Izindlela kanye zokundlulisela

lenqwaba amagciwane uhlala emhlabeni, ayibonakali iso womuntu. Ezinye zazo abalona ingozi, kanti abanye kungabangela izifo ezihlukahlukene. Yiziphi izindlela yokudlulisela ukutheleleka, zikhona - umbuzo ufanelwe ukuqashelwa.

Ukutheleleka: mshini futhi imodi yokudlulisela. ukuqaqwa imigomo

Kulesi isayensi, Epidemiology, wasebenzisa igama elithi "ukutheleleka". Leli gama lisho ingozi yokutheleleka kusukela isitshalo, isilwane noma umzimba womuntu ngu Amagciwane ezahlukene. Lezi zihlanganisa lenyama, amagciwane, njalo njalo. E. ezithathelana adluliswa ngokuhambisana izindlela ezithile. Ngaphansi kwalezi izindlela inhlanganisela izindlela eziqondile ukuhambisa Amagciwane emthonjeni ukuze umzimba singangena.

Ochwepheshe ukukhomba ezine ukudluliswa indlela :

• fecal-temlomo;
• aerosol-aerogenic;
• athathelwana;
• bloodborne.

indlela ngayinye lwenteke ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene (izindlela). Le nkulumo ibhekisela izici ukuqinisekisa ukuthi Ukungena ukutheleleka ngendlela umzimba singangena ezimweni ezithile.

ukudluliswa indlela isici indlela fecal-temlomo

Izifo ezithile kule indlela yokudlulisela, ngokuthi emathunjini. I-ejenti causative yomnikazi uhlala isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Izilokazane ezincane zemvelo nihlangene indle. Entsha umzimba Amagciwane zingene ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Nazi izindlela ukuze adlulisele igciwane emathunjini:

• (Amanzi angcolile uma kusetshenziselwa) amanzi;
• ukudla (e amaqanda, inyama, inhlanzi, ubisi, imifino angcolile, izithelo kanye amajikijolo);
• contact-yasendlini (ngokusebenzisa ezihlukahlukene izimpahla zasendlini).

Ngo amanzi, izinto eziphilayo kubangelwa hit ngqo endleni yakhe noma inhlabathi enobuthi. Lapho ukudla contact-yasendlini ukudluliswa imizila ukudla nezinto zasendlini izinto zivame zitheleleka emva ogulayo ukukhonza umthombo ukutheleleka, kuyayithinta kubo. Indima ebalulekile ukudluliswa kwamagciwane ukudlala impukane. nezilwanyana ezincane Pathogenic asukume wesinambuzane ne indle.

ISIBONELO ukutheleleka nge fecal-temlomo ukudluliswa indlela

izifo Omunye ezaziwayo womuntu - uhudo. Lesi sifo, libhekene izilonda syndromes emathunjini bese ukudakwa jikelele ezithathelwanayo. Lesi sifo kwenzeka ngenxa uhudo induku okuqondene uhlobo lwe Shigella. Izindlela yokudlulisela - amanzi, ukudla kanye contact-yasendlini.

Okwamanje, uhudo kutholakala ukuthi uphethwe yini ezimweni angawodwa. Ukutheleleka kwenzeka:

• ngenxa ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi emifuleni, imithombo, amakholomu, elise sanitary abanelisi futhi izimo lobuchwepheshe;
• ukusetshenziswa ukudla insufficiently kusetshenzwe (ezingcolile, ongahluziwe).

Kungenzeka futhi ukugqashuka - izifo iqembu. kubhubhane Water zibangelwa iziyaluyalu we endlalekile futhi eyodwa namanzi. nokuqubuka Imininingwane-yasendlini ngokuvamile zenzeka zasenkulisa ngenxa yokwephulwa anti-ubhubhane umbuso (isibonelo, ngenxa kabi wenziwa magciwane izinyathelo).

ukudluliswa endleleni lapho aerosol-aerogenic indlela

Le ndlela yokwenza ukudlulisa unamagama amaningana. Esikhathini izincwadi ezikhethekile kukhona izinto ezifana isifiso, spray, ukuvuza. Ngemuva kwekuwahlolisisa singabona ukuthi aerosol-inhalatory ukudluliswa indlela ebonakala kwasendaweni pathogen kwezitho zomzimba zokuphefumula.

Nezilwanyana ezincane angadluliselwa e okulandelayo izindlela (izindlela):

1. Sisemoyeni. I-ejenti causative ikhishwe ngesikhathi ukukhwehlela, sneezing, ukukhuluma. Amaconsi isikhwehlela elinegciwane ku imvelo, bese nge air ingena imizimba yethu iphilile.
2. Ngu ephefumula ngothuli. Nale ndlela ukudluliswa umuntu enempilo zitheleleka emva ukungenisa sisemoyeni uthuli eliqukethe ukutheleleka.

Izibonelo izifo nge aerosol-ukudluliswa indlela inhalatory

Umkhuhlane iyisifo ezivamile imvelo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Imodi eyinhloko ukudluliswa - sisemoyeni. Lapho lesi sifo sihlasela engenhla ipheshana zokuphefumula. Lapho igciwane engena organizmzdorovogo womuntu, izimpawu ezifana ukukhathala, ukuphathwa ikhanda, ubuhlungu bemisipha namalunga. lokushisa umzimba liphuma khona. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, iziguli esekhala ukuminyana acinene, umphimbo obuhlungu, ukukhwehlela ezomile.

Airborne ukudluliswa uthuli ndlela engavamile ebomvu imfiva - Ukutheleleka ngegciwane streptococcal, punctate libhekene amawala, umphimbo obuhlungu futhi izimpawu zokudakwa. Ngezinye isifo Amagciwane atholakala excreted womuntu isikhwehlela nesineke, ubomvu. Ziyakwazi ukumelana kakhulu yizici zemvelo. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungenzeka ekuthelelekeni kuze emoyeni nothuli.

ukudluliswa endleleni lapho indlela athathelwana

Ukuze indlela athathelwana yokudlulisela kuyinto ejwayelekile yokuhlala Amagciwane egazini aphethe. Nomzimba ukutheleleka ongena ngesango eyisinambuzane (namazeze, izintwala, omiyane, amakhizane, izimpukane). Abathwali zihlukaniswe ethize kanye nonspecific. Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa eyisinambuzane, athwala izifo ezithize. Ngokwesibonelo, zithwala ezithile zikamalaleveva omiyane, typhus - izintwala. Isigaba sesibili sihlanganisa izimpukane ethwele izifo sibi emathunjini, i-typhoid, isifo sokusha kwesibindi kohlobo A.

indlela athathelwana angadluliselwa:

• anthroponoses (ichibi futhi umthombo ukutheleleka kuphela indoda);
• Zoonoses (ichibi futhi umthombo ukutheleleka kuyizinto isilwane);
• anthropozoonosis (umthombo ukutheleleka kungaba kokubili ezilwaneni).

Izibonelo izifo ezithathelwanayo mshini ukudluliswa

Omunye izifo ezithwalwa yizinambuzane - umalaleveva. It anroponoznoe Isifo esibangelwa protozoa bohlobo lwe-kuyinto Plasmodium. Amagciwane adluliswa esuka ogulayo kubantu enempilo omiyane okuqondene uhlobo lwe Anopheles. Umnikazi omusha kuba ezithathelwanayo kuphela lapho igazi avele amafomu zobulili lwegciwane - gametocytes. Ngokwesibonelo, e umalaleveva tropical kwenzeka esingangesonto ngemva kokuqala parasitaemia kuchubeke naso ngonyaka.

Esinye isibonelo salokhu isifo indlela athathelwana yokudlulisela - isifo. I-ejenti causative kuyinto Yersinia pestis (igciwane fixed izinti ezimise). Umthombo ukutheleleka ngokwemvelo kukhona namagundane, futhi esiphathiswa - a zigcwele. Lezi zinambuzane igazi-abancela emva kokudla igazi kungangcoliswa isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene iqala ukuba azale ande bacterium isifo. Amagciwane ithola bese ugcwalisa mafutha anciphisa isikhala esingaphakathi tube wokugaya ukudla. Ngo Ukulunywa okwalandela kwezilwane noma abantu zigcwele ebuhlanzweni Amagciwane kanye nokuhlinzeka ngaleyo ndlela ukusilaphazeka.

transduction indlela esingokwemvelo indlela bloodborne

Bloodborne ukudluliswa indlela sici izifo eziningi: webhaktheriya, fungal, viral, protozoan, yisinanakazana. Amagciwane angena emzimbeni ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kukhona ngezindlela ezilandelayo yokudlulisela:

• mpo;
• parenteral;
• ukufakelwa;
• ngokobulili.

Imodi Kuqondile yokudlulisela kungenxa Ukungena pathogen emzimbeni umbungu kusuka emzimbeni nokuthumba owesifazane owayezithwele, ngokusebenzisa placenta. Ukuze uthole umzila parenteral libhekene ngokufeza izinqubo zokwelapha. Ngokwesibonelo, kwezinye izimo, abantu batheleleke ehhovisi wamazinyo, lapho udokotela isebenzisa amathuluzi non-oyinyumba. Ukufakelwa ukudluliswa indlela luyasetshenziswa lapho zitshala izitho zangaphakathi. indlela Kugcine izifo esingokwemvelo ayihambi ngokusebenzisa ocansini.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukwaba ukudluliswa contact indlela. Uma ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukuthintana ngqo Amagciwane kanye ethula umthombo phezu kwesikhumba futhi nolwelwesi lwamafinyila (isib utwayi)

isifo ISIBONELO nge bloodborne ukudluliswa indlela

inkinga lezempilo nezenhlalo yamanje wukuthi abantu abaningi abazi noma singazinaki izindlela yokudlulisela izifo ezithathelwana ngobulili, njengengculaza abavikelwe ngesikhathi izixhumanisi okungahleliwe. Yingakho STD ngokuvamile kakhulu ngomshini odokotela.

Isibonelo ukutheleleka nge bloodborne ukudluliswa mshini-HIV. Lapho lesi sifo sihlasela amasosha omzimba. Kancane kancane ahlahlele kuze kumiswa AIDS (kuzuze immunodeficiency syndrome). Lwegciwane - igciwane omkhaya retrovirus. Umthombo ukutheleleka izenzo umuntu ogulayo.

izindlela yokudlulisela ngokocansi kanye mpo kukhona eyisisekelo (zemvelo) kule isifo. indlela yokufakelwa (parenteral futhi ukufakelwa) nalo isetjenziswa ngenkuthalo. Lapho igciwane lingena therein ngesikhumba esilimele noma ngolwelwesi lwamafinyila nezinqubo zokwelapha kanye kusebenta kwahulumende, ukuphatha izidakamizwa, ukusebenza emzimbeni ezimweni nonsterile.

izifo nosocomial

Ikakhulukazi Kuyaphawuleka kukhona izifo atholakala ezibhedlela (HAI). Lena inkinga engathi sina. Lapho abantu ukubamba izifo nosocomial ku yokwemukela esibhedlela noma ngokufuna usizo lwezokwelapha. izifo Nosocomial kubangele umonakalo ngokuthi impilo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yini ukwandisa isikhathi sokwelashwa ukuhlala endaweni isikhungo sezokwelapha, ukuxakeka imbangela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ziholele ekufeni.

Izindlela yokudlulisela e isikhungo sokwelapha ahlukahlukene. Amagciwane angena emzimbeni zabantu njengoba zemvelo (faecal-temlomo, aerosol futhi inhalatory) noma yokufakelwa (phakathi nezinqubo koda zokwelapha kanye kusebenta kwahulumende) kusho. izifo Nosocomial kwenzeke hhayi kuphela ngenxa yokungakhokhi ukugcinwa sanitary-ezihlanzekile futhi anti-ubhubhane umbuso, kodwa futhi ngenxa ukuvela nezilwanyana ezincane emithini chemotherapeutic, imithi elwa namagciwane, futhi izici zendawo ezimbi.

Ekuphetheni, kuyafaneleka ukuthi zonke izifo eziyizici izindlela ezithile (izindlela) yokudlulisela izifo. Ukwazi mayelana nendlela ukutheleleka kwenzeka, kungenzeka ukuvimbela esenzeke esikhungweni ukugula okuthile (isibonelo, ungasebenzisi imikhiqizo ezingcolile, ukugwema ubulili nomuntu ongathandani naye, ahole indlela yokuphila enempilo futhi ukuba angaqhubeki izidakamizwa).