Kanjani ukuba uphikise umbono uchwepheshe? Sikhalo kwemibono uchwepheshe njengoba ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi noma civil

Phakathi nokulingwa ezimweni ebugebengu kanye ngokuvamile kufanele afeze izivivinyo ezahlukene. Angicabangi ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba inselelo isinqumo uchwepheshe. Uma ungavumelani nesinqumo sakhe, une igunya ukuba uphikise ke. Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa sendlela PlayEND_LINK_TAG umbono uchwepheshe, uma ungeyena uyaneliseka ngemiphumela yomsebenzi wakhe, ufunda.

Concept nezinhlobo yokuhlolwa

Okokuqala, kuyafaneleka ukuthi ubuchwepheshe ukuthi kungadingeka lapho sicabangela lokhu noma lokhuya icala enkantolo, zahlukahlukene ngempela. Ukuze uthole iqiniso okuyilonalona lwezigaba ezithile izingxabano (nezokuphatha, isigebengu, civil, ukulamula umbango, nokunye. D.) Ingadinga nolwazi olukhethekile emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yesayensi, ubuciko, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokunye. D. ukuze afakazele amaqiniso kudingekile, ijaji ngokuvamile kakhulu badinga usizo nalabo noma nezinye Ochwepheshe. amathuba anamuhla amakhulu, ngakho ezweni lethu, namakhulu izinhlobo uchwepheshe imicabango yabantu aqokwa ngonyaka.

Lapha yibo ezivamile:

- yobunjiniyela;

- nempilo yengqondo;

- ngokuzenzakalela lobuchwepheshe;

- umlilo-lobuchwepheshe;

- imishini Medical;

- namalimi wemiphakathi;

- ngokwengqondo;

- graphology;

- Ukuhlola izithombe;

- forensic;

- umsindo nabukelwayo;

- Umlando wobuciko;

- ezimali;

- physico-chemical;

- merchandising;

- abanye.

Izinkinga uchwepheshe izakhiwo

kabusha izinqubo Social uholé yokuthi, ngaphezu amahhovisi kahulumeni, zaziziningi ejensi "ezimele". Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lesi ngumkhuba omuhle, ngoba ngale ndlela ungakwazi uqaphele isimiso adversarial ku ekufuneni iqiniso. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakha evundile okungamila ochwepheshe abangathembekile.

Forensic uchwepheshe emizimbeni zihlanganisa Ministry of Justice. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona iziphathimandla zeminyango eMnyangweni Wezangaphakathi, Customs Service, Isevisi yokuvikelwa.

luhlolo zamanga

Isikhathi esining impela incike okwatholakala Ochwepheshe umphumela waleli cala enkantolo. Ukuze nganoma iyiphi indlela ukuze Rig imiphumela luhlolo, amaqembu ngokuvamile uqala ukusebenzisa amaqhinga ahlukahlukene. Kodwa naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi isiphetho bamanga uchwepheshe Kulicala, abanye ochwepheshe azifaka engozini engaka. Ngakho-ke, uma ungaqiniseki eqinile mayelana ukuba yiqiniso kwale ndaba. okukhipha, ungafaka isikhalazo kahle ke.

Kungase kube yokuthi uchwepheshe yafika esiphethweni esivumelana ocacile akuyona ngamabomu futhi baqamba. Ngeshwa, ezweni lethu kusekhona okuwumkhuba izitifiketi akuzona ulwazi, kodwa ngenxa ukufunjathiswa futhi ukuxhumana. Abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi isiphetho esinjalo - kuba ubufakazi obungenakuphikwa bokuthi akunakwenzeka inselelo. Kodwa lokhu akulona icala. Ngokomthetho isiRashiya, kungekho ubufakazi kuleli cala akukwazi ukusungulwa e amabutho kusengaphambili. Ngo umkhuba zokwahlulela, zikhona izibonelo eziningi lapho isimiso ngokuzijamela uchwepheshe ababeziphatha i- namaqiniso babekwa esivuna omunye wabahlanganyeli kule umbango akukho emthethweni ngokuphelele.

isikhalazo algorithm

Ilungu kwesivivinyo (noma kummeleli wakhe) unamandla inselelo imiphumela luhlolo. Kanjani ukuba uphikise umbono uchwepheshe? Bekhalazela imiphumela luhlolo kumele kube ngokusebenzisa isikhungo (umzimba), okuyinto okokuqala eyenziwa, noma ungakwazi ngokushesha ukufaka bekhalaza ehhovisi main. Ukuze uphikise luhlolo izinhlangothi unikwa inyanga kusukela ngosuku kokuthola umphumela.

Igunya ukuthi olwenziwa luhlolo, ukuhambisa uhlelo lokusebenza isignesha siqu iqembu leli cala noma omele yayo ngokomthetho. Nayi imininingwane oyifakile:

- igama isakhiwo lapho isikhalazo senziwa;

- igama lomfakisicelo;

- inkomba yokuthi izisusa kungani isiphetho isazi esithile sika kungaphansi ukufaka isikhalazo.

Isicelo esinjalo siyakuba amakhophi amadokhumende, okuyinto avele icala, kanye ikhophi luhlolo uqobo ngqo. Uma iphepha ezifana izothunyelwa nge ummeleli ingxenye icala enkantolo, amandla ezengeziwe enamathiselwe ommeli eqinisekisa amandla akhe.

umlenze wesibili

Isazi-Chief emva kokuthola isikhalo ngokumelene imiphumela ukuhlolwa kwemvume komfakisicelo Kufanele bafundise reanalysis lomunye iqembu lezazi ephuma ehhovisi lakhe. Isinqumo uchwepheshe oyinhloko umfakisicelo (noma kummeleli wakhe) angafaka isikhalazo. Kanjani ukuba uphikise umbono uchwepheshe kulokhu? Ukuze wenze lokhu, isikhalazo kufanele ahanjiswe emuva Ihhovisi Federal ngenyanga.

I-Federal Bureau engathumela igunya ukuqhuba luhlolo kwenye edeskini, kodwa ngaphansi kombandela wokuthi evuma isicelo. Uma ukubuyekeza ngesinqumo wezazi sizodingida ngqo neHhovisi Federal luhlolo wabeka eceleni esiyizinsuku ezingu-30.

Isigaba sesithathu

Uma amaqembu impikiswano uyovumelana isiphelo sesimiso Office Federal, kulesi simo, imibiko ukuhlolwa uchwepheshe uzobe kukhiqizwa kuphela inkantolo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isicelo, eyohlanganisa:

- igama igunya zokwahlulela;

- idatha mayelana isicelo;

- uhlu zonke izidumbu ukuthi beye bahileleka ezinhlekeleleni luhlolo;

- inkomba yokuthi isinqumo uchwepheshe.

Kumelwe ubonise isizathu esenza umbono uchwepheshe oyisakhamuzi ukungabaza kule iphepha (okungukuthi, ngezizathu ezithile ukuthi kungase kubonise kuncuma amanga). Ingabe ukusebenzisa ungummeleli wezomthetho isicelo. Isicelo kufanele unamathisele amakhophi azo zonke izivivinyo ezenziwe, futhi isinqumo yiHhovisi Federal.

Umbono uchwepheshe eenkambisweni zobulelesi

Indima uchwepheshe ukuphenywa kokuphulwa amacala obugebengu - omunye ukhiye. Ekuboneni amacala amaningi adinga usizo ochwepheshe abavela emikhakheni eyehlukene. Ikhodi-Criminal Procedure uthi umbono uchwepheshe kungaba isifundo netiphetfo ngezinto zinikezwa ngokubhalela umuntu onolwazi ngalezi ubuciko, okuyinto waziphatha kukhiqizwe icala lobugebengu.

Izinhloso zocwaningo kungaba ezihlukahlukene amadokhumenti, ubufakazi obuphathekayo esinabo, izinto, izidumbu nezingxenye zazo, izilwane kanye nezinto ezibhaliwe of the icala ngaphansi kophenyo.

luhlolo Forensic kungaba kwenziwe hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi kuqulwa icala lakhe noma kwecala, kodwa ngisho nangaphambi kokuba Ukusungula kwecala. Njengoba okwatholakala Ochwepheshe sinendima ebalulekile enqubeni wezigelekeqe, amanga umbono uchwepheshe kungase kuholele ngisho nasezinkingeni yokuthi uhlale umuntu ongenacala ejele. Ngakho-ke, ngoba ukwenza kanjalo Uchwepheshe futhi nobulelesi onesibopho.

Ukuhlanganyela uchwepheshe

Uma umphenyi esabona kufanelekile ukuba imenze uphenyo uchwepheshe, ke Uzakwenza ezifanele isinqumo. Uma ummangalelwa noma umsolwa kufanele zithunyelwe yezokwelapha noma forensic luhlolo forensic zengqondo, umphenyi uhlose ngokusebenzisa izinkantolo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kakade ngqo phakathi Isivivinyo , ukucela ukuthi forensics kungaba yokuzijabulisa. Inkantolo, uma kunesidingo, anganquma lenze ucwaningo enjalo, futhi ngokusuka kuzo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi umbono uchwepheshe njengoba ubufakazi eenkambisweni zobulelesi ingenye izici ezibaluleke kakhulu. Uma kukhona ukungabaza eningi ukuze ubuqiniso Imiphumela, qiniseka ukugcizelela inselelo idatha.

Uma umuntu owayelindele ngokumelene imiphumela luhlolo, bangase ukuhambisa imibuzo uchwepheshe ngokubhala. Ngemva ohlangothini ngalunye kunqunywa nezindaba, begceke ukuzwa umbono wabo bonke abahlanganyeli kulesi senzakalo. Ngemva kokuhlola izindaba abahlanganyeli kunjalo, inkantolo enegunya simelane nalabo ukuthi bengayi ukukhathazeka noma zobulelesi noma zingekho kwekhono le uchwepheshe. Kwakha imibuzo emisha, ijaji ubathumela emuva uchwepheshe.

luhlolo engeziwe

Uma ijaji zembula ezinye umehluko phakathi imiphumela luhlolo kanye mathiriyeli kunjalo, angase anqume ukuba ukuqhuba ukusihlola. okukhipha okuphindiwe Ochwepheshe edingekayo futhi kunjalo, uma kutholakala elinikwe umbono uchwepheshe ngamabomu amanga.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uma ubumbaxambili kungenziwa kunqunywa luhlolo luhlolo Isazi, inkantolo ingenza njalo ngesikhathi secala.

Yini edingekayo ukuze ufake umphenyi?

Umphenyi kungaba optionally setha ngokusebenzisa amaqiniso forensic:

- izimbangela zokufa degree of umonakalo;

- isimo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo ummangalelwa noma umsolwa;

- isimo isisulu (engqondweni nasemzimbeni);

- engu-ummangalelwa, isisulu, uma imibhalo ukuthi ngabe uqinisekise iminyaka yakhe, alitholakali noma uma yobudala salo ungabaza (uma kwenzeka ukuthi idatha efana ibalulekile icala lobugebengu).

Indima uchwepheshe zemibango

umbono Isazi enqubeni civil nakho kufeza indima ebalulekile. Lesi sigaba amacala akusho uphenyo - iwukusisebenzisa luhlolo kungaba ngokuqondile ngesikhathi secala. Ngokomthetho womthetho, luhlolo kungenzeka eyinhloko futhi retransmission. Waphinda ngokuvamile oqokwe umcimbi ukuthi uchwepheshe okutholakele ungavumelani namanye amaqiniso sasivumela owaziwa kuqhubeka icala. Ingase futhi zabelwe, uma ngokuhamba esiyinhloko kwakungamadodana ukwephula kwezinkambiso zenqubo. Ngokwesibonelo, uma luhlolo waphathiswa iqembu nesithakazelo kuleli cala. Lesi siphetho nochwepheshe ubufakazi kungenzeka ingalingani.

Lapho benquma ukuthi yini amaqiniso athile kudinga ulwazi kusuka ehlukahlukene, ke olwenziwa ukuxilongwa esibanzi. Ngokuvamile lolu hlobo of ucwaningo siphathiswa ochwepheshe eziningana. Nokho, uma iziqu Uchwepheshe ivumela ngokuphelele zonke zocwaningo, khona-ke ungakwazi ukukwenza yena. Kwenye inqubo zombango ngokuvamile kudinga ezihlukahlukene ubuchwepheshe (uchwepheshe umbono ezimali, wabahambisa, unjiniyela, lezimpahla nokunye. D.)

Uma konke okufanayo umahluleli kuyoba ukungabaza mayelana umnqopho uchwepheshe, angase oda nokufezeka kwentando ucwaningo ngokuhlanganyela. Ngokuhamba lokhu kuhlolwa, ochwepheshe ukweluleka nomunye futhi wenze esiphethweni jikelele. Uma omunye wabo alivumelani nemibono ozakwabo, uyena onelungelo lokusho ukuthi unikeze umbono ehlukile uchwepheshe kutinchubo civil.

Injongo luhlolo ngesicelo amaqembu

Amalungu inqubo civil naye unegunya ukuhambisa enkantolo imibuzo ukuthi bangathanda ukuthola ngokusebenzisa luhlolo. Uma ijaji enquma ukuba wenqabe noma iyiphi wabo, kufanele bathethelele lokhu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu e zemibango sanikwa amandla anjalo:

- ukwenza isicelo nokuhlolisiswa esiyi ethile noma uchwepheshe othile;

- ukubazi imiphumela luhlolo;

- ukumemezela sokuhoxisa abanamakghono asisekelo;

- ujwayelene isinqumo senkantolo Yokuqashwa luhlolo;

- ukuze ufake isicelo kabusha luhlolo.

isiphetho

Thina esiphethweni kanjani ukuba uphikise umbono uchwepheshe eenkambisweni zobulelesi futhi civil. Khumbula: ukuhoxiswa uchwepheshe - lokhu akulona sinqumo sokugcina. Uma ungaqiniseki eningi mayelana ukunemba kwayo, ukuthi buyoba PlayEND_LINK_TAG leli phepha ukuze bangabhekani. On the ubuqiniso luhlolo ngokuvamile kakhulu incike isinqumo secala. Ngakho ungalokothi sidebeselele ithuba nimise ukwahlulela.