Izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo zeplanethi yethu

Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka abantu babe nesithakazelo kulokhu kwenzeka njengoba ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo. Ngokufanelekile bacatshangwa ukuthi yizinto ezidaliwe kakhulu zendalo. Ngesinye isikhathi ayisebenzi, angabangeli, ngezinye izikhathi agcwalisa wonke amakhasi wezindaba futhi ashintsha ngokuphawulekayo indlela yokuphila yabezizwe, izintaba-mlilo ziyizinto eziyingozi, ngezikhathi ezithile ozikhumbuza wena. Mayelana nokuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo ezenzekayo, futhi sizoxoxa ngalesi sihloko.

Kuyini?

Ziyini izintaba-mlilo? Leli gama lisuka emlandweni wamaRoma - igama egameni lamaRoma laligqoke nguNkosi yomlilo, unkulunkulu uVulcan. Ezingqungqutheleni zasendulo zamaGreki wavumelana no-god-smith Hephaestus.

Kusukela ekubukeni kwesayensi, intaba-mlilo yiyona iphutha le-tectonic ebusweni bomhlaba, okwenza kube khona umlingo, ophakathi kwe-crust ne-core, ukuze ufike phezulu. Lapho uhamba ngezemvelo kusuka kumagma, i-lava eshisayo negesi zakhiwe, okukhishwa ekufubeni kwe-fumaroles - izimbobo ezisezintabeni zentaba-mlilo futhi eduze nendawo engaphansi kwayo. Ukuqhuma kuhambisana nokukhululwa komlotha emoyeni. Ukupholisa phansi, itshe le-lava, ngakho-ke uhlobo lwamatshe azungeze izintaba-mlilo alufani nolunye uhlobo lwama-rock.

Ukulinganisa amandla okuphulukisa ngesilinganiso esikhethekile se-VEI (IsiNgisi se-English Volcanic Explosivity Index) sisetshenziselwa - isibonakaliso sokuqhuma kwe-volcanic. Isilinganiso silinganisa ukuqhuma okuvela ku-zero kuya kwamaphuzu ayisishiyagalombili, ngokususelwa ekuphakameni kwekholomu ye-ashen kanye nenani lomlotha okhishiwe.

Izinhlobo ezintaba-mlilo

Izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo zihlukaniswe ngezici eziningi ezahlukene. Isigaba esilula futhi esivamile kakhulu sisekelwe kumigomo yomsebenzi. Ngakho, bahlukanisa:

1. Ukuqhuma kwezintaba-mlilo, okubandakanya labo mayelana nokuqhuma okukhona emithonjeni engokwethenjelwa yemlando.
2. Ukulala kwezintaba-mlilo ezingazange zibonise umsebenzi phakathi nesikhathi sesikhathi semlando, kodwa ukuqhuma kwawo kungase kwenzeke ngokwesayensi.
3. Izintaba-mlilo eziqothukile, ukuqhuma kwazo okungenakwenzeka.

Futhi ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo, ngokusekelwe efomini labo, uhlobo lokuqhuma, uhlobo lwe-crater nokunye okunye. Kunezintaba-mlilo zodaka, lapho udaka ne-methane, namanzi angaphansi kwamanzi, atholakala ngaphansi kwezilwandle, avela phezulu esikhundleni se-lava.

Izintaba-mlilo ezinamandla

Ukuqhuma komlilo ngamunye kuyisenzakalo esibalulekile futhi kudonsela ukunakwa kwamaphephandaba amaningi. Izintaba-mlilo eziqothukile nezikhuthele zidonsa amehlo kokubili ososayensi kanye nezivakashi nabasekeli bokuphumula ngokweqile.

Phakathi kwezintaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo kakhulu i-Merapi e-Indonesia, e-Eyjafjallajökull e-Iceland, e-Mauna Loa eHawaii, eTal ePhilippines, eFuego naseSanta Maria eGuatemala, eSakurajima eJapane nezinye eziningi. Eyaziwa kakhulu yi-volcano yeSicilian e-Etna, i-Neapolitan Vesuvius, eyabangela ukufa kwePompeii, kanye noFujiyama, ngokuvamile okukhulunywa ngayo ngesiko laseJapane.

Kumele kuqashelwe futhi i-Kilimanjaro - i-volcano ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni kanye nendawo ephakeme kakhulu e-Afrika, engxenyeni esempumalanga yezwekazi. I-Kilimanjaro okwamanje ayicatshangwa njenge-volcano engapheli, nakuba ingabizwa ngokuthi iyasebenza.

Intaba yaseVulkan

Izintaba-mlilo ezingapheli zomhlaba, uhlu Kuphi Akusekho okuncane okucebile ku-specimens ezithakazelisayo, emibuthanweni ebanzi ngokuvamile ebonakala njengezintaba ezivamile. Ukuqhuma kwabo kwenzeka ezikhathini zangaphambili, kodwa, ngokwemfundiso yenzululwazi, kungenzeka futhi futhi, naphezu kokuhlelwa okuncane. Noma kunjalo, cishe akunakwenzeka ukubala lokhu kungenzeka, noma yiziphi izibalo ezinikezwe ngale ndaba azikho okucacile.

Phakathi kwezintaba-mlilo ezidume kakhulu ezidumile zingabonakala:

• I-Ararat iyintaba-mpuphu empumalanga yeTurkey, ingxenye yesigodi sezintaba zase- Armenia. Iqukethe ama-cones amabili, okuthiwa ama-Big and Small Ararat. I-Big Ararat nayo iyindawo ephakeme kakhulu yezindawo eziphakeme.
• I-Aconcagua yi-volcano ephakeme kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yiyona ndawo ephakeme eMelika (kokubili eNyakatho neNingizimu) kanye nezinga eliphakeme kunazo zonke eNtshonalanga naseNingizimu yeHemispheres.
• U-Elbrus - imithombo eminingi iyayibiza ngokuthi i-volcano engaphelile. I-Elbrus itholakala enyakatho ye-Greater Caucasus Range futhi iyindawo ephakeme kakhulu eRussia.
• I-Kazbek iyintaba engxenyeni esempumalanga yeCentral Caucasus, emi ngasemngceleni waseRussia neGeorgia.
• I-Kara-Dag iyinqwaba yezintaba-mlilo eCrimea. Igama layo ekuhunyushweni lisho "intaba emnyama". I-Kara-Dag inezinhlamvu eziningana nama-fumaroles amaqhwa.

Lezi yizintaba-mlilo ezidume kakhulu emhlabeni wonke. Lolu hlu luzoqhubeka nezinye izintaba-mlilo, ezingenakubalwa emvelweni.

Ukulala noma ukufihla?

E-volcanology kucatshangwa ukuthi uma intaba-mlilo ingakaze ivele ngisho nangesikhathi esisodwa eminyakeni eyi-100 000 edlule, ilele. Abanye abacwaningi babiza ngokuthi yizintaba ezinkulu. Iziphetho ezinjalo zisekelwe ekutheni ama-volcano elele emhlabeni awafundanga, futhi lokhu kuqubuzana nokuqhuma okukhulu okukhulu, okungabhubhisa kalula zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.

Isiphetho

Ngokuvamile, kunezintaba eziningi eziqothukile, ezisebenzayo nezilalayo. Ngxenyeni yabososayensi, kunezingxabano eziningi mayelana nenombolo ngqo. Lesi sibalo singashintsha kusuka ku-500 kuya ku-1700, ngokuya ngamaphuzu okubuka ahlukene, indlela okuyizo izinhlobo zezintaba-mlilo ezihlukanisiwe ngayo. Kunoma yikuphi, akukwazi ukuphikiswa ukuthi izintaba-mlilo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni komuntu, ezokuvakasha, kumasiko abantu, emlandweni. Futhi ngezinye izikhathi ziba yizici zezinhlekelele zemvelo, lapho ukuphila kwabantu kungathembela ngokuqondile.