Prince Meshchersky. Umlando

umngane Abafile imbongi Gabriel Derzhavin, abazamukela kahle izivakashi nabanhliziyo Prince Meshchersky. Imbongi uphoxeke ngokumuka kwakhe ukuze uphendule ODE. Nakuba engakwazanga ukuwaphendula yobukhulu odic nobukhosi esivela uhlobo, imigqa ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalombili bathintwa umphefumulo umfundi, okuyinto nakanjani aqale ukufuna ulwazi mayelana nokuthi ubani Prince Meshchersky nokuthi yini eyaziwa? It kuvela - lutho. Abantu abaningi abavamile, nakuba ummeleli i umndeni lasendulo. Prince Alexander, mayelana nokuthi iziphi izinhlelo ngakho lusizi Derzhavin singcono kakhulu kakhulu udumo ozalweni lwakhe - uVladimir, owabhala njengoba intatheli, futhi ishicilelwe futhi ukuhlelwa "Citizen" magazini. Kodwa Prince uVladimir baqala ukunyathelisa ngo-1887, futhi Derzhavin ODE "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky" yalotshwa 1779, kusasele iminyaka ecishe ibe yikhulu edlule.

ODE

Ukufa Eternity - themes ezimbili mayelana ngamunye isikhathi ephambana ku ODE Derzhavina ngobuqotho okungakaze Ukungena isosha - yingakho la mavesi ngokushesha waziwa futhi abathandwa abafundi. Lezi imigqa wabeka nefilosofi okujulile nenhlonipho kuze ntu abangelutho kanye nendawo yonke indlela yokumazi, ngaphakathi kwalo la i-Prince Meshchersky usaphila. Kuyaduduza umfundi yini Derzhavin libonisa esintwini njengengxenye semvelo, lokuyindlela okuphakade, futhi ngenxa yalokho, abantu balesi iphakade, yize ngamunye ekuphileni umuntu ngokuqinisekile lesichubekako lezivakashi futhi impermanent. Phela, wonke umuntu - enhle futhi abangelutho - kumelwe afe.

Genius Derzhavin bakwazile ukuhlanganisa ukuphila kube-ngukufa lokujabulela elijabulisayo owokuqala Okuhlangenwe nakho okubuhlungu wale mithandazo, futhi oshonile Prince Meshchersky ngesandla nokukhanya kokuphila imbongi sika owake ukwamukelwa - ngokujulile ngakho futhi inkanuko Wayezwelana imbongi umngane wakhe omkhulu. Ukufa elibuhlungu, okungapheli, ke akanandaba yokuthi konke ukuphila hero imigqa Derzhavin ODE kwaba zemikhosi, ogcwele ubuhle nokwaneliseka, ukunethezeka sindiso. Ukuze kumkhawulo idrama okuthuthukiswa lokhu kuphikiswa: ku Ukufa Prince Meshchersky engenakwenzeka ukuphendula igama elithi "otmuchilsya". Wona ukushayisana yembuleka le ODE, ingxabano, kanye imaging uhlelo, wasebenzisa ngumlobi.

Esivela ohlakeni lwale ukungqubuzana ODE kuholela ukuqonda okukhululayo ubunjalo dialectical wendawo yonke ayihambisani futhi ayikwazi kuyehla kube nobunye eyodwa ezizokwehlela abantu. "Wayekuphi etafuleni izitsha - ebhokisini lokungcwaba amanga ..." - ophawulekayo ngegalelo lako vesi. "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky" - i Ode to ngala mavesi nanye, lapho ukuphila umugqa ngamunye kunesilingo esizama ukumelana ukufa.

ukuphikiswa

imigqa Eight esigaba we ODE ngamunye ngempela ukumemezela kokuphikisa kokufa nokuphila. Kuthiwa emazingeni ehlukene izinkondlo okuphakelayo impahla. eduze Shaped, ukwakhiwa miyalelo, umsindo onesigqi amaphethini izinguquko nokunye. Derzhavin elanele kakhulu ukusetshenziswa emizileni - allegory olusankondlo, okuyinto, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isivele imisebenzi abalandeli bakhe wathatha ijamo njengengelosi oxymoron. Kuyinto emizileni nzima, kodwa futhi ekhululekile kakhulu: "Imiphefumulo Dead" by Gogol, "Abaphilayo Corpse" by Tolstoy, "Zezıhlabane Snow" kusukela Bondarev - amagama ngokwabo adlulisele ubumbaxambili imizwa, imizwelo, uthi kwengqondo lapho kudluliswa zezenzakalo ezikule ncwadi.

Derzhavin kwaba umsunguli lokhu kusho yokukhuluma ngolimi etemibhalo. Ngendlela efanayo ukuzwana nezincazelo okuphambene ngokuphelele - ukuthi kuyinto oxymoron. I ukungacaci kahle futhi ukuphikisana konke - hhayi kuphela kuzo zonke isenzo womuntu, ekuziphatheni kwakhe, kodwa futhi wonke wokuphila - omunye kuphela oxymoron, yingakho ngezinga eliphezulu ubuqiniso e imigca ODE. Uhlaziyo inkondlo "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky" libonisa ngokucacile lezo zimiso, okuzokwenza ke ezothuthukiswa, elicwengisiswe, futhi esiphezulu kuzokhulisa umthwalo ngokwengqondo umsebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo ethi: "UNkulunkulu Namuhla nakusasa uthuli." Lokhu kusho lokhu okulandelayo: sizalwa ukufa, futhi ngokufa kwakhe impilo eyamukelekayo. Ngakho umcondvo lomcoka endzabeni kanye umsindo wenza Derzhavins umsebenzi olubalulekile kulo msebenzi.

Prince Alexander Meschersky

Ode elabhalwa Derzhavin futhi ishicilelwe ngokungaziwa ku "Petersburg iGazethi" e 1779, wenzé lokhu indoda edume. Young Ivan Dmitriev wahlabeka umxhwele kakhulu lapho izintambo idatha nakanjani ufuna ukubonana umbhali, hhayi kuphela kuye. City futhi kamuva okukhulunywa izwe, ukwabelana intshiseko. Ngisho Pushkin, eminyakeni eminingi ngemva kwale ncwadi, wahlatshwa umxhwele indlela ukuthi epigraph iSahluko "Dubrovsky" wathatha Derzhavin umugqa. Phela, kwakungeke kubonakale kungenakwenzeka ukuveza imicabango yokufa nokuphila, ikakhulukazi emifushane. Lonke isithombe yokuphila komuntu iyisikhathi esingakanani unwetshiwe ngesilinganiso olungenamkhawulo. Line epigrammatically axoshwe abadluliselanga cishe lutho mayelana lyrical zhizneopisatelnogo iqhawe lakhe ngokuzumayo ushonile.

INdodana sokunethezeka, abantu impilo echumayo eqinile. Yini abatelekile, futhi ukufa kwakhe kwakukude abangane, izihlobo nabangane. Oda ngokuvamile kwabo okubhaliwe ngoMthethosivivinywa abantu ababencishwe abalulekile okungenani ukuthi ngesikhathi ebizela othile yonke imithetho classicism. Futhi lapha - umngane imbongi. ofayo Ordinary, lutho ngokubanga lonke inani ababephila ngesikhathi esalele. Akukhona Suvorov, hhayi Potemkin, futhi isikhulu abavamile. Kungani inkondlo Derzhavin sika "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky" kwenza ekugxiliseni ezinjalo hhayi kuphela ngabantu aphila nabo, kodwa futhi ku inzalo engangeneki? Lokhu kubuye eseyintsha: ngaleso sikhathi, akekho ayiboniswa imithetho omkhulu kangaka onawo wonke amandla futhi ezivamile yonke ngokusebenzisa isiphetho abantu ngokuvamile.

Isithombe sokufa

Ukufa kukhishelwa Derzhavins zonke anamandla ayo - enemininingwane futhi ezimibalabala. Isithombe siboniswa Dynamics yayo - futhi njalo ngomumo. Kusukela nokugedla amazinyo ngaphambi akhronimi izinsuku etshekile yokuphila komuntu - e esigaba sokuqala. Ngu singagwinyi imibuso yonke futhi okwalapha ukushayisa konke emhlabeni - in the yesibili.

Ngaphezu kwalokho ububanzi uthatha isikhala Ubukhulu: uyolila izinkanyezi, ilanga uyaphuma, zonke imihlaba basengozini yokubulawa. Lapha kukhona "isisekelo" hhayi ezindiza lesi sikhala phakade. Derzhavin sekuqalile nje ebamba isisu yomfundi zokuphila kancane bebahleka indaba emfushane: ukufa ngamehlo agcwele, obusinekayo, emakhosini, eziholela, ecebile, uyaziqhenya ku elihlakaniphile - futhi ugqoka kude, yonke into elola ukudla scythe yakhe.

eziyinhloko

Ukucaca phezu division esigaba alephuli olubushelelezi lelandzisako. Kunamaphuzu amaningana ekhethekile amasu kwezobuciko usethe le njongo Derzhavin inkonzo yakhe. Esigaba like ukugeleza ku komunye nomunye (inqubo, isicelo okokuqala ngakho ngokugcwele futhi ngokucacile ezincwadini Russian). Sokugxila umcondvo lobalulekile emgqeni esigaba zokugcina, imbongi phinde it in the Umugqa wokuqala olandelayo, bese ukuhlakulela nokuqinisa. Imicabango kanye izithombe leyo ephindwa kulo umbhalo, ngokuthi leitmotif, zasebenzisa leli thuba lokuba Derzhavin. Ode "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky" yingenxa bese umsebenzi mafutha ngakho futhi kuhambisane. Kwasebenza njengesibonakaliso leitmotif esemqoka ye ongenandaba passionless ukufa futhi iyadlula, iphupho, ukuphila.

umbhalo elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo

Prince Meshchersk banikwa izikhundla eziphakeme, izikhundla ezivelele, futhi akazange abe idume lutho - futhi yezempi noma zokuphatha noma umnyango kwezobuciko. Umuntu ngaphandle ithalente, izici ezimnandi luyingxenye izihambi Russian (okuyinto ngokomthetho Ngaleso sikhathi cishe wonke umuntu). Igama lokuqala emnike umsebenzi wakhe Derzhavin, futhi enza bhekisa it uhlobo imiyalezo asankondlo, kodwa hhayi kuze kube ODE okukakhenoni: "ngu SV Perfilieva ukufa Aleksandra Ivanovicha Mescherskogo". Nokho, kuyiqiniso bokubanga ODE uThandeka insimbi tocsin, wanika sokusebenzisana uhlobo nge esigaba sokuqala: "Izikhathi isenzo Metal jingle!".

Wabe Kuyanda nezindaba elifanayo ezintweni eziphilayo. Ukufa noma ubani - ngisho nomuntu ongaziwa ngokuphelele kwenza isintu kancane kancane egcwele, futhi wonke umuntu ophila kancane kancane egcwele. Ukushonelwa umngane umngane olukhonjiswa njengedifolthi umcimbi ekuphileni ekusakazeni elimangalisayo vulamehlo senkondlo. Ukukhuluma ngokufa kwesikhulu, Derzhavin ngokucacile eqhathanisa ngayo yayo. Ubunye wonke umuntu ukuba abantu bonke - lapha kuba Metaphysics ngokuqondene nale ndaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo lo ODE "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky" kusho ukuphikisana ukufa, ngoba zonke umugqa kusikisela reflection okushiwo isidalwa esithile zabantu bebonke, yonke, naphezu imithetho yakhe nanesibindi abonisa.

isakhiwo semantic

yokuguqukela kwesinye isimo Original alindele umfundi evesini ngalinye: iphayona zezinkondlo Russian okokuqala busuka izincwadi isigaba esisha ngokuphelele: ephezulu nephansi, eyaphakade nezesikhasana, ngasese, jikelele, abstract-ukhonkolo. Yiqiniso, konke lokhu kuyaziwa njengoba isikhathi Aristotle. Kodwa Derzhavin lezi zigaba Akasekho izwakala Okusizayo engena zamagama.

Odic, ujabula kakhulu, umsindo yokungenwa uthola ekudumazekeni iningi postulates yakhe. ukuphila komuntu nenshokutsi yawo: ukufa kuphela akusho bacabange ukuba afe. oxymorons ezinjalo eziningi, futhi wonke kule ODE edabukisayo ngoba benomuzwa Derzhavin. "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky" - i ODE, okuyinto wafaka umfundi bebhekene nokufa njengoba njalo nje, kusukela kunoma iyiphi kusasa inhlangano noma iminyaka eyinkulungwane, njengoba elithi baobab, namanje uyafa.

isixwayiso kulofundzako

Ukuba khona njalo enjalo kuyangabazeka futhi luyakhohlisa ngoba existentially njengoba akwenzi mqondo, futhi, ngakho-ke, ngokuyisisekelo akulona iqiniso, uma esikhathini esizayo ikhona iminonjana ngakwesokunxele. Derzhavin ungeze okusho khona ezondlekile, kodwa ikakhulu lutho komngane wakhe, lo ODE "Ngo Ukufa Prince Meshchersky."

Ukuhlolwa kwaleli umkhiqizo senziwa hhayi kuphela zezilimi, kodwa futhi zefilosofi, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa yonke imininingwane yayo kanye imodeli wendawo yonke, lapho kungekho khona ngabanye samoosnovannosti njengokungathi angeyena umuntu beingness. Nokho, okuhlangenwe nakho engaphakathi imbongi Ungena kanjani impikiswano ethile kwesiphetho, sengathi ukuxwayisa umfundi ukuba kuyinto onqenqemeni kwalasha, ukuthi iketango ukuguqulwa ayizange iphazamiseke, konke uzonyamalala e izimfihlakalo cosmic ngaphandle trace kancane.

Enye Prince Meshchersky

Derzhavin Prince Meshchersky uVladimir Pavlovich akakwazanga babe nobuhlobo, nakuba kayisemkhulu waklonyeliswa i ODE ekufeni kwakhe. Prince Alexander kwaba ikhansela isimo, wakhonza njengephayona ehhovisi elihlola izinto. Wayethanda izincwadi futhi umphakathi Petersburg isiNgisi (club). Meshchersky weza ozelwe Tatar izikhulu kwekhulu weshumi nantathu nane kanye lweshumi nanhlanu - ephethwe Meshcherov, okwakuhlanganisa amalungu e-bohlobo kuthiwa nababusi - namaphoyisa regimental. Lena konke mayelana nezikhulu Meshchersky, lutho ekhethekile ezaziwayo. Kodwa ngo-1838, yena wazalwa umzukulu Karamzin, Prince uVladimir Meshchersky, ikakhulukazi hhayi Derzhavinsk banengeke. Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu nabalingiswa abasemqoka yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, ukuphila waseRussia yomphakathi, umlingisi, hhayi amahemuhemu kuphela engqondweni-ohlabayo, kodwa futhi amahlaya ribald. Abaningi babesebenza, banyathelisa umagazini (kamuva - iphephandaba) wabhala "Inkulumo olandelanayo" ababekwazi kahle ngempela adumile phakathi kwabantu besikhathi sakhe.

Uyise - Guard ULieutenant Kol uPetru Meschersky, umama - indodakazi endala yesazi-mlando nomlobi odumile UNikolai Karamzin. Abazali - abantu nesimilo ukukhanyiselwa futhi abakholelwa izimiso. Indodana, ngamazwi akhe, kwadingeka umlingisi kanye nokubi, futhi ngokwemvelo. I am waphupha migilingwane e igama Motherland nokunakwa ngokocansi kusukela amadoda angawazi. indlela Literary wakhethwa kubo ngezikhathi. Ngo-1981, nguye owachaza ukuvakashelwa zombusi ukuba Potemkin, nabo ayenobungane. Ngokushesha Prince Meshchersky unikwe ikhamera-Junkers. Futhi umsebenzi Ministry Interior, wabe esevula eya elakhiwe eduze club edumile. Futhi waqala ukunyukela okusheshayo isikhulu e elite wekuba sive Russian.

Advisor iNkosi

Tutor indlalifa - Ibala Stroganov, Prince Meshchersky bathandile, ngakho uhla zokuxhumana Prince elise emachibini phezu kwamafu - waba umngane Tsesarevicha Nikolaya (lapha okuvalelwe umqondo esifanayo naphezu kwesimo sengqondo esizayo nkosi Russian). Life High wanikezwa Vladimiru Mescherskomu sika akulula njengoba kubonakala: "kurtizanom ezimbi" le Stroganov obzovot ukuthi nokungihleba ngemuva inomsindo kakhulu futhi ukugigitheka. Nokho, umeluleki lonke indlalifa imvelo yena Meschersky namanje babe. I Tsarevich usuqinisiwe nempilo ebuthaka, futhi Prince bemphelekezela ukuze bayothola ukwelashwa e-Europe, lapho induna uMnyango Wezangaphakathi Valuev walibiza ngokuthi "obuseduze esigodlweni."

Ngemva kokufa Nicholas (kwakungekho inkulumo ukuzibulala ngezizathu ngobungqingili) Meshcherskomu wanikeza esinye we Umqhele Prince, Ngokuzayo - Alexander III, ngubani amagqubu ngoba umzala kwesikhulu. Lokhu okunamathiselwe esizayo nkosi Meshchersky ukuthi neutralized ngokuthatha umlilo uqobo, okuyiwona asebukhosini wamshiya kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi umbhali isibe casula alunywa isikhulu, futhi ngosizo Crown Prince yasungulwa yindawo wangempela autocracy - umagazini "Citizen". Ngenxa esihle vospreemnikam umsunguli we umagazini wahlala izinkumbulo zabantu. Ngemva aqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe abantu abafana Dostoevsky, Tiutchev, Mike. Futhi Meschersky emakhasini "Citizen" waphakamisela walwa emfundweni yezwe, amabhodi endawo, yijaji, self-kahulumeni ongumlimi namaJuda intelligentstvuyuschimi. "ISikhulu iSodoma neGomora, isakhamuzi," ngokusho Vladimir Solovyov.