Ukuqhuma komkhumbi-ibhomu le-athomu kanye indlela yayo yesenzo

Ukuqhuma we ibhomu le-athomu ingenye inqubo emangalisayo kakhulu, ongaqondakali futhi scary. Isimiso yokusebenza izikhali zenuzi esekelwe ukusabela chain. Lena inqubo enjalo, kakhulu inkambo okuyinto omula ukuqhubeka yayo. Isimiso ezisebenza we-hydrogen kusekelwe zenuzi ukuphendula kwezwi.

A-ibhomu

Kanti i-nuclei ka isotopes ezithile izakhi enemisebe (plutonium, californium, i-uranium, njll) bayakwazi iba yingxenye yomhlabathi, ngaleyo ndlela ekuthumbeni i-neutron. Ngemva kwalokho ivelele omunye neutrons ezimbili noma ezintathu. Ukubhujiswa i-nucleus ye-athomu ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele kungaholela nokuwohloka ezimbili noma ezintathu, nakho kungase kubangele nezinye ama-athomu. Njalo njalo. Ukwa kwenzeka inqubo ngendathane kwandziswa kwelinani letikhungo nuclei ukukhulula amandla discontinuity lemali elikhulu izibopho athomu. Ekuqhumeni amandla ezinkulukazi uyokhululwa isikhathi ultra-ezincane isikhathi. Lokhu kwenzeka ngesikhathi iphuzu elilodwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuqhuma ibhomu le-athomu sinamandla kangaka futhi elimazayo.

Ukuqala chain reaction kubalulekile ukuthi inani imfucumfucu enemisebe idlula mass esibucayi. Ngokusobala, udinga ukuthatha izingcezu ezimbalwa uranium noma plutonium futhi sihlanganise zibe munye. Nokho, ukuze abangele kuqhuma ibhomu le-athomu, lokhu akwanele ngoba ukusabela uyayeka phambi ukwaba imali eyanele amandla, noma inqubo kuyoba kancane. Ukuze aphumelele, kufanele singadluli mass abagxeka ndaba, futhi ukukwenza esikhathini esincane kakhulu isikhathi. Kungcono ukusebenzisa ezimbalwa mass esibucayi. Lokhu kufezwa ngokusebenzisa nezinye iziqhumane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, elinye kuyashesha futhi kancane iziqhumane.

Ukuhlolwa yokuqala yenuzi lwenziwe ngo-July 1945 e-United States ngasedolobheni Almogordo. Ngo-August walowo nyaka, baseMelika wasebenzisa lezi zikhali ngokumelene nemizi Japanese of Hiroshima futhi Nagasaki. Ukuqhuma komkhumbi-ibhomu le-athomu kuleli dolobha kwaholela ukubhujiswa kabuhlungu kanye nokufa iningi labantu. Ngo-USSR zenuzi zadalwa futhi lwahlolwa ngo-1949.

H-ibhomu

I-hydrogen iyisikhali amandla amakhulu kakhulu elimazayo. Umgomo we operation yayo kusekelwe ukuphendula Fusion, okuyinto kwezici nuclei ukuxegiselwa ezisindayo hydrogen athomu helium. Ngakho kukhona ukukhululwa inani elikhulu amandla. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela efana izinqubo ezenzeka Sun nezinye izinkanyezi. Fusion elula sihamba usebenzisa isotopes hydrogen (tritium noma deuterium) kanye lithium.

Test yokuqala hydrogen warhead baseMelika wachitha ngo-1952. Ngomqondo yesimanje zale divayisi sekunzima ngokuthi ibhomu. Kwakuyisikhathi esinezitezi ezintathu egcwele deuterium ketshezi. Ukuqhuma lokuqala le-hydrogen eU.SSR kwenziwa ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Soviet iArmagedoni warhead RDS-6 iqhume ngo-August 1953 eMhlanganweni Semipalatinsk. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke i-hydrogen ibhomu nomthamo megatons 50 (Tsar Ibhomu) USSR wazibonela ngo-1961. Weyiva ngemva kokuqhuma izinhlamvu azungeza iplanethi kathathu.