Kuyini ngamabhomu ukhaphethi?

Igama elithi "ukhaphethi esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa" ( "ukhaphethi esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa") elivame ukuqondwa ngayo njengoba okuqhubekayo, nokunwetshiwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uhambisane izilonda nokubhonywa izindawo ezinkulu.

Le ndlela isetshenziswa njengoba impahla kukho ukubhubha isitha, kanye nabasebenzi bayo futhi ukusula ebusweni imizana umhlaba, ujantshi kokuhlangana, amabhizinisi noma emahlathini enkulukazi. Ukuze kuza imbubhiso enkulu kakhulu ephelele kwento ekhethiwe ukuze amabhomu ezivamile zivame ukungezwa ku incendiary, egcwele i-phosphorus, napalm, njll

Indaba ukhaphethi ukuqhuma kwamabhomu

Carpet esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa zazibikezelwa eside ngaphambi ngokubukeka kwabo. Ngokwesibonelo, lo odumile umlobi yesayensi Gerbert Uells e inoveli yakhe "The Shape Sezinto Ezizayo" wachaza ngokubhujiswa komuzi endizeni kuhlasela. Ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi ezimpini esizayo amaqembu eziboshwe ukuhlasela idolobha isitha ngenhloso yokwandisa amathuba ekubhubhiseni kwabo, obonakaliswe 1921 by odumile wase-Italy umhlaziyi lempi Dzhulio Ngenxa.

Eyokuqala ukhaphethi esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa eyenziwa iqhaza inqwaba ekuhlaseleni. Ngokwesibonelo, kwakudingekile ukuba usebenzise ibutho e ukubulala izindiza German idolobha Guernica (1937 g, Spain). Abashona ezibhekwa abazihlelele ezingaphezu kuka-100.

With ukuthuthukiswa lelisu ngesikhathi esifanayo amaJalimane wafunda ukusebenzisa ezandayo izindiza, ngalesikhatsi kuchutjekwa nekwenta isinyathelo eside ngangokunokwenzeka. Bewazi yini, isibonelo, zingaki izinsuku eyathatha ukhaphethi nokubhonywa kwaseStalingrad futhi bangaki izindiza wathatha ingxenye kuwo?

kwaseStalingrad

Kwaba Agasti 23, 1942. Ngalolu suku, 4th Air Fleet zamabutho German owawuse ende futhi elimazayo ukhaphethi kwamabhomu umlando. Lo mbuso waqhubeka ubusa cishe izinsuku ezintathu. Ngenkathi lwa kwenzekani ngesikhathi izindlela edolobheni, futhi, izakhamizi zayo ziye wahlala ngempela ukuphila okunokuthula: izitshalo, izimboni, izitolo, izikole kanye ngisho izinkulisa babesebenza evamile.

Indiza yokuqala uvele 18,00. Amathenda ngokomyalo, cishe zonke izibhamu anti-aircraft zasetshenziswa reflection of ukuhlaselwa ithangi, olandelayo okuyinto okwamanje nje wachitha 169 Panzer isiJalimane, azame ukubhozomela emaphethelweni enyakatho yedolobha. Anti-aircraft umdubuli kambayimbayi okwakwenqatshelwe ukuvula umlilo phezu izindiza, ukuze amathangi ithole amagobolondo ngaphezulu. Leli qiniso futhi wanquma ukusizakala abaphikisi.

Izindiza ziye zafinyelela ku amaqembu 30-40 webhomu. Ngamunye the izimoto wakwazi ukwenza suku kusukwe ambalwa. Ngemva kwalokho kuhlasela azichithile ezingaphezu kwesigamu isitokwe izindlu lomuzi. idolobha eyandulela impi yaphenduka emanxiweni evutha. Washa konke. Ngaphezu izakhiwo kanye nezinhlaka zineminyaka umhlaba, utshani namanzi - amaJalimane wabhubhisa ithangi kawoyela ongahluziwe, wawathela emfuleni. Umgwaqo sasishisa kakhulu kangangokuba abantu ukusheshe mayelana enetwetwe izingubo lasha. Njengoba amanzi sanqunywa, kwakungekho manzi, ukuze umlilo kwakumane lutho. Ngalolo suku, wafa abakhileyo angaba yizinkulungwane 40.

Nokubhonywa Germany

Njengoba indlela ukwesabisa ukucindezela intando izingubo zomsebenzi labantu eJalimane ukuze simelane usebenzisa ukhaphethi esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa UK-Royal Air Force ne-US Air Force.

Ukuze udale umphumela komlilo tornado, ezindizeni zikleliswe amazinga eziningana, ngayinye yaba kwenziwe emotweni e izinhlobo yakhe esibelethweni ezihlukahlukene amabhomu: fugaski, ukhonkolo-ukubhoboza, kwehlukana, njll

ngamabhomu target, yamemezela kusengaphambili British

Kusebenza azihlanganisa ukhaphethi nokubhonywa Germany Sine imigomo lehlukile. izindiza British ngamabhomu kwekota ikakhulukazi zokuhlala emadolobheni German ukucindezela morale lezakhamuzi, ikakhulukazi abasebenzi ezimbonini. Ngo-September 22, 1941 endlunkulu RAF yokutholwa uchungechunge izinhlelo kukho ukubhubha amadolobha German 43.

Ngokusho izibalo sabantu umsebenzi British kufanele ngobugebengu ngokuphelele ngemva eziyisithupha bombardment usebenzisa 1 ton of amabhomu abahlali 800. Ukuze ugcine inani labantu ngenxa yokwesaba, liphindwe njalo emva kwezinyanga eziyi6.

empeleni

Kufanele kuqashelwe, kuyilapho "Luftwaffe" German ngazo zonke izindlela ukuze aphebeze ekuthuthukiseni iRed Army, i-British bafikelwe cishe akukho ukumelana. Amandla ukuhlaselwa indiza British uye kancane kancane anda. Kukholakala ukuthi eminye imizi babhujiswa ngenxa yesivumelwano Yalta, ngemva kwempi, kwakuyodingeka ziwela ngaphansi umsebenzi eSoviet.

Izibonelo zibandakanya ukhaphethi bombardment naseDresden. Nokho, ngaphandle-ke, kwaba namanje laseMagdeburg (90% indawo abhubhisa), Stuttgart, Cologne (65%), Hamburg (45%), njll Ngokuvamile, i-British bawubhubhisa edolobheni elincane kancane, azange abe ukubaluleka ukuzivikela. Enye yalezi angabhekwa Würzburg.

ukuqhuma kwamabhomu target, deklariuemye baseMelika

Ngokungafani British, US Air Force yayisetshenziswa kakhulu kukho ukubhubha izindawo zezimboni kanye ezokuthutha link. Ukukhethwa kunqunywa isimiso: izindawo abasengozini kakhulu umnotho, ubudlelwane hlangana nomthamo ngokufunwa, indawo amabhizinisi, iphesenti imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa, njll Ekugcineni, nivumelene ohlwini insiza kwamabhomu. Wawunamabhodi lezinto 76.

AbaseMelika kwakungafanele beshiseka kangaka e ngamabhomu, ngokuthi iBritish. Futhi akusiwona mayelana kwabaswele noma into efana naleyo. phakathi nje ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ukhaphethi insiza zezimboni e Darmstadt, Schweinfurt futhi Regensburg athola wenqaba enjalo, okuyinto washonelwa umuntu wesithathu izindiza zayo, kuphumele nabasebenza nezinye imishini ziye zamemezela lokhu isiteleka.

Injongo eyinhloko nokubhonywa emadolobheni kanye namabhizinisi eJalimane kwaba ukudala izimo ezikahle kakhulu okwalandela Allied ayehlasela Europe.

Carpet esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa emva Okwesibili Umhlaba

Of imikhuba engcono amaMelika waqhubeka ebasebenzisa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili. Njengoba isibonelo lungenzeka ukhaphethi ngamabhomu neNyakatho yeVietnam emadolobheni ezifana Hanoi futhi Khayfon. With ukuthuthukiswa zezindiza namabhomu elimazayo imiphumela leyo misebenzi zithinta imbulunga eyesabekayo. Ngokusho kombiko nokubhonywa Indochina, uMengameli Jacob Zuma enza American uBill Clinton awunika Vietnam ngo-2000, Cambodia kuphela kwehla mayelana 3 000 000 (ezintathu wezigidi) amathani amabhomu. Mayelana 500 kg lengenako.

BaseMelika abakakhohlwa ngebhomu ukhaphethi namuhla. Ikakhulukazi, ekulweni LIH Washington eliqondisa Middle East Aircraft B-52. Bazokwazi ukufeza ukhaphethi kwamabhomu Syria Iraq. Bayoba kuthathelwe indawo ekuhlaseleni amasu B-1, akhona okwamanje.

Carpet kwamabhomu Russia

Siyazazi izimo eziningana ukhaphethi kwamabhomu e-Afghanistan. Kuyaqala futhi ithuthukiswe lelisu eSoviet Air Force kwaba Dzhokhar Dudayev. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Afghanistan sezintaba, kwaba ayizwakali. Spooks ukhomba izindiza esekude, futhi babengenaso isikhathi bacashe emihumeni nezinye emphethweni ezihlukahlukene isimo sezwe.

Eminyakeni yamuva, impi ngempumelelo ngaphezulu yabonisa ushintsho - iphuzu esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa amabhomu osezingeni. Ukusebenzisa kwabo nezwi zidilika udonga, ukuvimbela mujahideen amathuba wokutakula.

Sekuke kwaba khona ukhaphethi kwamabhomu Chechnya. Uzame futhi lwahlolwa Afghanistan amakhono awusizo e izwe lazo lendabuko. Ikakhulukazi, kuyaziwa ukhaphethi esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa avela phezulu engamamitha emzaneni Elistanji Okthoba 7, 1999. Sabulala abantu abangu-34, iningi labo abesifazane nezingane.

Carpet isu esigamekweni sokuqhunyiswa uyaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa. Lapho ukusebenzisa ngokuzayo, namanje uhlala womuntu ongabazisayo.