqhutshelwe phambili ngesikhathi imisebenzi umkhosi bomculo avant-garde. Alto repertoire ngesikhathi amakhonsathi ayezenza yena.

Ngo-1927, Hindemith wanikela Ukwakheka nokufundisa kileso Berlin Hochschule für Musik, futhi amukela it. Eminyakeni elandelako embalwa abaphumelela kakhulu emsebenzini wakhe. Ngaphandle yokufundisa, uPawulu imatasa ongaphumelela kwi-career solo, ngahambisa izincwajana kuso njengoba violist. amakhonsathi akhe impumelelo runaway e-US, inikeza ukusebenza emazweni amaningi, kuhlanganise neGibithe ne-Turkey.

Symbol lobuhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi phakathi nokubusa kwamaNazi nabantu zokudala Germany

Esikhathini 30 weza amandla enhlangano yamaNazi, ubudlelwane okukuye umculi nomqambi wezingoma ungeze nzima. Esinye isizathu sokuba abe ngomfazi uPawulu - Gertrude Rotenberg, yena ngo-1924 wangena emshadweni esisemthethweni. Iqiniso lokuthi, ngokuvumelana nemithetho yenkolo, akubhekwa umJuda, amaNazi babengenalo anencazelo ekhethekile. Ubaba-umculi Ludwig Rothenberg wayengumJuda, futhi kwakwanele. Njengabantu abaningi yokudala, uPawulu Hindemith (kabani biography sesibonile) azi- umuntu apolitical ngokuphelele. Wayephikisana obala wakhuluma nozakwethu Jewish zabo, abaqambi kanye abaculi, okwenza akujiki ngezizathu kazwelonke. Yiqiniso, iQembu LamaNazi akakuthandanga lokho okwakushiwo, kodwa ekuqaleni kwawo-30-yalolucwaningo inkhulumomphendvulwano namaJuda kwakunganele ukuvimbela ukudalwa abaculi. Ngakho kancane kancane baqala ukuvela itleyimu kakhulu lo msebenzi.

Isimo zamaNazi ukuba zisho ukuthi imisebenzi kaPawulu babe zishintsha futhi edidayo. Ekuqaleni ngisho adunyiswe. Ngo-1934, Goebbels ngokwakhe umbiza ngokuthi omunye Hindemith sika abaqambi ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi abanamakhono German wesimanje. Esikhathini esithile ngisho uPawulu wayeyisibonelo ngaphansi uhlobo ukusekelwa amaNazi. Imisebenzi yakhe bathande ngempela abanye abameleli iziphathimandla German. Futhi waba nendima esemqoka idumela international lokhu umqambi futhi umculi ukuthi akazange avumele amaNazi ethathe ayibulale.

isikhundla Hindemith sasinzima ngempela, futhi ngenxa yezizathu zokuphepha, wabonisa neziphathimandla ukuzimisela kwayo ukuyekethisa. Ngesikhashana nje, uPawulu uqala ukukhombisa kule izingoma ezintsha obulungu yakhe German kanye worldview. Esikhathini imisebenzi emisha uyazinaka kakhulu temdzabu isiJalimane, wabhala imisebenzi nesandla uhlobo ngendlela ecacile ecacile (amamashi ejwayelekile German). Ukuze Wake wahlala kuleli zwe ngandlela-thile, kodwa ubungani namaJuda kanye umbono Hindemith ukuthi uyisizwe kufanele kube mahhala ngokuphelele futhi ezimele, abakwazanga banxuse kwezombusazwe abazinze ye-Third Reich.

Vula ngxabano abameleli iziphathimandla German

Paul Hindemith, imisebenzi zomculo okuyinto bayahlonishwa emazweni amaningi, ekhaya iwela i ihlazo evulekile. Apogee izingxabano esikhoselweni kwenzekani ngo-1934. Goering ngokusemthethweni ivimbela ukulungiselela kudlalwé opera Hindemith sika ngokuthi "Mathis der Maler". Kwelinye izinkulumo zakhe, J. Gebels umqambi lu zokubizwa ngamagama ayiziswana "Foley atonal, umkhiqizi umsindo". baxgeki amaNazi shayela umsebenzi wakhe "art ngamahlumela ezinga eliphansi omunye". Zacindezelwa eziqinile zokuziphatha Hindemith uyayeka ukusebenza esikoleni Berlin, ukuthatha isikhathi isikhathi esingenasiphelo.

Ukuhamba futhi ukubuya Turkey "at the service" kaHitler

Kulesi sikhathi esinzima, uPawulu wathola umnikelo ovela Mustafa Ataturk - sezombusazwe Turkish kanye wezinguquko - vakashela Ankara nokusiza ekuthuthukiseni uhlelo ukuze kabusha imfundo zomculo e-Turkey. Hindemith owakwakhe uvumelana isiphakamiso futhi ushiye eJalimane okwesikhashana. UPawulu wenze nge umsebenzi walo, futhi ngokwenza kanjalo walenza umnikelo omkhulu ukudalwa uhlelo jikelele umculo imfundo, esasetshenziswa esikhangisweni se zonke Turkish umculo imfundo. Wafaka eziningi umzamo wokuqala umculo somculo lavulwa ngo Ankara. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umqambi-Turkish futhi umculi wajabulela ngenhlonipho enkulu, ngokungafani abokufika abaningi ababaleka eJalimane ngaleso sikhathi, nomkakhe, basheshe yanquma ukubuyela ekhaya.

Ngemva kokubuyela e-uPawulu waphinde kufanele wenze eningi ukuyekethisa neziphathimandla German. Ngo-1936, he funga sokwethembeka kuHitler. Umqambi uqamba ihubo Luftwaffe ziyaphawuleka, imisebenzi yakhe zigcwele Motifs "German" ziqala ukuba kwenziwe ikhonsathi amahholo kulo lonke elaseJalimane. Kodwa lokhu "ukuthula" namaNazi akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside. EJalimane iqala umzabalazo evulekile ngokumelene wesimanje umculo izitayela. AmaJalimane ngokuthi "bonakele." Paul isebenza (except for a ngcosana) ukuwa ngaphansi kwalesi definition futhi, ekugcineni, enze umsebenzi wawo wokugcina yokuvinjelwa eziphoqelelwe eJalimane.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, izwe baqinise izinyathelo anti-Jewish. Hindemith uqala sina wesabela ukuphepha lomkakhe, okwathi ngezikhathi ezisengozini ngobudlova. Eqaphela ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe lingenandawo eJalimane, umqambi, violin futhi violist Hindemit uPawulu owenza isinqumo sokugcina aziphume ziphele kuleli zwe.

Ukuhamba futhi ukubuya zisuka eJalimane ngemva kwempi

Ngo-1938, uPaul wathuthela eSwitzerland, futhi ngemva kweminyaka 2 bathutha nomkakhe e-United States. EMelika, wamenywa ukuba abathethise at emayunivesithi adumile ezifana Yale futhi Harvard. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi Hindemith angase osolwa yokuzama esidlule ngesikhathi ngokubambisana neNhlangano amaNazi Melika imisebenzi yakhe zazenziwa futhi waba impumelelo runaway. Wabizwa emhlabeni ngaphandle umculo German kwenkathi ngoba kwaba ethonyeni amaNazi. Kwaba isikhathi yokuhlala e-United States futhi wawela esiqongweni umsebenzi wakhe. Ngo-1946, wathola US yisakhamuzi, kodwa eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-1953, wathuthela Zurich. Kube Uyabahola inkulumo eyunivesithi yendawo bese beqhuba ababedlala izinsimbi, enza umsebenzi wakhe.

Mina savalelisa ukuphila indoda genius isesekhaya eJalimane. Wabuyela Frankfurt, lapho afela khona ngo-1963 esuka ngokuhlasela pancreatitis.

ifa Ayigugu zomculo Hindemith

Paul Hindemith wayebhekwa onegunya umculo umhlaziyi, umculi, uthisha, umqhubi. Lo muntu uyasala lenqwaba imisebenzi izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zomculo, uye ebhaliwe isibalo esikhulu semisebenzi I-orchestra, ubhala ekamelweni umculo ngoba amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, usebenzela ballet, ikhwaya, yebo, ngokuba opera.

Opera - ingcenye eqakathekileko impilo kanye nomsebenzi kaPawulu Hindemith

Ingxenye enkulu ifa uPawulu akushiya titukulwane takho ezakha opera. Abagxeki futhi musicologists bakholelwa ukuthi kuyinto kuzo ngokucacile indlela abheka ngayo izinto umqambi futhi umculi, ukuqonda kanye namabalazwe ngokoqobo owayephila kanye nesikhundla kuyisiphazamiso esimisweni sokuhle nokubi, kulandelwa umbhali. Kuyinto opera uPawulu Hindemith wasebenza kuze kube sezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe. Umqambi German wabhala umculo ngoba yimpumelelo futhi owaziwa wonke opera emhlabeni, phakathi lapho abaningi:

• "Mathis der Maler".
• "Ngokuvumelana Kwezwe."
• "NLSH-Nushi".
• "Umbulali - abesifazane ithemba."
• "Cardillac".
• "Daily News".
• "I Dinner Long Christmas".
• "Saint uSusanna."