Ukuphumelela yenjini ukushisa. Engine kahle ezishisayo - ifomula sokunquma

Umsebenzi we izinhlobo eziningi imishini ephawula onjalo sibalo ezibalulekile njengoba nekusebenta injini ukushisa. Onjiniyela minyaka ukufuna ukwakha amasu okuthuthukile ukuthi ngophethiloli kancane ngabe kube nemiphumela ekahle kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa.

ezishisayo injini apharathasi

Ngaphambi aqonde ukuthi yini ukusebenza kahle (ukusebenza kahle), kungase kudingeke uqonde lamasu isebenza kanjani. Ngaphandle ulwazi izimiso emsebenzini wayo abakwazi ukuthola ubunjalo le nkomba. Heat injini yidivayisi owenza umsebenzi ngokusebenzisa amandla yangaphakathi. Noma yimuphi injini ukushisa oguqula energy ezishisayo kuya mechanical, ukunwetshwa ezishisayo we ezisetshenziswa okushisa aphakeme. I izinhlelo eziqinile-umbuso angeke kuphela ukushintsha ivolumu yento engesimumathini, kodwa futhi ukuma emzimbeni. Isenzo injini enjalo kungaphansi kwemithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

Umgomo we operation

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ingabe injini ukushisa, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele ngesisekelo nomklamo walo. Ngokuba ukusebenza idivaysi yakho idinga izindikimba ezimbili: hot (heater) amakhaza (isiqandisi, Chiller). Umgomo we operation ukushisa izinjini (nekusebenta ukushisa izinjini) kuncike zazo. Ngokuvamile, isiqandisi ukhonza epholisayo umusi kanye heater - noma yiluphi uhlobo fuel esivuthayo esithandweni. Nekusebenta okuvezwa ukushisa injini formula elandelayo:

Ukuphumelela = (Tnagrev -.. Tholod) / Tnagrev. x 100%.

Kulokhu, lo wangempela motor kahle engasoze ledlula inani etholwe ngokuhambisana nalo ifomula. Futhi, lesi sibalo akasoze idlule amagugu ngenhla. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza ngokuzimisela, kaningi ukwandisa bese wehlise izinga lokushisa lokushisa heater imbala. Zombili lezi zinqubo ngeke esaba kunikeze umbono wezimo ezingokoqobo imishini.

Ukuphumelela ukushisa injini (ifomula)

Ngo kokuhlinzwa, ukusebenza ukushisa injini kwenzeka, njengokuthi imaphi igesi iqala ukulahlekelwa amandla futhi selehlile lokushisa ethile. Lesi sakamuva ngokuvamile degrees ambalwa ephakeme kunaleyo emkhathini ezizungezile. Lokhu lokushisa ezipholile. idivayisi ekhethekile okunjalo eyenzelwe Ukupholisa ngomoya kanye ukufingqa alandelayo umusi qeda. Lapho kukhona capacitors, ngezinye izikhathi izinga lokushisa esiqandisini ngezansi kuma lokushisa.

Ukushisa injini umzimba ngokubeka amalahle ekwandiseni akakwazi ukuthumela wonke amandla layo langaphakathi ukwenza umsebenzi. Ezinye ukushisa ngeke adluliselwe imbala kanye amagesi qeda noma isisi. Le ngxenye ukushisa energy yangaphakathi is nakanjani ilahlekile. Uketshezi ukusebenza ngesikhathi omlilo of fuel by heater uthola eliningi ezithile ukushisa Q _1. Ngakho-ke wenza esinye umsebenzi A, ngesikhathi lapho edlulisa ingxenye esiqandisini ukushisa: Q ₂ 1.

Engine kahle ephawula kahle e energy conversion kanye ne-transmission. Le nkomba ngokuvamile kulinganiswa njengoba amaphesenti. Ukuphumelela ifomula:

η * A / Qx100%, lapho Q - kwandziswa amandla, futhi - umsebenzi ewusizo.

Kususelwa umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla, singaphetha ngokuthi nekusebenta uhlale engaphansi kunobunye. Ngamanye amazwi, lo msebenzi omuhle ngeke bube ngaphezu kuka-ke wathatha amandla.

Engine kahle - isilinganiso amandla ewusizo umsebenzi kwabika i-heater. Singasho imelelwa ifomula:

η = (Q ₁ -Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ lapho Q ₁ - ukushisa etholakele heater, futhi Q ₂ - ukunikeza imbala.

Umsebenzi ukushisa injini

Umsebenzi owenziwa injini ukushisa, ibalwa ifomula:

A = | Q _H | - | Q _X | lapho A - umsebenzi, Q _H - nenani ukushisa etholakele heater, Q _X - nenani ukushisa inikezwe off ezipholile.

Ukuphumelela ukushisa injini (ifomula):

| Q _H | _{- | Q X |) / |} Q H | = 1 _{- | Q X | / | Q} H |

He is isilinganiso umsebenzi elenza injini elingamathalenta ukushisa kukhiqizwa. Ingxenye energy ezishisayo kulahleka ngalesi yokudlulisa.

Carnot injini

Ukusebenza kahle esiphezulu injini ezishisayo is ebonwe idivayisi Carnot. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi lesi simiso kuncike kuphela lokushisa eliphelele heater (TH) kanye epholile (Tx). Ukuphumelela ukushisa injini ezisebenza ngokuvumelana umjikelezo Carnot kunqunywa ifomula elandelayo:

(Tn - Tx) / Tn = - Tx - Tn.

Imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto ukubala bavunyelwe ukusebenza kahle esiphezulu, okuyinto kungenzeka. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli nani liye ibalwa usosayensi French kanye unjiniyela Sadi Carnot. Nguye owasungula izinto injini ukushisa, siqhutshwa igesi ekahle. Usebenza umjikelezo 2 isotherms futhi 2 heats. Ukuthi isebenza kanjani ulula: ukuze umkhumbi heater igesi ihlinzekwa oxhumana naye, kangangokuthi uketshezi oluhamba ukusebenza yandisa isothermally. Kulokhu-ke usebenza futhi ithola ethile ukushisa. Ngemva umkhumbi vimbela. Naphezu kwalokhu, igesi esaqhubeka yanda, kodwa adiabatically (ngaphandle ukushisa exchange nge imvelo). Ngalesi sikhathi, izinga lokushisa yayo Sehlile ukusebenza esiqandisini. Kuleli qophelo igesi iyathintwa nge epholisayo, lapho-ke kunikeza ethile ukushisa ngesikhathi ukusikwa icwecwe eliqophayo. Khona-ke vimbela isitsha futhi. Lapho gas adiabatically onomfutho esimweni sokuqala bese ivolumu.

zinhlobo

Namuhla kukhona izinhlobo eziningi ukushisa izinjini ezisebenza ezimisweni ezahlukene kanye zokubasa ezahlukene. Bonke babe kahle yabo. Lezi zihlanganisa lokhu okulandelayo:

• i yangaphakathi omlilo engine (piston), okuyinto indlela lapho ingxenye evuthayo amandla fuel chemical iguqulwe ibe amandla lokukhanda. Amadivayisi anjalo kungase kube igesi futhi uketshezi. Hlukanisa 2- kanye 4-unhlangothi izinjini. Bangaba umjikelezo kuyimfanelo operation okuqhubekayo. Ngo Isifaniso ukulungiswa okunjalo fuel Izingxube yilezi izinjini carbureted (nge zangaphandle ingxube kumiswa) diesel (yangaphakathi). Ngu uhlobo amandla Converter zihlukaniswe piston, jet, ophephela futhi kuhlanganiswe. Ukusebenza kahle imishini enjalo engu ingeqi izisulu 0.5.

• Stirling injini - idivayisi lapho uketshezi esebenza endaweni evalelekile. Kuyinto uhlobo zangaphandle amandla omlilo engine. Umgomo we operation yayo Kusekelwe gqwa Ukupholisa / Ukushisa komzimba ukuze isivuno amandla ngenxa yezinguquko umthamo yayo. Lona omunye izinjini eyiyo.

• samanzi (rotary) injini nge amandla omlilo sangaphandle nophethiloli. izitshalo ezinjalo ezivamile iziteshi amandla ezishisayo.

• ophephela (Rotor), i-yangaphakathi omlilo injini isetshenziswa ezishisayo izitshalo amandla kwimodi ezimatasa. Akukho ngisho ezivamile njengoba abanye.

• Turbinovintovoy injini ngenxa ezinye ngezikulufo kudala wagxila. Konke okunye akutholayo ngenxa amagesi qeda. isakhiwo salo injini rotary (igesi ophephela), oluthi okuyinto kwaphoqa bendiza.

Ezinye izinhlobo ukushisa izinjini

• Missile, turbojet futhi jet izinjini, okuyinto etholakala wagxila ngenxa umthelela qeda amagesi.

• ngemoto Solid-isimo kusetshenziswa njengendlela uphethiloli okuqinile. Ngo kokuhlinzwa, akashintshi umthamo yayo, nomumo. Ngakho, lapho usebenza imishini esetshenziswa incane kakhulu lokushisa umehluko.

Njengoba kungandisa kahle

Kungakhathaliseki okwandisa nekusebenta ukushisa injini kungenzeka? Impendulo kumele ifuneka wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. It etadisha ukuguqulwa mutual izinhlobo ezahlukene amandla. It sekutholakele ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuguqula yonke energy ezishisayo etholakala kagesi, mechanical m. N. Ngenxa yalesi kokuwaguqulela ku ukushisa senzeka ngaphandle kwemingcele. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuthi uhlobo energy ezishisayo esekelwe disordered (kunezinxushunxushu) ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya.

Kunamandla umzimba sekuqala ukufudumala, ngakho izoya ingxenye molecule ayo ngokushesha. I motion izinhlayiya iyoba abathathela nakakhulu. Njengoba sihambisana nale, wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukuze kungacinywa kalula waba nezinxushunxushu, okuyinto okunzima kakhulu ukuhlela.