Ukuhlukaniswa kobuzwe bomhlaba eRussia Federation. Izizathu zokuhlukanisa ubunikazi bomhlaba

Ukuphathwa kwesikhwama semhlaba kudinga uhlelo oluqinile lwemithombo. Ngaphezu kwamasayithi aphathelene nomhlaba wangasese, izindawo ezinkulu zikhona emnyangweni kahulumeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kunesimiso sokuhlukanisa amazwe anezici ezihlukahlukene futhi ayingxenye yezifundo ezithile. Eqinisweni, ukuhlanganiswa kwamazwe angaphandle kwemimandla yombuso, omasipala kanye nezinye izakhiwo zombuso kwenziwa ngokuvumelana nemigomo yokuhlukaniswa, echazwe ezenzweni zomthetho ezifanele. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukwehlukaniswa kwempahla kahulumeni akukwazi ukuthembela emithethweni yomthethosisekelo enqunyiwe ekusetshenzisweni kwezinqubo ezinjalo zomthetho.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwamazwe kahulumeni?

Isici esiyinhloko salolu hlobo lomhlaba yisimo sokuqina kwesigungu esiphezulu se-Russian Federation. Singasho ukuthi lesi yisimo esiyisisekelo sezindawo zaseRussia, ezibhaliswe ngokomthetho njengengxenye yendawo yayo.

Khona-ke kukhona ukwahlukana kube yizigaba zomhlaba ezingezona zomhlaba wangasese. Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi iziqephu ezifakwe esikhwameni sobunikazi bomnikazi wangasese noma izinhlangano azikwazi ukusebenzisa emazweni anesimo sempahla kahulumeni. Okunye okuwukuthi ukucaciswa komnikazi womhlaba womhlaba kwenziwa kuphela ukusabalalisa okwengeziwe phakathi kwabanikazi bamazinga ahlukene. Kanye nendawo yokuphatha umhlaba oyinhloko futhi inikeza ezinye izinhlobo zobunikazi, okungahle kube khona umehluko, kodwa kuqala kufanelekile ukucabangela lo mgomo walesisenzo.

Izinhlobo zobunikazi bomhlaba wombuso

Uhlobo oluyisisekelo lwamazwe kahulumeni yilesi sikhwama se-federal possession. Ukubhaliswa kwezomthetho kahulumeni ngakho kunquma izindawo ezaziwa njengezindawo ze-Russian Federation ngemithetho. Ngokuhambisana nalokhu, kunezindawo eziningi zeRussia nabomasipala. Ngokuvamile kuvunyelwe izingosi zomhlaba kanye nezinto ezilawulwa omasipala.

Isici sokuhlanganisana ekunqumeni izigaba zombili ukuthi, empeleni, zombili izinhlobo zomhlaba zingabase-state. Okunye okuwukuthi ukuphathwa ngokuqondile kwalezi zimali kwenziwa ngezakhiwo ezahlukene. Ngokusobala, ukuhlukaniswa kobuzwe bomhlaba eRussia Federation kwenzeka ngezizathu ezahlukene, okusho nje ukucacisa amalungelo obunikazi obuqondile beziqephu zomzimba kamasipala noma enye inhlangano. Kulesi simo, akuyona njalo isibonakaliso sokuhlukanisa okuyiyona ndlela efanelekile. Umthetho uhlinzekela ukulungiswa kwezinyathelo zikahulumeni, ezingase zibe yisisekelo sokuhlukaniswa komhlaba.

Impahla yezihloko ze-RF

Njengasendabeni yamazwe omhlaba, iziqephu zobunikazi bezinhlangano ngabanye azihlobene nobunikazi bomuntu siqu. Isibonelo, kungaba yindawo lapho kukhona khona izinto ezihlobene nezakhiwo eziphethe izihloko zezwe. Ngokwalo, ukuhlanjululwa okunjalo kwempahla kahulumeni eRussian Federation kungaphansi kokulawulwa kweziphathimandla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu akukwenqabeli amathuba okuhlukanisa umhlaba wamazwe njengempahla yezihloko eziqondene nezindawo eziyingxenye yezimali zemikhakha yokuphepha. Isibonelo, lezi yizindawo zokubaluleka okukhethekile kwesifunda, futhi isimo esinjalo ngeke sibavimbele ukungena kubunikazi besifundo se-Russian Federation.

Amazwe asemaphandleni akhethekile afaka, ikakhulukazi, izindawo zokuvikeleka kwemvelo, izindawo ezinemithombo yamanzi, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngisho noma indawo efihliwe isayithi, lokhu akuphazamisi ukusatshalaliswa. Kodwa ezimweni ezinjalo, izimo ezimbili kufanele zihlangane. Okokuqala, isayithi ngokwalo akufanele lifakwe ohlwini. Okwesibili, ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwempahla esesiteshini, bekufanele kube nomnikazi wale ndaba.

Ukuvela kwamalungelo empahla

Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, kufanele kube nezizathu zokuhlukaniswa kwamanye amazwe, kodwa okokuqala kunelungelo lokuthola insimu - okungenani kufanele ibe yi-Russian Federation. Leli lungelo livela ezicini ezimbili. Okokuqala, kufakwe isimo sokubhaliswa kwesimo somhlaba ngokuhambisana nomthetho weRussian Federation. Lokhu kusebenza kwizimali zomasipala nezomasipala.

Isici sesibili yisinqumo noma isenzo sikahulumeni - ngokuvamile lokhu ukulawulwa kwelungelo lobunikazi kufinyelela enkambisweni yokusungulwa kwamazwe amasha eRussia Federation. Ukuqothulwa okulandelayo kwendawo kahulumeni kanye nomasipala ngokubunjwa kweziqephu kanye nokwabiwa kwemigomo emisha kwenziwa ngesisekelo esisodwa noma esinye, okufanele sithathwe ngendlela ehlukile.

Izizathu zokuvela kubunikazi bomhlaba eRussian Federation

Ilungelo eliyisisekelo, evumela ukwethula izakhiwo zomhlaba kumarejistreshini, lapho ukusatshalaliswa okwenziwe kamuva, kuvela ngesisekelo sokubhaliswa kwizimali ezahlukene. Isibonelo, enye enkulu kunayo yonke isikhwama samasimu, kanye nendawo enkulu yezolimo. Ngokwenza njalo, liyizwe lezindawo zokuhlala, izindawo ezinikezwe isimo esikhethekile noma incazelo, njll. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, hhayi njalo umhlaba uhlotshaniswa nesimo sezwe. Nakuba ezimweni eziningi, izici eziningi zihlolwa. Uma ukuchithwa kwempahla kahulumeni kungaphansi kwegunya le ndaba, khona-ke ngokuvamile kaningi ama-nuances okusebenza okusebenzayo acatshangelwa.

Ngomqondo ogcwele, amazwe ase-federal asatshalaliswa ngokucabangela izintshisekelo zesifundazwe noma isifunda esithile. Ikakhulukazi lokhu kusebenza ezindaweni ezakhiwe ingqalasizinda, izakhiwo zezimboni noma izakhiwo zamandla. Kunezizathu ezihlukene zokuhlukanisa ubunikazi bombuso bomhlaba wokugcina indawo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ilungelo lokuba nempahla ngenxa yokutholakala kwempahla yangempela esakhiweni, esitholakala esikhwameni sikahulumeni esifundazweni.

Amagceke okuba ngumnikazi wezwe ezinhlanganweni ze-Russian Federation

Kulesi simo, isisekelo sinezici ezifanayo zomthetho njengokubhalisa impahla yombuso. Kodwa kukhona ezinye izengezo. Isibonelo, kwezinye izinhlangano zeRussian Federation namadolobha amakhulu ezingeni likahulumeni, inhloso yokulondoloza iyunithi eyodwa yomnotho ingaba isisekelo salolu hlobo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuchazwa kwempahla kahulumeni yeRussia Federation kungenziwa kucatshangelwe izici ezithile zesifundazwe kanye nemininingwane yokuqhuba imisebenzi yezomnotho. Ukubheka i-Accounting kule nkinga kuvame ukuxhaswa ngokucabangela kwezomnotho.

Izizathu zamalungelo wobunikazi bomhlaba

Omasipala bathola, lapho besakaza umhlaba, amalungelo wobunikazi ngesisekelo sokubhaliswa noma ngenxa yokubambisana. Ngakho-ke, omasipala bangaphinde badlulise izindawo ezinomhlaba wezolimo, nezindawo ezinezindawo zezimboni, kanye namazwe afakwe ohlwini lokubhalisa ngemithombo yamanzi, izindawo zokuzithokozisa, njll.

Kuyafaneleka ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kobunini bezwe ezindaweni ezithile nokudluliselwa kwabo komasipala nakho kuhlinzekela ukufaneleka kokusebenza. Okusho ukuthi, ngokuqondene nokulima kahle, lezi noma lezo zindawo zingahlanganiswa, noma ngokufanayo, zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlangano ezizungezile.

Umgogodla oyinhloko wobunikazi bezwe kulo mbandela

Ngezikhathi ezahlukene, umgomo oyinhloko wobunikazi bamazwe kwakuyisimiso sobunikazi bezinto ezisendaweni ethize. Kodwa-ke, ukungabonakali kwezindlela ezichazwe kulesi simiso kwimeko ngayinye ethile kwafaka izizathu zokuqedwa kwayo. Ngakho-ke, okwamanje, isikhundla somkhakha wesayithi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo kwamanje kuyindlela yokunquma ilungelo lobunikazi. Ngakho-ke, uma ukuchithwa kwempahla kahulumeni kusezingeni likaMasipala, isibonelo, indawo yezolimo ingaba yindawo yomzana noma indawo yokuhlala eseduzane, ibhizinisi elixhaphaza ngqo leli zwe.

Umyalelo wokuqothula izindawo

Izinkinga zokuhlukaniswa komhlaba ziphathwa yizinhlaka zamandla eziphezulu ezilawula ubudlelwane bomhlaba. Le dokhumenti, esivele isisisekelo sokubuyisela kabusha, izovela ohlwini lwamanye amazwe anikezwe izinhlangano ezithile zikamasipala noma izifunda ze-Russian Federation.

Ekuhlaziyweni kokugcina, irejista ilungiswa, ekhombisa izindawo eziye zaphazamisa ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla kahulumeni. Isici lapho izinguquko ezinjalo zenzeka khona, ilungisa ngokufanele idatha emithonjeni yomhlaba yasendaweni kuhulumeni wesifundazwe.

Ukuxazulula izimpikiswano ekudalweni komhlaba

Kungenzeka ukuthi izingxabano phakathi kwezifundo kanye nokwakhiwa komasipala weRussian Federation ekunqunyulweni kwemimango yase-federal kuvunyelwe. Bavunyelwe ngenqubo yokubuyisana, kodwa kukhona amacala okuhluleka ukuthola isivumelwano sokuthula. Ezimweni ezinjalo, ukucaciswa kwempahla kahulumeni kuqinisekiswe enkantolo.

Izimiso ezijwayelekile zokuhlukaniswa

Umkhuba wokwehlukaniswa kwamazwe kahulumeni kubonisa ukuthi, nazo zonke izici zomthetho zokusebenzisa lezo zenzo, izinhlaka eziphezulu zamazinga ahlukene ziqondiswa yimigomo emibili eyisisekelo. Okokuqala, lokhu kungumhlahlandlela wezomthetho lapho ubunikazi bomthombo wemithombo yasemhlabeni kusekelwe esikhwameni se-federal, esiqinisekisiwe ngokusemthethweni ngokubhaliswa kobunikazi.

Futhi isimiso sesibili, lapho ukuhlukaniswa komnikazi womhlaba nomasipala kusenziwa khona, kusekelwe ekuthuthukiseni umnotho, inhlangano kanye namasiko. Kuye ngezici zensimu ethile, ilungelo eliphambili lokubambisana nobunikazi balo yilokho noma olunye udaba nalo. Ngokungangabazeki, izinqumo ezingenasisekelo azikwenziwa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isibonelo, izimo zezomnotho eziholela esinqumweni zingase ziphikisana nezici zendawo noma zamasiko zokusebenza kahle.

Isiphetho

Kuze kube manje, inqubo yokwehlukaniswa kwamasimu kahulumeni ichazwa njengendlela yokuqala yokubeka ubunikazi. Futhi njengoba umnikazi angenza ngokuqondile kanye ne-federal fund, nezikhonzi ze-Russian Federation, nemizimba kahulumeni kamasipala. Futhi kuzo zonke izimo ezintathu, umhlaba ngeke ube ngumnikazi wedwa.

Futhi, ukuhlukaniswa kwempahla kahulumeni kungabhekwa njengensiza yokwehlukanisa ngokomthetho impahla. Ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwesenzo sokubuyiswa kwezindawo, basesimweni esingavinjelwe. Ngemuva kwalokho, ungaxoxa ngokugcwalisa ngencazelo ephelele. Lokhu kuboniswa ngokusungulwa kohlobo lobunikazi, nohlobo lomhlaba, nendlela esetshenziswa ngayo.