Rocket Russian "Rokot": incazelo, izici futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Lo rocket "Rokot", - Russian yenethiwekhi rocket, elikwaziyo ukuletha emzileni Inkokhelo ukukhanya naphakathi. On esigabeni engenhla "Umoya ohelezayo-KM, libonisa kuze kufinyelele 2150 kg Inkokhelo bafinyelele endaweni engamamitha angu-200.

Umlando sokudalwa

Kuyini rocket yenethiwekhi "Rokot"? Kusekelwe InterContinental missile ballistic UR-100N, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-SS-19 Stiletto. ukuthuthukiswa UR-100N kwaqala ngo-1970 ngenhloso yokuthuthukisa ICBMs UR-100 bese udala izindiza ezinkulu ezingaba phakamisa imithwalo esindayo.

Flight ukuhlolwa yayiqhutshelwa ngesikhathi kusuka 1973 kuya 1975, futhi uhlelo waqala ukusebenza ngo-1974 ngu-1978, lapho kwenziwa yokusungula ingqikithi 190 imicibisholo. Le nguqulo ngcono, ngokuthi UR-100UTTH, eyalwa 1979 futhi indawo amamodeli ubudala, lafinyelela isitokwe esiphezulu amayunithi 360.

Isihlangu yenuzi

UR-100 ezicitshwayo kungaba ukuthwala sezikhali eziyisithupha ezimele ngokuzimela iyakhombeka lahlukene km 10,000. Abakwazi uzilungiselele ukusebenzisa imizuzu 25 ngasiphi engu-22 ekuphileni eshalofini. Intercontinental missile ballistic UR-100 futhi namanje inkonzo.

Ngemva kokuphela kweMpi Yomshoshaphansi ku Khrunichev Khrunichev izikhali abangu kabusha futhi ifakwe Avionics yesimanje futhi esigabeni engenhla "Umoya ohelezayo-KM 'owamsiza ukusebenzisa njengoba izimoto isikhala kwethulwa. NGOs "Engineering" futhi yashintsha kwethulwa imoto UR-100, kodwa ngaphandle kokushintshwa abalulekile, udala apharathasi kancane nezimo, kodwa engabizi zokususa payloads encane ibe ongaphakeme Umhlaba orbit. Kulesi ukumisa, it is ngokuthi "Umcibisholo" ezaziwayo.

Kusukela Baikonur cosmodrome e Plesetsk

Ukwethulwa wokuqala "Rokot" kwethulwa owawuse November 20, 1990 kusukela le Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. Uhambo lokuqala luzoba esemkhathini kwenzeka ngo-December 26, 1994. Futhi ngo-1995, inkampani Eurockot, ngosizo eyasungulwa esiphathiswa Russian rocket "Rokot" yafakwa emakethe ngoba ukuqalisa ukuthengisa.

Inkampani usezuze 45 mkhathi. Ngo-2000, Astrium babethenge 51% esigxotsheni Eurockot. Labo abasele abanga-49% ephethwe Khrunichev. Ngo-May 2000, kusukela cosmodrome "Plesetsk" "Rokot" wethulwa hhayi kusukela emayini, njengoba kwenzeka ku-"Baikonur", futhi izwe ezokuthutha esitsheni.

Lo rocket "Rokot": Izici

Mkhathi kuyinto-esiteji amabili "Umoya ohelezayo KM" Zhidkotoplivnyy booster ngokuvamile ifakwe esigabeni sokugcina, elikwaziyo ukuletha Inkokhelo afika ku 2140 kg emhlabeni ongaphakeme orbit futhi 1200 kg ilanga-undiza.

Izici esiphathiswa rocket "Rokot" yilena elandelayo:

• ukuphakama 29,15 m,
• ububanzi enkulu 2.5 m,
• ukuqala isisindo 107 000 kg,
• Okokhelekayo - dimethylhydrazine unsymmetrical (heptyl) nitrogen tetroxide.

esigabeni sokuqala

Isigaba sokuqala sale esiphathiswa rocket ekilasini ukukhanya "Ukuduma komsindo" m 17.2 eside futhi 2.5 m ububanzi. Tank ne-nitrogen eningi tetroxide itholakala ngenhla umkhumbi dimethylhydrazine unsymmetrical. Amabili ithangi ezivamile ahlukaniswe ukwahlukanisa. Ukuphakamisa izinsimbi ezisinda - 77.200 kg, 5700 kg inertnaya-.

Izigaba ezintathu yokuqala asetshenziselwa RD-0233 futhi RD-0234 kuphela. imiklamo yabo iyefana, kodwa RD-0234 has a umzimba ukushisa enikezela igesi ecindezeleke uphethiloli amathangi ukuwagcina ingcindezi edingekayo kulo Esigabeni sokuqala indiza.

Zonke izinjini - ophephela iphampa nge iluphu avaliwe. Ngamunye inikeza 470 kN ukwelula ukuba ingqikithi yabangu-1.870 kN noma 190.700 kg. Umshini Rod esigabeni sokuqala - 2070 kN (211.100 kg) injini 520 kN.

Control lwenziwa yisikhungo ukumiswa ngabanye gimbal ngayinye izinjini ezine. Amahora - 121.

Ukuhlukana wenziwa izimo ashisayo. Vernier motor esigabeni sesibili ephakamayo ngaphambi isinyathelo ngokuhlukana. Kubhaklazeka wathumela jet Imibhobho esemzimbeni ezine. Ngemuva kokuqala pyrotechnic vernier qeda indlela odlulela wachitha esigabeni sokuqala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yona ifakwe ezine okuqinile rocket motors ibangelwa emva ngokuhlukana ukuyisusa ukuze eziqhele.

Eyesibili esiteji

Isigaba sesibili kuyinto 3.9 m futhi eside 2.5 m ububanzi. isisindo salo 1,500 kg plus 10.700 kg fuel. Tank nge oxidant kanye uphethiloli engaphezulu futhi ahlukaniswe ngayo ngokuyithumela ukwahlukanisa ezivamile.

Niyobe ifakwe Turbo izinjini lomjikelezo evaliwe: vernier 0236 induna RD-0235 futhi RD nane-chambered ukulawula isiqondiso indiza.

RD-0235 has a okuzisholo cleaner wagxila 240 kN (24,470 kg), ngoba ungakhele pulse 320 k.

RD-0236 inikeza traction 15,76 kN (1,607 kg) futhi 293 usebenza. Ngamunye the Imibhobho esemzimbeni ezine injini ngokusebenzisa gimbal zingasuswa kanye eyodwa-eksisi, uhlinzeka orientation ukulawula missile ngesikhathi isigaba indiza yesibili. Kukhona liyasetshenziswa uhlelo igesi ashisayo ukudala ukucindezela ezidingekayo kule amathangi.

esigabeni engenhla

"Rumble" Lo rocket ifakwe esigabeni engenhla, esakhiwa main izigaba ezintathu - motor, encapsulation kwelinye lamagumbi wezimpahla kuleli gumbi engangikulo Lesisemkhatsini, ohlanganiswe ne esigabeni sesibili.

"Umoya ohelezayo KM" kuyinto 2.6 m ubude, 2.5 m ububanzi kanye nenqwaba 1320 kg. tank Heptyl engaphezulu esitsheni nge oxidant. Lesi sakamuva unohlobo oyindilinga kanye ikhefu ukuze ihlanganise injini main. "Umoya ohelezayo KM" angazamukela 1665 kg kanye 3310 kg UDMH oxidant. Ukuze silondoloze ingcindezi angadingeki amathangi nokulawula womoya usebenzisa ophezulu helium.

I Ingcenye ephakathi yesigaba block siqukethe esitsheni nge oxidant, ngokufanele ngenhla uphethiloli. Bobabili amathangi anemisila izinhlelo wokubacindezela futhi womoya, futhi lumangaza yangaphakathi ukuvimbela ketshezi ukushaya udonga isakhiwo. Sinenkosi simise toroidal nge ikhefu ezansi for the main isimiso sokutshuza, okuvumela ukunciphisa ubude esiteji. Ngezansi gumbi nge main ngamandla izinjini futhi kuqiniswa futhi orientation, futhi amathangi eyindilinga ne-helium ne wako. Isisetshenziswa embozwe zifudumele ekuvimbeleni Ukupholisa ngokweqile kukaphethiloli ezithinta viscosity yayo, futhi kungaholela umnkantsha amapayipi kanye amathangi.

imishini bay

Ngo engxenyeni engenhla block i okuhlanekezelwe ufushanisiwe Isigaxa elise imishini egumbini ehlanganisa ozimele, ukuhlinzeka ukufakwa abalawuli ezahlukene, telemetry amamojuli, amabhethri nezimiso zokuxhumana. adapters Kuyavumelana 2.49 m ububanzi.

Ezansi 60 cm adaptha yokuxhuma "Umoya ohelezayo KM" esigabeni sesibili, kanye nokunikeza obandayo fairings.

Esikhathini umfutho iyunithi ezimbili fuel izinhlelo ziyasetshenziswa: a ingcindezi low injini main futhi umfutho ophakeme injini kuqiniswa futhi orientation. Kuzo zombili esetshenziswa chetyrohokis dimethylhydrazine unsymmetrical nitrogen, okuyinto ibangelwa ngokushesha Ngemva kokuba esefike endaweni ukuxhumana nomunye.

izinjini booster

ukulawula isimo sengqondo izinjini esetshenziswa "nowesivunguvungu KM" kukhona 17D58E isihloko futhi unikeze wagxila ngokulinganisa of 13.3 N. block ngamunye has a ubude 14 cm, nesisindo 550 g micromotor esisheshayo siqhutshwa esikhungweni isilinganiso ukuxuba 1: 1.85 futhi kokufaka okuzisholo bacindezele 14.7 ibha, kodwa uyakwazi ukumelana nengcindezi okusezingeni eliphezulu isukela 7.8 kuya 34,3 ibha. Ukuze ukwazi ukulawula isimo sengqondo ngamandla izinhlelo esetshenziswa kwimodi pulsed okungenani yokusebenza isikhathi 0.03 s, kepha 17D58E futhi eqinisekisiwe ukuthi usebenze njalo amasekhondi kuze kube 10,000. Injini zingamelana 450.000 imijikelezo.

Amandla supply system booster

"Umoya ohelezayo CM" ifakwe siqu ugesi uhlelo lwayo ehlanganisa izinhlelo ibhethri namandla ukusatshalaliswa ezinikeza kumahora angu-7 wokusebenza esiteji ukuzungeza. Wensimbi gumbi kuhlanganisa amadivayisi telemetry nge omoya futhi antenna, futhi tape isitoreji idatha kanye ne-transmission. isiqondiso, navigation nokulawula obangela indiza kuzo zonke izigaba. Siqukethe platform nge isiqondiso inertial ehlanganisa gyroscope 3-eksisi ngamakhompyutha ugibelile. Uhlelo has komsebenzi kathathu nge iningi izinqumo. Kuyinto ezizimele ngokugcwele futhi ayikwazi ukulawulwa kusukela ngaphandle.

cowling

"Rokot" missile ifakwe fairing, okwakubekelwa elakhelwe version commercial mkhathi. It is ukufakwa insimbi egumbini esiteji engenhla. Siqukethe ezimbili izingcezu 7.8 m ubude, okuyinto ndawonye babe ifomu okweqanda 2.5 kuya 2.62 m ububanzi. Beka Inkokhelo kuyinto 5.9 m ukuphakama.

I fairing ivikela mkhathi emathonyeni sokunciphisa umoya lapho zindiza, ezishisayo kanye acoustic bafakela kuye ngesikhathi indiza emkhathini. Uma ushiya fairing rocket kukhishelwa ngokuvula ukukhiya mechanical, lo nokubopha ezimbili nengxenye-amagobolondo agudle mpo ngokuhlukana idivayisi pyrotechnic ibekwa ekhaleni we fairing. Khona-ke phezu umugqa ovundlile ngokuhlukana ukudubula imishudo eziningana kuqhume, okuvumela fairing ukuhlakaza singatsheki ngokusebenzisa induku entwasahlobo. Loop ngasesinqeni se Ukujikeleza bebheke imoto nokuhlukaniswa ecacile.

Ukugcinwa Kwazo Ngenjongo kwethulwa uhlelo

Ngokungafani SS-19, okuyinto uzoqala ezimayini, kwethulwa rocket yenethiwekhi "Rokot" ikhiqizwa the ezokuthutha kanye kwethulwa esitsheni ngesikhathi cosmodrome Plesetsk, eRussia. Kweminsalo zigcinwa isikhathi eside, kudinga ukulawula izimo zezulu nokugcina esimweni nitrogen. Ezokuthutha kanye ukufake pad qalisa nawo owabhalwa isitsha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitsha yakhiwa izindlela ngoku-kwethulwa amalungiselelo futhi nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.

Ngaphambi kokuqala it is zandiswa futhi ngesikhathi booster ukusetha Inkokhelo, esigabeni engenhla futhi fairing. Ukuze uxhume Isitsha refueling interface kanye amandla idatha ikhebula. Ngo abaqotho isikhundla rocket "Ukuduma komsindo" uhlezi phezu iringi ezansi isitsha. Phakathi ukusuka izintambo discontinuous Unqanyuliwe izinhlelo lokukhanda. Phakathi kwethulwa kudivayisi iholwa komzila ezimbili. Gilazi ivikela iphedi kwethulwa kwekhabhoni injini, futhi isetshenziswa kanye.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

I ukuqaliswa lwamarokhethi "Rokot" uyovalwa e 2017 emva ukuqaliswa kwe-ukuqalisa yombuso kanye commercial lohleliwe.

Igama SS-19 Stiletto - NATO yigama kwalolu hlobo ICBM. SS imele uhlelo "phansi-phansi 'kanye nesibalo 19 futhi igama" Stiletto "eyabelwe lolu hlobo InterContinental ezicitshwayo ballistic. ERussia, igama elisemthethweni SS-19 - RS-18 futhi UR-100N.

Into engcono mayelana isikhala rocket "Rokot" kusho linokwethenjelwa, okuyinto kuqinisekiswa 27 ukuqalisa yimpumelelo aphume 29 we-150 oluqalisa SS-19 3 kuphela ayiphumelelanga ekuqaleni ukusebenza ngo-1970. ukuqalisa Test SS-19 futhi 'Rokot "zibanjwa minyaka yonke njengengxenye kokuhlola ukuthembeka mkhathi nezimfundiso amabutho cosmic.