Silulumagama ngokuya imvelaphi. Uhlelo lucebe ngolimi lwanamuhla Russian. amagama amasha

isiRashiya, njenganoma iyiphi enye, has uhlelo lwayo lucebe ukuthi uye savela nje eminyaka, ngisho zeminyaka. Ukwakheka silulumagama has a umsuka ezahlukene. It sikude futhi amazwi bomdabu Russian waboleka. Kwesilulumagama nekusetjentiswa lwetakhi telulwimi imvelaphi yamagama ezifundiswa esikoleni, kanye ubuhlakani philological.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

IsiRashiya inohlelo ocebile lucebe, ukwakheka eqale e-Neolithic futhi uyaqhubeka namuhla. Amanye amagama wanyamalala ulimi silulumagama asebenzayo, babe archaisms, kuyilapho abanye ukungena enkulumweni yethu, abe ingxenye eyinhloko yalo.

Esikhathini isichazamazwi kohlelo ulimi ngokuya umsuka sehlukaniswe waboleka futhi lwendabuko Russian. Primordially silulumagama Russian imayelana 90% isakhiwo lucebe. Zonke ezinye fanele ukuboleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unyaka ngamunye isichazamazwi yethu olusha ne amagama amasha kanye imiqondo ezingavela ngenxa inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe.

silulumagama Primordially Russian

Kwesigubhu main kuyinto primordially silulumagama Russian. Kuleli qembu kukhona subgroups elandelayo kuhlobene nezinga izigaba yentuthuko, hhayi kuphela ulimi kodwa futhi abantu:

1. isichazamazwi Indo-European.
2. Slavic Evamile.
3. Russian Old.
4. Empeleni Russian.

Kuzona lezi nezikhathi yisisekelo amagama, umgogodla olimini lwethu. Kwaba wakhe futhi kufanele kubhekwe kuqala.

isikhathi Indo-European

Primordially silulumagama Russian ngokuya umsuka sihlehlela emuva kwesikhathi Neolithic. Libhekene khona eyodwa sikhathi, Proto Imininingwane - Indo, okuyinto esebenza cishe II Millennium BC. Ngu amazwi leli qembu angamagama izilwane, umqondo ukuze ubheke nokuzwelana, ukudla. Ngokwesibonelo: umama, indodakazi, noma inkabi, inkunzi, inyama kanye nabanye. Bonke babe ukuvumelana ungwaqa kwezinye izilimi. Ngokwesibonelo, unina izwi has a umsindo ofanayo ngesiNgisi (umama), futhi isi-German (luvungazele).

Common esiteji Slavic

Common silulumagama Slavic Kuvezwe emhlabeni BC VI leminyaka. Kwakuthinta njengefa kusukela ezihlukahlukene abahlala endaweni aseBalkan, naseYurophu eMaphakathi neseMpumalanga.

Isichazamazwi kwesikhathi libhekisela amaqembu lucebe-semantic, asetshenziselwa ubheke izingxenye amagama umzimba, izilwane, zemvelo, ngezikhathi, izitshalo nezimbali, amagama izingxenye zezakhiwo, amathuluzi. Izibonelo kunazo yesiteleka silulumagama, walondoloza kusukela kulesi sikhathi: oki, Linden, sonwele ihlathi, isihlahla, leaf, amabele, nebhali, amagxolo, hoe, indlu, umpheme, ophahleni, inkukhu, ihansi, kvass, jelly. Plast lena esivela silulumagama abantu ikakhulukazi lwesiSlavic.

isikhathi Old

Old Russian (noma East Slavic) silulumagama langena isichazamazwi yethu ku Slavic isikhathi isiphetho on ensimini eYurophu namuhla, mayelana XI-IX eminyaka. Lokhu futhi inkathi kumiswa kumiswa isimo Kievan Rus, okungukuthi, IX-XIV leminyaka. Faka amagama ezifana okuhle, juba, malume, lace, Finch, amaprotheni, amane, ayisishiyagalolunye namuhla.

Ngokwesiprofetho, la mazwi futhi libhekene khona iziqalo in-, Wena, ngaphambi vz-. Ngokwesibonelo: i Leli qembu, knock, kuze kube sekugcineni, ukuze uhambisane.

Thola silulumagama kwakheka lesi sikhathi, kungenzeka kuphela ngezilimi Russian, Ukraine futhi Belarusian.

Phakathi kumiswa ubuzwe Russian

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-XIV ngo isiRashiya okuhle sekuqalile yohlelo lolimi silulumagama lesisha. La mazwi avele ngemva kokuwa ulimi isiSlavonic Esidala ngezilimi Russian, Ukraine futhi Belarusian. Ukuze empeleni amazwi Russian kukhona ezifana ukukhononda, iphepha lokunamathisela odongeni, iklabishi eyayigcwele, isipiliyoni.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa wonke amabizo wakhiwa tijobelelo -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -W (a). Ngokwesibonelo: mlilo, party, isizwe, oxube okubi nokuhle. Lokhu kuhlanganisa tandziso kanye nabalimi abancane, ekwindla, tento cringe, ashaya sokukhathazeka.

Ukwazi lezi zici, ungakwazi kalula ukubala amazwi kwakhiwa ngalesi komqondo nezinga lokukhula kwengane.

Lesikhatsi lesi wokugcina e ukwakheka ungqimba main empeleni amathokheni Russian.

loanwords

Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu Russian ukuthuthukisa hhayi kuphela ukuhweba othayi kwamasiko, kodwa futhi izindaba zezombangazwe nezempi. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba kwemali namalimi wemiphakathi. Kwake kwathi ngo-izwi Russian ohlelweni lucebe washintsha ushukunyiswa yiwo futhi aba yingxenye amagama awaziyo. Loanwords ahlanganiswe kakhulu isiRashiya, lethela amasha.

Abanye mazwi waboleka ngokuphelele, njengoba abanye beye bakholelwa savela - ekuqaleni wathola tijobelelo Russian noma isiqalo, ekugcineni okwaholela ekwakhekeni entsha, okuyinto eye yaba umsuka izwi Russian. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi "i-computer" langena isichazamazwi zethu umsulwa, kodwa igama elithi "Usosayensi enuzi" kubhekwa bomdabu isiRashiya, kusukela kwasungulwa kuwo kusukela waboleka elithi "athomu" zabomdabu Russian izwi-kumiswa onobuhle.

Ukwabela kwemali kusukela Slavic futhi Turkish, Latin, isiGreki, izilimi isiJalimane Romance, okuhlanganisa isiNgisi, isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane, iSpanishi, Dutch.

staroslavyanizmy

Ngemva ukwamukelwa kobuKristu ekupheleni X leminyaka e isiRashiya ifikile eziningi amazwi. Kwakuhlangene ukuvela eRussia weSonto lwamaSlav izincwadi. IsiSlavonic Esidala Sesonto noma Old Bulgarian, iSonto lwamaSlav, ulimi esetshenziswa emazweni amaningana kweSlavic njengolimi etemibhalo ebhaliwe, eyayisetshenziselwa ukuhunyushwa izincwadi esontweni ngesiGreki.

Kusukela ulimi wakhe Russian weza imigomo sesonto, amagama asho imiqondo abstract. Lezi zihlanganisa umpristi, esiphambanweni, amandla, okubi, ukuvumelana kanye nabanye abaningi. Ekuqaleni, amagama idatha asetshenziswa kuphela ngokubhala, incwadi inkulumo, kodwa bagamanxela temlomo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Isonto lwamaSlav isichazamazwi ngokuya umsuka has izici ezilandelayo:

1. Okubizwa ngokuthi nepolnoglasie amagama impande. Ngokwesibonelo: amasango noma lithunjwa. Kulokhu, zikhona ongakhetha polnoglasnymi amasango egcwele.
2. Ingxube sesitimela seligama. Isibonelo okuphawuleka izwi kwegazi.
3. Ukuba khona emazwini ungwaqa u, isibonelo egameni elithi ukukhanya.
4. Unkamisa e ekuqaleni izwi futhi ngaphambi ongwaqa kanzima: eyodwa.
5. La amaqoqo ezinhlamvu, PA nokuqala igama. Ngokwesibonelo: i rook alinganayo.
6. Ukuba khona amabhokisi UBANI-phezulu, chrez-. Ngokwesibonelo: akhokhe, ngokweqile.
7. Tijobelelo -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: ukunciphisa, evutha, encibilika.
Izingxenye amazwi okuqala Nkulunkulu-kungavamile ukuba ingozi, abulalayo, greho-, dushe-, inhlalakahle: abesaba uNkulunkulu, zlonravie isibusiso.

La mazwi namuhla asetshenziswe isiRashiya. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bambalwa abantu besola ukuthi empeleni ngokuthi uphawu ayinayo izimpande bomdabu Russian angaphandle. Isikhathi esining impela lapho betholakala khona emibhalweni kweBhayibheli, usebenza zabuna ezincwadi Russian.

amathokheni Polish

Ekucubunguleni umbuzo, yini lamagama ngokuya imvelaphi, asikwazi bayakhohlwa zokweboleka kusukela lesiPolish, okwaqala emakhulwini eminyaka XVII-XVIII. Izilimi West Slavic siye ukungena amazwi ethu ezifana zasendlini izimpahla, daub, unogwaja, periwinkle, ujamu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi restock, hhayi izilimi Russian kodwa Ukraine kuphela, Belarusian.

isiGreki kwemali

A enkulu yokuqukethwe loanwords ngesiGreki. Ukungena ngolimi lwethu, waqala esikhathini zaso sonke Slavic ubunye. Esidala kakhulu "izipho" lucebe amagama ezifana Chamber of Commerce, embhedeni kubhayela.

Esikhathini kusuka IX ukuba XI leminyaka la mazwi aye waboleka: kwakuzondeka, ingelosi, izibalo, isibani, umlando, ifilosofi, notebook, sauna, lantern. Esikhathini kamuva isikhathi emagama labolekiwe ezihlobene amazwi kwezobuciko nesayensi: amahlaya, anapaest, logic, isifaniso, nezinye imiqondo eminingi siqine apharathasi terminological kweningi besayensi yanamuhla.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngenxa ithonya silulumagama isiGreki zaseByzantium phraseology ulimi Russian ahlanganiswe kakhulu. Nokho, kula mazwe umthelela ngokwabo wazizwa hhayi kuphela isayensi, njengoba kolimi, kodwa futhi Mathematics, i-physics, i-chemistry, nezobuciko.

Latin

Esikhathini esiyiminyaka kusuka XVI ukuba VXIII ekhulwini ngolimi Russian linamagama Latin okwacebisa yesikhwama lucebe emkhakheni imigomo yesayensi, yobuchwepheshe, ezingokwenhlalo nezombusazwe. Bahlanganisa ngokuyinhloko inqamula Ukraine nasePoland. Ikakhulukazi le eqinile nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni zemfundo nesayensi, kanye nobudlelwane zomlando namasiko kulawa mazwe.

Olimini Latin beza kithi imiqondo kakade ezijwayelekile ezifana ngamaholidi, izinto zokubhala, umqondisi, izilaleli, esikoleni, inqubo, umphakathi, ukwanda kokukhiqizwa, nabanye.

ulimi Turkic

Sekuyisikhathi eside izindlela zethu zihlangane kulobobusuku ne AmaTatar, nabaseTurkey. Kolimi Turkic ngesiRashiya amazwi ukungena ezifana amapharele, ubuhlalu, amakamela, imali emakethe, ikhabe, ijazana lasebusuku, inkungu, ibhulukwe, evumelana amahhashi amagama: roan, bay, buckskin.

Advantageously ukuboleka livela lwesiTatar. Ngenxa izibopho commercial, ezamasiko kanye lempi eziye zaba khona phakathi kwamazwe ethu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka amaningana.

zaseScandinavia

ukuboleka kancane izilimi zaseScandinavia - Swedish, ngesiNorway. Ingene kwesikhathi ngaphambili ngenxa ubudlelwane yohwebo eyayikhona phakathi abantu bethu ngisho isikhathi wangaphambi kwezikhathi zobuKristu.

Amazwi yesiteleka kakhulu ukungena Russian uhlelo lucebe: amagama, Igor futhi Oleg, amagama emikhiqizo - herring, Pud, hook, aqinise ensikeni yaso, a hlala.

Izilimi zase-Western European

Umsuka wegama silulumagama ngolimi lwanamuhla isiRashiya, ukuthuthukiswa yayo ihlobene eduze eziningi izilimi zaseYurophu. Ngemva izinguquko kaPetru mina, e-XVII-XVIII amakhulu eminyaka e-isiRashiya kuhlanganisa amathokheni yezilimi zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu.

I-German wangena ngolimi lwethu linani lemagama zamasosha, silulumagama ezentengiselwano, isayensi kanye nobuciko bakhona: inothi promissory, izisebenzi, i-ukhoporali, uthayi Iyizeli, noma aphendukele landscape.

Dutch "eyabelwe" nemigomo Russian nautical: Dockyard, itheku, umshayeli, lasolwandle, itilosi. Marine kanye nemigomo nabo baya lapho bavela ngolimi lwesiNgisi: Midshipman, uBrigadier.

Singenile kusukela esiNgisini uhlelo lwethu futhi amazwi lucebe ezifana bazoyiduba, Umhubhe, ibhola, ezemidlalo, qeda, ikhekhe, Pudding.

Ekhulwini XX futhi kuhlanganisa amazwi sphere lobuchwepheshe kanye zemidlalo, ezezimali kanye inzuzo, ubuciko. Sekusetshenziswa amagama amasha, kanti izithasiselo uhlelo lwethu lucebe: ikhompyutha, ifayela, Byte, isikhathi esengeziwe, Brokerage, eqashisa ngamafulethi, inkulumo imibukiso, Thriller, esithangamini kuthathelwe izinyathelo.

Ngo XVIII-XIX eminyaka isiRashiya futhi incazelo ejulile yalawo mazwi ka-isiFulentshi - isongo, izingubo, ibhantshi, elingenamikhono, umhluzi, inkukhu, yangasese, Ibutho ikhanda umlingisi, sokudlala, umqondisi.

Of Italian neSpanishi efika e imigomo Russian zomculo, imigomo embusweni yobuciko: Tenor aria Choral Hymns, Sonata, zomkhosi, gondola misindo, isiginci.

Bonke Namanje ezisebenza ohlelweni lwethu lucebe, futhi mayelana kuphi futhi kanjani sezifikile, singafunda kusichazamazwi.

neologisms

Ngesikhathi sigaba samanje Russian ulimi lwesistimu lucebe olusha ne amagama amasha. Bayingxenye ekusebentiseni lulwimi ukuvela imiqondo fresh futhi izenzakalo. Lapho isihloko umcimbi noma izinto kuphakama futhi amagama amasha ukuqoka kubo. Abazange ngokushesha kufakwe silulumagama asebenzayo.

Okwesikhathi esithile, izwi kubhekwa ukuba neologism ke Sekuvamile kakhulu futhi ngokuqinile linamathele ulimi. Ngaphambili amazwi, neologisms bebelokhu ilungu iphayona Komsomol, astronaut, Khrushchev kanye nabanye. Manje, akekho oyokwazi usola kubo neologisms.

izichazamazwi

Ukuhlola okuyinto silulumagama ngokuya imvelaphi isetshenziswa endabeni ethile, ongaya kuye ukuze izichazamazwi etymological. Bona imininingwane umsuka izwi, etymology yayo sokuqala. Ungasebenzisa esikoleni futhi emfushane izichazamazwi etymological , eyahlelwa uH Shang, "Russian etymological isichazamazwi" A. E. Anikina noma "isichazamazwi etymological» P. A. Krylova, nabanye.

Funda okushiwo amazwi angaphandle ukuthi kufika kithi evela izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, kungenzeka, besebenzisa emangalisayo "Dictionary of Amagama Foreign" ukuhlelwa Ozhegova.

Ukutadisha esikoleni

Silulumagama ngokuya imvelaphi nekusetjentiswa kuvame bafundelwa Yiqiniso isikole isiRashiya esigabeni "Lexicology futhi phraseology." ukunakwa kakhulu lokhu pay sihloko 5-6 amamaki th, kanye 10. Abafundi bafunda umsuka amazwi futhi collocations, nencazelo yawo, bafunde ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwabo, umsebenzi nge izichazamazwi ezahlukene.

Kwezinye izimo, othisha ungachitha zonke electives, imisebenzi eyengeziwe-curricular enikelwe ekutadisheni umsuka amazwi.

Imaphi amathuluzi angasetshenziswa ekuhloleni isihloko "Lexis ngokuya umsuka"? Ithebula ne ngezigaba kanye izibonelo imibhalo ngezilimi ezihlukene, ezinamakhasi angu amagama olimi waboleka isiRashiya, futhi izichazamazwi.

Ukutadisha eNyuvesi

Ikakhulukazi ngokuningiliziwe watadisha silulumagama kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa umsuka University, Faculty of kolimi. Isihloko unikezwa izifundo ezimbalwa ngokuhamba "Lexicology futhi phraseology ngolimi lwanamuhla Russian." Ngesikhathi workshop, abafundi ukuqaqa lehlukene, ukuthola amazwi bomdabu Russian waboleka kuzo, uhlukanise kubo, umsebenzi nge izichazamazwi. Chaza futhi amathuba wesitayela waboleka, amazwi zaphela.

Ngezinye izinkulumo kanye nezinkulumo imininingwane ngezigaba silulumagama imvelaphi, ukusetshenziswa kanye nokusebenza yolimi lwanamuhla Russian. Le ndlela ivumela abafundi nesithakazelo ukuze balukhulume ulwazi kakhulu ngokujulile ehlongozwayo ngu kuncike cwaningo.

okutholakele

Noma yiliphi igama ohlelweni lucebe has umlando walo futhi kwaqala. Amanye amagama Sekuyisikhathi eside ezisebenza ngolimi lwethu, ngoba inkathi lapho siqhutshwa olulodwa, ulimi Indo-European, abanye baye eze kithi ezahlukene nezikhathi nesikhathi Slavic futhi izilimi zaseYurophu, kanti abanye Kuye kwaphakama phakathi ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe besimanje.

Ukuqonda umlando umsuka amagama athile kuyosisiza hhayi kuphela ukuqonda incazelo yabo ngokujulile, kodwa futhi umsuka wezimfundiso isiko yezwe lethu ngesikhathi esisodwa noma esinye.