Kuyini fiatnaya lwemali? Fiatnye imali: Izibonelo

I ngempahla yayikhona Stone Age, lapho kwakukhona nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi. With ukuthuthukiswa impucuko uhlelo yemali washintsha. Abantu kubalwa zemali zegolide, isiliva nezinye izinto ezimbiwa phansi. Kodwa amasheya kulezi kulinganiselwe. A impi emikhulu kanye nezinye izinkinga kakhulu yehliswa lwemali. Esikhundleni izinhlamvu zemali zabashintshi izinsimbi eziyigugu kwadingeka ikhokhe izimali ezishisiwe. Nakuba ukukhululwa kwabo ukuthi kuvikelwe izimali zikahulumeni, zazingekho izinkinga. Kwasuka lapho ukubaluleka okuzisholo isibe ezahlukene kusukela langempela. Ngakho imali kwaba nginikeze ekhethekile igama - fiatnye lwemali. Kuyini lokhu?

Umlando nesenzakalo

State unelungelo lokuthathwa njengomsulwa komkhawulo inkululeko izakhamuzi. Ikakhulukazi, ukusetshenziswa lwemali ethile tekubala. Isimo enegunya ukuphuca lwemali elisekelwa igolide noma isiliva. Lesi sinqumo ithwala semali ingozi. Kodwa uma uphuzwe, imali alibe lisaba lezimpahla bese uba fiatnymi.

Umqondo wokuqala usebenzisa lwemali enjalo okunikelwe sefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo uPlato. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izakhamuzi akufanele sihlale igolide njengoba iyunithi yokukhokha. Kungcono ukudala ayo lwemali, ukusetshenziswa okuyinto okungukuthi okunomkhawulo ezithile endaweni isimo.

Amazwe amaningi aye wazama ukusebenzisa umqondo imali fiatnyh. Eyokuqala kwakuyincwadi waseRoma uDiocletian. Ekamu ngenkathi kwanda kakhulu izinga lokwehla kwamandla emali, kwaba khona eningi abakhwabanisi. Umbusi ngaphambilini ukusebenzisa kuphela Solidus kubalwa eRoma. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lwahlangana lezimpahla amanani ayebekelwe. Basebenza kuwo wonke umbuso. Ukuqaliswa oda kufanele kube besahlulelo. Zagijima ngokushesha ababulawa imuphi umthengisi ababebe nesibindi sokuba aphule umthetho. UMbusi wathatha isinqumo ezinzima, njengoba baqonda ingozi ka ukungayinaki lwemali. Akukona kuqinisekiswe. Ngakho umqondo wegama elithi "trust imali." Kodwa izinyathelo ezinqala ngisho ezifana ayikwazanga ukuguqula isimo. ngokushesha umthetho uyekwa.

Eyesibili umzamo

Ngempela lo mbono ukusebenza kuphela e-China. Ezinsukwini le Tang Dynasty ekhulwini VIII ekhiqizwa fiatnye imali. Lezi zinyathelo zithathwe ukuze kuvinjelwe kwamandla emali. Kodwa ukuhlola kuhlulekile - abathengisi ayethanda ukubhekana igolide. Ngu X leminyaka, isimo ukhiphe yibhange ngokugcwele nguhulumeni lwemali.

Ngu ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe I ngo cishe njalo isimo esetshenzisiwe enikeziwe lwemali. Kodwa zibiza beqhuba nezimpi kwaholela okuvela okwandile imali fiatnyh. Betton Woods sivumelwano senziwa kute simo sibuyele kulesetayelekile. Ngokusho idokhumenti, dollar elilodwa zazilingana 1/35 troy namagremu. Zonke ezinye izinhlobo zemali ezaziboshelwa US iyunithi yemali. Lolu hlelo wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-13 Februwari 1973. Dollar exchange rate ke kwaba 1 / 42.2. Isivumelwano inqanyuliwe.

Fiatnye imali - kuyini?

ELatin igama elithi "Fiat" kusho isimemezelo, esinqumweni. kuhunyushwa: "Amen." Fiatnye imali - lwemali, okuyinto uhulumeni ibekwe njengoba nje kwezomthetho ithenda. Inani labo eziwumgogodla, noma kancane kakhulu, noma cha. Okwamanje, iningi imali ngephepha fiatnoy, kuhlanganise nedola laseMelika. Inani layo kuqinisekiswa igunya isimo. Fiatnaya lwemali hhayi pegged egolideni. It ngokuvamile akusho kuqinisekile.

Umehluko omkhulu fiatnyh imali lezimpahla ukuguquka khulula lakamuva. Uhulumeni ungakwazi ukuphrinta lwemali kuvikelwe ezingaphezu kuka it has imithombo. Okungukuthi, noma yimuphi ukunwetshwa global umnotho okulinganiselwe yegolide kule isintu.

Izici

Fiatnaya lwemali - kuba Fiat imali. Uhulumeni isimemezelo esikhethekile umemezela iyunithi ethile yemali njengoba kuphela yokukhokha. Umehluko phakathi ngokulinganisa kanye inzuzo yangempela lwemali ezinjalo - lena lwemali fiatnaya. Inkambo ijwayele ukusethwa ngokumelene Nationals. Izindaba izinkolo eziningi zezimali. Nasi isibonelo, uma uhulumeni yayivumile yokuzithandela kwamandla emali, wengeza zero ngamunye bill, akukho.

Muva nje, emazweni angaphezu nokuningi bayenqaba ukusebenzisa imali enikeziwe. Badlulele fiatnye. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isimo has cishe akunamkhawulo empikiswaneni lwemali. isixazululo siphakamisa ingozi uhulumeni. Fiatnye lwemali engazinzile yezinguquko emnothweni.

okunye

Ukuze zibuyele endinganisweni igolide asikhulumi. Lesi sinqumo kunezakho izingozi ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1. Abanye osomnotho abakholelwa ukuthi igolide kungabuye ngokuthi "uhlobo lwemali yokufakelwa". Inani layo kufanele iguqulwe.

2. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukwanda amanani igolide nokuthi "bubble" entsha. Bese ucaphuna akekho ungakwazi ukulawula. kuwufanele uhulumeni fiatnymi imali. akekho nowegolide.

Fiatnaya lwemali inenani elikhulu. Kumiswa It is ngesisekelo izimiso zikahulumeni. Iphinde kubangela inselelo enkulu - ezingeni eliphansi ukuphathwa. Uma noma yimaphi amaphutha ezingeni wombuso lwemali yokufakelwa iba abasengozini khulu. Lokhu okungukuthi omunye izizathu yamuva ngamazwe zezimali crisis. A umphumela engokwemvelo Esimweni esinjalo - zimali, kwakhulisa isithakazelo igolide. Amanani kulolu kuyanda eziyigugu metal iminyaka eminingi. Amabhange Russian ukunikela iminikelo efanele. Basuke ngenhlanhla kungukuthi umshuwalense ayimpoqo. Kodwa ngilangazelela luselude.

Ikusasa "air Bubbles"

Ngo EGIBHITHE lasendulo oFaro efile bangcwatshwa ngegolide amangcwaba kabusha. Abantu babekholelwa ukuthi bazosebenzisa ngengcebo yabo kuze kube phakade. Lo mbono wasebenza. Lezi igolide iminyaka eyinkulungwane belingazithintanga noma amasela, noma iziphathimandla zentela. Kodwa-ke kwaba imali yangempela. Namuhla, ohulumeni bamazwe amaningi njalo ukusebenzisa iphepha izikweletu. Fiatnaya lwemali - kuwumphumela okuhlangenwe nakho kwawo.

Ukwanda okusheshayo lemali iphepha wadala Bubbles yingozi. Sekusele kancane ngesikhathi esifanayo ukusetha sonke isikhathi highs kuzo zonke isigaba enkulu imali. Isixazululo sale nkinga, akuyona into engenakwenzeka ukuthola. Ukuphrinta imali kubangela ukwehla kwamandla emali aqondene National Bank. Uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka ekushayweni ukuhlanekezela isimo kwenzeka. Futhi kukhona kakhulu likhulume izwi, njengoba izimakethe zezimali uqale ukwethuka. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani zikhona kakade isithakazelo negative amazinga. Central Bank ozama bazithole ithemba kungaba esheshayo kabi yokuqhuba yasebhange izinhlelo. A izimakethe ezinhle abasafufusa abafuna ukwakha isakhiwo zabo zezimali.

Kuye ngokuphindaphindiwe ushintshe uhlelo kanye lwemali ukuhweba izindlela zezimali. Le nqubo iyaphindwa futhi. Namuhla, i-dollar ne-Central Bank of the United States kukhona izakhi eyinhloko kohlelo lwezezimali emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa abaningi kakade ukhathele njalo alalele imithetho isimo, okuyinto namanje ekwazile njalo ukwandisa ibheyili izikweletu "engozini-free 'izibopho zabo. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze dollar uzolahlekelwa ukubaluleka nokuphumelela kwaleso uhlelo wezimali omusha kuzovezwa. Kakade namuhla kukhona ubuchwepheshe ukuthi asikho isidingo amabhange: mfihlo lwemali platform Ukuhweba. Kukholakala ukuthi iningi supply imali namuhla lilondolozwe ngedijithali. Kubandakanya-akhawunti yakho yasebhange.

Yuan indawo dollar

Uma China uzokhokha ingxenye izinqolobane zabo zegolide, lwemali yezwe ngokuzumayo ukuthola ukubaluleka okukhulu ohlelweni zezimali zomhlaba. Yiqiniso, ngomzamo shift US nge isikhundla okuholela emhlabeni izinqolobane of ensimbini eyigugu (328 bhiliyoni entwasahlobo ka 2014) kuyingozi kakhulu. Kodwa izindleko ukuhluleka - ukulahlekelwa inzuzo.

Amazwe amaningi uthanda imali yokufakelwa kanye elintantayo exchange rate. Kodwa igolide anezakhi ezikhethekile. Bangaphezu kuka-zeminyaka emibili, ke iyindlela eyinhloko yokukhokha emhlabeni. Akudingekile nesiqiniseko sokutholakala kwelungelo lesikweletu besithathu. Akekho babenayo yini imibuzo ezingadingekile, lapho abantu ikhokhwe namarisidi egolide Amabhondi. Artificial imali namuhla amukelwa nge nesiqiniseko sokutholakala kwelungelo lesikweletu uthi. Ezimweni ezibucayi, abakwazi ancintisane izindlela jikelele yokukhokha.

Uma dollar, i-euro noma ezinye izinhlobo zemali zamukelwa fiatnaya yonke indawo, Central Bank ayizange ikugcine kuyimfihlo ukuthi kuya amatshe ayigugu. Kodwa bakwenza kanjani lokho. "Ama-oda Imali" akazange abe okulingana ngokugcwele. Kulaba abathathu kweshumi amazwe-abahlanganyeli-International Monetary Fund, kuphela ezine azange abe yegolide. Isikhathi esiningi izibalo ku 1 Januwari 2014:

- intengo igolide phezu balance sheet we Central Bank of emazweni asethuthukile - 762 amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu;

- isabelo sabo esiqiwini - 10.3%.

Sidinga ukunciphisa amasheya

Economist waseBrithani uJohn Maynard Keynes ngokuthi igolide "ukweba esifuze" ngoba isivuno kwempahla, ikhumbula izindleko isitoreji alivumi. Khona-ke kungani Central Bank emhlabeni wonke-ke okungukuthi izinombolo?

Osombusazwe baye banikela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthengisa ingxenye zigcine igolide. Ngo-1976, umqondo evezwe US uNobhala Wezimali Uilyam Saymon nenhloko Board of Governors of Federal Reserve Arturt Bern uMongameli Gerald Ford. Bacela ukuthengisa eziyizigidi ezingu-275 ounces zegolide ukutshala ukuqhutshwa e amafa inzuzo. Umqondo bona eshukunyiswa yokuthi kwensimbi ilahlekelwe ongowenani elikhulu yemali. Kodwa ulimi olufanayo ne Burns, bengazange ezitholakele.

Njengoba izinto ume namuhla,

Ngemva kwalokho, le nkinga iye ngokuphindaphindiwe ngakho emhlanganweni we Central Bank "Big Ten". Babefuna ukunciphisa igolide kanye lwemali izinqolobane, kodwa ukuqonda ukuthi mass bembonisa izingcaphuno ukunciphisa intengo kakhulu. Ngakho siyavuma obani, nini futhi kungakanani ngeke adayise. Kodwa Beijing akubanga ukubukwa ngemibono mayelana igolide. Kuze 2002, impahla yabo kwaba 13 million awunsi. Kuwo lo nyaka, anda ke kuya 45%. Ngisho nangemva kweminyaka 7 ngiyikhiphile ezingeni eziyizigidi ezingu-34. Ekuqaleni kuka-2014, izimali zakwamanye amazwe izinqolobane of China zibalwa lesihlanu emhlabeni ngemva kwe-US (ayizigidi ezingu-261), eJalimane (ayizigidi ezingu-109), Italy (79 million), kanye France (87 million).

Fiatnye imali: izibonelo ezivela yesimanje emhlabeni

Cishe asikho isimo uchitha emkhathini, ukuqinisekisa Umcebo kazwelonke. Ngakho-ke, i-dollar, euro, i-ruble Russian nezinye zezimali kungenziwa ashiwo yokufakelwa. Kodwa ngaphezu iphepha, kukhona electronic fiatnye lwemali. Kuyini lokhu?

Artificial imali digital anikezwe omunye lwemali isimo. imithetho kwamabutho kahulumeni izakhamuzi ukwamukela kubo ukukhokha. Inkinga, ukukhulula kanye ukuguqulwa okwenzeka ngokuvumelana nemithetho komthetho kazwelonke. Electronic nefiatnaya lwemali eveza ukubaluleka non-state amasistimu wokukhokha. Lesi sakamuva elawula inzuzo nokuhlengwa.

Zombili lezi zinhlobo zezindlu zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili. Uxhumano lwemali - imali electronic, okuyinto zadlulisela hardware isisekelo. Izibonelo: PayPal, M-Pesa (Afrika yokukhokhelana). Iqembu lesibili - uhlelo esekelwe-SIM khadi. Izibonelo: Visa imali, Mondex, Chicknip. Kodwa ethandwa eRussia Webmoney, QIWI, RBK Imali, EasyPay kukhona nefiatnym amasistimu wokukhokha. Njengoba Yandex. Womabili la maqembu, exchange e-zezimali bodwa.

isifinyezo

Uhulumeni isimemezelo esikhethekile ukuthi yiziphi lwemali oyokwenziwa izibalo isimo. Nakuba okhiqizwayo Ilungiselelwe Umcebo kazwelonke, ubizwa ngokuthi lezimpahla. Njengoba nje kukhona umehluko phakathi yangempela futhi kwenani eliyimali, kukhona imali yokufakelwa. Fiatnye lwemali ikhishwa ngaphansi iziqinisekiso isimo. Ababona amelana kunezinkinga zemali futhi ungakulimaza kakhulu emnothweni.