Typology lamazwe kwezomnotho athuthukile kanye namazwe athuthukayo

uthi Modern kuvame ihlukaniswe ezithuthukako nezithuthukileko. Esokuqala athathwa ngokuthi abaholi umnotho womhlaba, kwesibili - njengoba lezo ezingase zisetshenziselwe ufanelekele isimo esihambelanayo. Kodwa ziyini nenqubo yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo uthi ephephandabeni i ezithuthukako nezithuthukileko? Ngaleyo ndlela kungenzeka ukunciphisa ukusalela emuva kwamanye amazwe ngakolunye?

Izimiso ngezigaba kwezomnotho lamazwe

Ngakho, osomnotho yesimanje labelwe mazwe asethuthukile nokuthuthukisa. Ngesisekelo yiziphi izici kwamukelekile lokhu ngezigaba? Isikimu efanayo isifakwe ku kwegazi UN UMkhandlu wezoMnotho kanye nezeNhlalakahle. Umbandela eziyisisekelo ehlongozwayo ngu ochwepheshe kwenhlangano, - lizinga lapho umnotho koMbuso ukuba emakethe nenqubo kanye nokusebenza kwezimali zikazwelonke: .. GDP capita, izinga lezindleko zokukhiqiza izimboni zobuchwepheshe, ikhwalithi tikhungo tetenhlalo, njll Kukhona IMF indlela, ngokuvumelana ngalinye lapho ngezigaba kubhekwa amazwe ( "ezithuthukako nezithuthukileko") alisetshenziswa, kunalokho umkhuba wokusebenzisa ekhombe uthi the best nokuthi awusebenzi awela kulesi sigaba.

Kukhona ezinye izindawo, izimfanelo okuyinto ungavumeli ukukhokha ubuholi isimo. Ngokwesibonelo, izinkinga eziningi lokubala ubuningi babantu ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile nokuthuthukisa ziyafana. Ngokufanayo kunjalo futhi ngezisetshenziswa zezulu, imvelo - ngaso sonke isikhathi emazweni athuthukile isimo kulezi zindawo ungcono emazweni asathuthuka.

emazweni athuthukile

Manje athuthukile wamukelwe isimo baseNtshonalanga Yurophu, USA, Canada, Israyeli, emazweni Asian - Japan, South Korea, i-Taiwan, Singapore, e-Australia naseNew Zealand. Lezi uthi abe -GDP per capita hhayi ngaphansi kuka-30 eziyinkulungwane. Dollar, umnotho ozinzile, ezingeni lelisetulu tikhungo tetenhlalo. Uhola ngokwemibandela ezomnotho nezombusazwe, ibizwa ngokuthi wezwe "Big Seven" - US, UK, eJalimane, eFrance, e-Italy, nase-Canada ne-Japani. Ngesikhathi amazwe G7 zaba ngu-50% we-GDP emhlabeni.

I ngokucacile umnotho athuthukile

Emazweni athuthukile nokuthuthukisa zihlukile, okokuqala kunakho konke, izinkomba komnotho omkhulu. Lapho uthi yohlobo lokuqala kungenzeka ukuba babe abaholi bayo? Ngokusho kwenye inguqulo ethandwayo, izibalo-GDP emazweni asethuthukile kuka emazweni asathuthuka, ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili eziyinhloko: ukutholakala dolobha (okungase etshaliwe emikhakheni eyehlukene, ngaleyondlela baphose esivivaneni ekukhuleni komnotho), kanye emakethe obala (kangangokuba omunye wethu noma omunye ibhizinisi ingxenye has edingekayo zabathengi isidingo).

Isakhiwo langempela umnotho eenarheni ezithuthukako, njengoba kwaphawula u-Abanye abacwaningi bathi, it is hhayi ngempela Kusolwa diversification. Ngokwesibonelo, e Norway omkhiqizo yabukela kwencika elinamandla uwoyela ukuthekelisa. Nokho, ngokugxila kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezomnotho emkhakheni ofanele eNorway - akuyona inkinga ngenxa aphikelele izimakethe lezimpahla, kanye ngenxa yokuba khona kuleli zwe inothile kakhulu.

Indima ezixhaphaza

umehluko Obalulekile ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile ezingabakhona ukuthi e-United ka uhlobo lokuqala nendima evelele eyadlalwa ezixhaphaza abantu emhlabeni. Empeleni, ngezindlela eziningi umsebenzi wabo inquma nokuvuleka kwe izimakethe angaphandle amazwe esigabeni abafanele. Amazwe asathuthuka asiwazi njalo kulendlela. Ngokungafani namanye amazwe athuthukile kusuka emazweni asathuthuka - ukubaluleka indima amabhizinisi amancane naphakathi naphakathi. izinkampani ezincane - is, okokuqala, wokwehla umthwalo zenhlalo phezu koMbuso (izakhamuzi baqashe ngokwabo ngokuqala ibhizinisi, uthathe umsebenzi abanye), kanti okwesibili, leli yithuluzi ezengeziwe seqoqo izintela.

Ukubaluleka tikhungo tetenhlalo

emazweni asethuthukile namazwe asathuthuka futhi kuhluke ezingeni tikhungo tetenhlalo - umthetho, okungamele ukuphathwa komphakathi kanye nemfundo. E-United ka uhlobo lokuqala ngokuvamile lwenteke lwetemtsetfo ngokwanele ngempumelelo ngokufanele ehlanganisa kudingekile izindlela bureaucratic namabhizinisi khulula kusuka imicikilisho ezingadingekile. Lendlela yahulumende eziningi abayinakanga ukwethulwa kwezikhungo zentando yeningi - ngokugcizelela ukuthuthukiswa imizamo efanele at the zendawo, ezingeni lendawo, kunokuba ngaleso kazwelonke. Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu ukuze ulondoloze isimo ukuthuthukiswa isimo - yokuncintisana wehlelo lefundo zombelele. Ukuba khona kwawo inquma kumiswa abasebenzi umhlabeleli oyobe abahileleke ngokuqondile le sesimanje emnothweni kanye nokugcina isimo salo athuthukile.

indzima yembuso e umnotho eziphambili

Ngenhla sibonile ukuthi amazwe asethuthukile namazwe asathuthuka zihlukile kuleyo kwasekuqaleni - iphesenti elikhulu amabhizinisi angasese. Nokho, inhlobo efanele kakhulu emazweni indima ebalulekile kakhulu eyadlalwa izikhungo zikahulumeni ukusebenzisa ukulungiswa kwezomnotho kunesidingo. Injongo eyinhloko yale misebenzi iziphathimandla - ukwakheka kwezimo ezifanele lezimpahla-imali ukuxhumana amabhizinisi kokubili ngaphakathi isimo futhi ukuhweba nasebenzisana nabo. Uhulumeni angase ukuqondisa umnotho ngokusebenzisa iqhaza zabo ngenkathi amabhizinisi esebenza ngokusebenzisa bezinhlangano eziphethwe uhulumeni noma liqalise izinhlelo ezithile zomthetho.

Ukuxegiswa iminotho ithuthukiswe

Isici esibaluleke kakhulu isimiso sezomnotho athuthukile isimo - evulekile amazwe. Lokhu usukela indlela ovulekile inhlangano isimiso sezomnotho emazweni amaningi inhlobo efanele. Nokho, kuleli zwe kufanele lilungele zokuxhumana esebenzayo ezimakethe angaphandle, ikakhulukazi isici ukuncintisana imikhiqizo ezinkampanini zasekhaya.

Umthelela kwembulunga yonke emazweni asethuthukile namazwe asathuthuka kulesi sici kungase kube nezingahlobene. Isimo uhlobo lokuqala, ngokuvamile bazivumelanisa nezimo ukuncintisana ezimakethe zomhlaba, futhi ngenxa yalokho bakwazi uzizwa ukhululekile endaweni lapho emnothweni kufanele njalo ngcono ukuze anikele imikhiqizo umhlabeleli namasevisi. Amazwe asathuthuka ngenxa kungenzeka dolobha ukushoda kanye - ngenxa - lizinga manufacturability akuzona njalo bakwazi ukuncintisana ezimakethe angaphandle.

emazweni asathuthuka

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba uthi balinganiselwa ku-100, okuyinto akunakubangelwa isigaba ezifanele. Kukhona inani elikhulu ngemibandela ngawo izwe ingachazwa njenge asathuthuka. Phawula ukuthi leli gama ingase isikisele isisekelo ezengeziwe for ngezigaba. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi emazweni asathuthuka ukwaba ushintsho - labo lapho isimiso sezomnotho isikhathi eside athuthukiswe kanye izimiso zokubusa ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni. Phakathi kwala mazwe kubalwa Russia. kunzima ngempela ukuze uhlukanise ngokuhambisana nenqubo waphawula China. Iqiniso lokuthi China - isimo lamaKhomanisi - ehlangana tincenye kokubili umnotho emakethe futhi umyalo zokuphatha.

Omunye nenqubo ekufakweni emazweni asathuthuka akunakubangelwa ezingeni elifanayo lengenako GDP. Nokho, akubona bonke zezomnotho bakubheka njengodumo lesifanele. Iqiniso lokuthi kwamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Ephakathi - isibonelo, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain - GDP lengenako, ngisho nangaphezu kokubhema emazweni amaningi aseYurophu. Nokho, kula mazwe, Nokho, ihlukaniswa njengoba emazweni asathuthuka. Ngakho-ke, izazi eziningi zithanda nezinye izici ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamazwe kwezomnotho athuthukile kanye nokuthuthukisa.

Phakathi ngezizathu ezivamile - ezingeni yentuthuko tikhungo tetenhlalo. Lokhu isici, osomnotho abakholelwa, kungase ichaze ukumelana yena, isimiso sezomnotho isimo. Lokho, isibonelo, ukuphatha kahle zezombusazwe yezwe futhi ikhwalithi embi ukulawulwa zomthetho we-GDP yezwe omkhulu angawa ngenxa ithonya yezici ezihlukahlukene (ukuba simelane ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwaba njalo endabeni ka ukwakha izikhungo obuqinile nabanye).

Abanye osomnotho abakholelwa ukuthi isimiso sezomnotho isimo kufanele ngisho kube isabalalise, kodwa namanje - ofiseleka kakhulu - okungenani olusekelwe izimboni ezimbalwa ezisemqoka. Ngokwesibonelo, emnothweni wamazwe athile e-Middle East namanje linendima ebalulekile emkhakheni kawoyela ukuthi kuphakamisa abacwaningi akazange ukuwafaka esigabeni amazwe athuthukile.

Isimo sokunquma ekufakweni yeRussia baya emazweni asathuthuka

Ngesisekelo salokho zokuhlola States asathuthuka WaseRussia? Kulokhu, singakhuluma ngokuntuleka ukuhambisana yentuthuko yezwe lethu ngokuya lengenako GDP. Manje useneminyaka engu-angaba yizinkulungwane 24 amadola -. At nakwentiwa silinganiso. Idinga okungenani 30 eziyinkulungwane. Ukufanisa isimo ezweni elithuthukile kule nenqubomgomo.

Ngokuphathelene tikhungo tetenhlalo, Tindlelanchubo nokuhlolwa ezinguqulweni zabo Russian zihluke kakhulu. Kukhona abacwaningi abakholelwa ukuthi isimo futhi isimiso somthetho eRussia esiphuthumayo sesimanje. Nabanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi isikimu Russian we isiqondiso zomthetho semnotfo eliphezulu isimo - uma sicabangela izici zayo zomlando namasiko. Lokho ikhophi okulula amaphethini somthetho wamazwe elithuthukile okungase kuphumelele.

Kusukela umbono indima emnothweni kwamabhizinisi amancane kanye naphakathi ukusebenza RF elibanzi futhi besintu kunalawo agcwele Emazweni amaningi athuthukile futhi asathuthuka. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungenxa isikhathi eside eSoviet Union, lapho ibhizinisi yangasese kwakungavunyelwe. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, ukwakhiwa is neze wazakhela emakethe khulula eRussia kodwa isigaba esikhulu osomabhizinisi.

Ngokuphathelene WaseRussia ukufinyelela ezimakethe zomhlaba - ngentuthuko yamuva zezombusazwe basikisela ukuthi enjalo ingase eyayenziwe kungagcini uthi Western. Ngenxa yalokho, i-Russia ubhekene umsebenzi - ukudala izimakethe ezintsha zemikhiqizo ngokwabo. Yini uhulumeni wethu, ngokusobala, futhi ukwenza, abese ephetha izinkontileka esisha amazwe we-BRICS, ukuthuthukisa kanye Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia futhi Kyrgyzstan nobambiswano kohlaka EAEC.

IRussia eziningi ubuchwepheshe esiyingqayizivele - ikakhulukazi-ke kungabonakala nasemkhakheni ngesibonelo emkhakheni lempi. Abaningi sezinqumo abaluliwe ezimbalwa kakhulu ontanga eNtshonalanga - ngokwesibonelo, lokhu kusebenza izindiza 5th isizukulwane. Ngokusho lokhu umbandela, le Russian Federation esigabeni emazweni asathuthuka zihlanganisa Yiqiniso, kunzima. I-Russian wenza ezinye izibonelo eziningi imikhiqizo zobuchwepheshe - ezifana zonke izilimi "Elbrus", eziningi nemingcele neze chips phansi kunabaphostoli kusuka Intel futhi AMD.

Njengoba for ezingeni of umnotho uholwa imikhakha eyahlukahlukene, njengoba sibonile ngenhla, ngisho emazweni amaningi athuthukile, lesi umbandela is hhayi bahlangana. Ngakho-ke, i-kwencika owaziwa lamafutha nokuthengiswa Russian - lokhu kungenzeka akulona isici esiyinhloko in lokuthi izwe lethu okwamanje oluphathelene nokuthuthukisa.

Nokho, njengoba kwaphawula u-zezomnotho eziningi, ukukhula obengeziwe emnothweni Russian Federation kazwelonke ngezithukuthuku emkhakheni ngeke kwenzeke - lokuqala, ngoba amanani kawoyela kukhona ezingalindelekile, futhi okwesibili, ukwandisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa yayo Russia kuyoba nzima. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuthuthukisa eyengeziwe izimboni.

Ukuthola izimakethe ezintsha efanele zonke

Nokho, phawula ukuthi ezikhathini zamuva ukufinyelela ezimakethe - inkinga evamile emazweni athuthukile futhi asathuthuka. Kungakhathaliseki bezikhali ingxenye ethile, manje noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ke iphelile. Ngisho amazwe amaningi asethuthukile kudingeke afune izimakethe ezintsha. inzuzo Specific kungenzeka labo okuyinto baye basungula emkhakheni wezimboni. Kuzo zombili emazweni athuthukile nokuthuthukisa nge elikhulu GDP amabhizinisi zezimboni, njengoba umthetho, abadlali zihlale amabhizinisi ukuthi angaletha ezimakethe zomhlaba umkhiqizo yokuncintisana. Ngakho, ukutholakala kwezinsiza - yindlela yokuhlola okuyinto ebaluleke for ukuthuthukiswa wawo womabili la mazwe okuxoxwe izinhlobo uma kuziwa ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezifana search izimakethe ezintsha.

Ngakho, ngokuhambisana kwandile naphakathi zezomnotho wesimanje, ngezigaba iye yathuthukiswa asathuthuka, amazwe inguquko. Kwezinye izimo, umngcele ophakathi kwabo akulula ukuthola - ngokwesibonelo, endabeni amazwe nge-GDP esikhulu, kodwa hhayi ephelele, ngokusho criteria Western, tikhungo tetenhlalo. Kwezinye izimo, emnothweni kwamazwe asethuthukile nasathuthuka kungaba ngokuvamile emadanisekako ngokuya ukutholakala ku zokugcina abanye ubuchwepheshe eliyingqayizivele.

Nokho, ngokoqobo uhlelo wanamuhla wembulunga yonke kwezomnotho kangangokuthi ezingeni zentuthuko yezomnotho emazweni amaningi kunomehluko obalulekile. Ezimweni eziningi, ungakwazi ukuhlonza nezizathu zaleso backwardness we State ezicini ezithile kwezomnotho. Ukunqoba kwabo kuyoba ukhiye ekuthuthukiseni Dynamics ukukhula komnotho kanye kungenzeka ukufakwa esigabeni elite athuthukile.