... izakhiwo ekunciphiseni babe izakhiwo redox

izakhiwo Redox kwama-atom ngamunye kanye ion kukhona impikiswano ebalulekile kwamakhemikhali yesimanje. Lokhu kwaziswa okusizayo ekuchazeni umsebenzi izakhi futhi izinto ekhaya azokuqhubela ukuqhathanisa eningiliziwe nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali ukuzulazula kwama-athomu ezahlukene.

Iyini i-ejenti oxidizing

Izinkinga eziningi kwamakhemikhali, kuhlanganise nemibuzo test esihlanganisiwe isimo ukuhlolwa u-grade 11, futhi jeg ku grade 9, ezihlobene nale umqondo. I oxidant kubhekwa ama-athomu noma ama-ion, okuyinto ngokuhamba nokuxhumana chemical ukwamukela electron kusuka kwenye ion noma athomu. Uma sihlaziya sezindawo oxidizing zama-athomu kudingeka uhlelo ngezikhathi Mendeleev. Esikhathini esiyiminyaka, okuyinto zitholakala ethebuleni kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla, ikhono oxidizing ukuzulazula kwama-athomu inyuka, okungukuthi, abe izindawo ezifanayo ze-non-metallic. I subgroups ezinkulu ipharamitha efanayo incipha phansi. Phakathi onamandla kunayo izinto ezilula nokuba nekhono oxidizing, kuholele-fluoride. Igama ezifana "electronegativity", kungenzeka ukuthatha i-athomu esimweni chemical nokuxhumana electron kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile lahlotshaniswa nokuba oxidative izakhiwo. Phakathi izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi aqukethe ezimbili noma ngaphezulu izakhi zamakhemikhali angabhekwa oxidants egqamile: permanganate potassium, i-potassium chlorate, i-ozone.

Uyini reductant

Ukunciphisa izakhiwo ejwayelekile athomu izinto ezilula bembonisa metallic izakhiwo. Ngezikhathi etafuleni ngezikhathi sezindawo metallic, ishiywa buthaka, futhi subgroups ezinkulu (mpo), basuke iyakhula. Ingqikithi yalo yokuthola umthelela electron, okuyinto zitholakala kwi yangaphandle amandla ezingeni. Kukhula inani electron amagobolondo (amazinga), kuba lula ukuthumela ngesikhathi ukuxhumana amakhemikhali electron "extra".

Excellent izakhiwo ekunciphiseni esebenzayo (alikhali, umhlaba ane-alikhali) izinsimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto bembonisa imingcele efana ukuthi ukuhlukanisa oxide nesibabule (6), i-carbon monoxide. Ukuze uthole degree esiphezulu namachibi, zezakhi kufanele sibonise ekunciphiseni izakhiwo.

Inqubo namachibi

Uma, ngesikhathi ukuxhumana kwamakhemikhali kuyi-athomu ye noma ion ilahlekelwa electron kwenye athomu (ion), ubhekisela kuzo inqubo namachibi. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya indlela izinguquko ekunciphiseni izakhiwo kanye oxidative umthamo, kudingeka tincenye ishadi lesikhathi, kanye ulwazi kwemithetho yamanje ye physics.

inqubo yokutakula

Ukuncishiswa izinqubo ezihilela ukwamukelwa ion noma electron by ama-athomu nezinye ama-athomu (ion) ngesikhathi ngqo chemical nokuxhumana. Excellent ejenti ekunciphiseni kukhona nitrites, sulfites ngezinto alikhali. Ukunciphisa izakhiwo izakhi ohlelweni ezishintshayo metal izakhiwo afana izinto ezilula.

Algorithm ukuhlaziywa OVR

Ukuze ukulungele chemical ukuphendula umfundi ukuhlela okuza, kumele usebenzise i-algorithm ekhethekile. izakhiwo Redox ukusiza ukuxazulula ezihlukahlukene design imisebenzi e kohlaziyo, organic, amakhemikhali nokusebenzelana kwawo jikelele. Oda thembisa phi ukuhlaziya ukusabela:

1. Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukuchaza isici isimo namachibi etholakalayo ngamunye, besebenzisa imithetho.
2. Okulandelayo ichaze labo ngama-athomu, noma ama-ion, okuyinto zishintshile isimo sabo namachibi zihilelekile ekusabeleni.
3. Marks "lokususa" futhi "plus" akhombise inani yabalingisi elathathwa phakathi chemical ukusabela electron khulula.
4. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi isibalo electron kunqunywa ubuncane ezivamile amaningi, isb inenombolo ukuthi ngokulinganayo sihlukaniswe ngu-electron wamukele futhi yazinikela.
5. Khona-ke ihlukaniswe electron iqhaza e zamakhemikhali.
6. Ngokulandelayo, sithola kahle hle ukuthi yiziphi ion noma ama-athomu babe izakhiwo ukunciphisa, kanye ukunquma oxidants.
7. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokugcina ukuma okuza ku EQ.

Ukusebenzisa indlela ibhalansi electronic, ukubeka okuza inikezwe ukuphendula uhlelo:

NaMnO ₄ + sulfuric acid + hydrogen sulfide = S + MN SO ₄ + ... + ...

Algorithm ukuxazulula le nkinga

Sithola kahle ukuthi kufanele kwakhiwa emva nokuxhumana ndaba. Njengoba ukusabela isivele oxidant (azodlala manganese) futhi kuchazwe ekunciphiseni ejenti (kuzoba sulphur) kwakheka into is hhayi ekushintsheni degree of namachibi. Njengoba ukusabela main senzeka phakathi usawoti kanye namandla acid elingenawo umoya-equkethe sho ngalesosikhathi fike of ketshezi ekupheleni kuyoba amanzi, kanti eyesibili - sodium usawoti, ngokunembile, sodium sulfate.

Ake siphindele isikimu kanye ukwamukelwa of electron:

- MN ⁺⁷ kuthatha 5 e = MN ^+2.

Ingxenye yesibili isikimu:

- S ^-2 = S ⁰ otdaet2e

Thina ayifake kokuqala ukuphendula rates, ungakhohlwa ukuba afingqe konke athomu sulphur emaceleni ezothando.

2NaMnO ₄ + 5H ₂ S + 3H ₂ SO ₄ = 5S + 2MnSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O + Na ₂ SO _4.

Kudluliswa OVR ezihilela hydrogen peroxide

Ukusebenzisa OVR algorithm ukuhlaziywa kungaba kufanisa ukusabela chemical:

i-hydrogen peroxide + sulfuric acid + potassium permagnanat = MN SO ₄ + umoya-mpilo + ... + ...

Namachibi washintsha-mpilo ion (i-hydrogen peroxide) futhi seka manganese ukuze potassium permanganate. Okungukuthi, ejenti ekunciphiseni futhi umenzeli oxidizing, sikhona.

Chaza ukuthi impahla zisengenzeka emva ukuxhumana. Omunye wabo amanzi, okuyinto ngokusobala emelelwa ukusabela phakathi acid kanye nosawoti. Potassium asiyona into entsha, umkhiqizo lesibili potassium usawoti, okungukuthi sulfate, njengoba ukusabela siqhutshwele phambili kuthathwe sulfuric acid.

ukushayela:

2O ^- 2 ^kukunika electron futhi uguqulwe O ₂ ⁰ 5

Mn ⁺⁷ 5 uthola ama-electron kanye iba ion 2 mn ⁺²

Sibeka amazinga.

5H ₂ O ₂ + 3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO = 5O _{2 4} + 2Mn SO ₄ + 8H ₂ O + K ₂ SO ₄

ISIBONELO yokwehlukanisa OVR potassium chromate

Ukusebenzisa indlela ibhalansi electronic, amise kwesibalo ne okuza:

FeCl ₂ + hydrochloric acid + potassium chromate = FeCl ₃ + CrCl ₃ + ... + ...

Ushintshe i namachibi yensimbi isimo (yensimbi chloride e II) kanye chromium ion potassium bichromate.

Manje sizama ukuthola ukuthi akhiwa ezinye izinto. Omunye kungaba usawoti. Njengoba potassium is ayakhekanga iyiphi kwakwakhe ngaleyo ndlela umkhiqizo yesibili i-usawoti potassium, ngokunembile, chloride, ngoba ukuphendula okwenzeka nge hydrochloric acid.

Ishadi:

Fe ⁺² ithumela e = Fe ⁺³ 6 reductant

2Cr ⁺⁶ 6 uthola e = 2Cr ⁺³ 1 oxidizer.

Thina aveze okuza ekusabeleni kokuqala:

6K ₂ Kr ₂ O ₇ + FeCl ₂ + 14HCl = 7H ₂ O + 6FeCl ₃ + 2CrCl ₃ + 2KCl

ISIBONELO yokwehlukanisa OVR potassium iodide

Ehlome ngamathuluzi okuthola imithetho, amise kwesibalo:

potassium permanganate + sulfuric acid + potassium iodide, manganese sulfate + ... iodo + ... + ...

isimo namachibi washintsha manganese iodine. Yileyo reductant futhi oxidant abakhona.

Manje siyathola ekugcineni engimbumbile thina. Egcekeni kuyodingeka potassium, isb ukuthola potassium sulfate.

Ukuncishiswa izinqubo zenzeka ion iodine.

Ifomu isikimu ukudluliswa electron:

- MN ⁺⁷ 5 uthola e = MN ⁺² 2 iyi-ejenti oxidizing,

^- 2I - kunikeza E = mina 2 ₂ ⁰ 5 eyisidalwa esinenkululeko ukunciphisa.

Thina ahlele okuza ekusabeleni kokuqala, kuyilapho ungakhohlwa fingqa zonke athomu sulphur kule ndaba.

210KI + KMnO ₄ + 8H ₂ SO ₄ = 2MnSO ₄ + 5I ₂ + 6K ₂ SO ₄ + 8H ₂ O

ISIBONELO yokwehlukanisa OVR ne-sodium sulfite

Ukusebenzisa indlela classical, sithola up izinhlelo ezothando:

- sulfuric acid + KMnO ₄ + ... sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, manganese sulfate + ... + ... +

Ngemva ukusabela ukuthola amanzi sodium usawoti.

Ishadi:

- MN ⁺⁷ 5 uthola e = MN ⁺² 2

- S ⁺⁴ 2 uthumela e = S ⁺⁶ 5.

Thina ahlele okuza kule ukusabela is ungakhohlwa ukubeka ama-athomu sulphur ekubekeni okuza.

3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2KMnO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₃ = K ₂ SO ₄ + 2MnSO ₄ + 5Na ₂ SO ₄ + 3H ₂ O.

ISIBONELO yokwehlukanisa OVR ne-nitrogen eningi

Qedela imisebenzi elandelayo. Ukusebenzisa i-algorithm, sikwazi ukwakha ephelele yokusabela ezothando:

- manganese nitrate + Nitric acid + PBO ₂ = HMnO ₄ + PB (CHA _{3) 2} +

Ake sihlaziye lokho izidakamizwa ngisho amafomu. Njengoba ukusabela owawuse phakathi kwe-ejenti enamandla oxidizing nosawoti ke ketshezi amanzi.

Siyobonisa ushintsho inani electron:

- MN ⁺² 5 ithumela e = MN ⁺⁷ 2 ziphephile property-ejenti ekunciphiseni,

- PB ⁺⁴ 2 uthola e = PB ⁺² 5 oxidizer.

3. Thina ahlele okuza ekusabeleni kokuqala, tente zonke nitrogen ekhona ohlangothini lwesobunxele kwesibalo kokuqala ngokucophelela:

- 2Mn (CHA _{3) 2} + 6HNO ₃ + 5PbO ₂ = 2HMnO ₄ + 5Pb (CHA _{3) 2} + 2H ₂ O.

Kulesi ukuphendula, izakhiwo ekunciphiseni kungukuthi wabonakaliswa nitrogen.

Isampula lesibili ukuthi bayavuma redox ne-nitrogen: Izinto

Zn + sulfuric acid + HNO ₃ = ZnSO ₄ + CHA + ...

- Zn ⁰ 2 uthumela e = Zn ⁺² 3 kube ukunciphisa ejenti,

N ⁺⁵ 3 uthola e = N ⁺² 2 iyona oxidant.

Thina beka okuza ku yokusabela predetermined:

3Zn + 3H ₂ SO ₄ + 2HNO ₃ = 3ZnSO ₄ + 2NO + 4H ₂ O.

Ukubaluleka ukusabela redox

Ezaziwa kakhulu ukunciphisa ukusabela - photosynthesis, isitshalo ejwayelekile. Indlela ukushintsha izakhiwo yokutakula? Inqubo kwenzeka uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, kuholela ekwandeni energy nge njengomthombo wangaphandle. Kuyinto lokhu amandla futhi isebenzisa izidingo zabo lwesintu. Izibonelo oxidizing futhi ukunciphisa ukusabela elihlobene ne izakhi zamakhemikhali, zibaluleke ngokukhethekile ukuguqulela compounds nitrogen, carbon, i-oksijini. Ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis Umkhathi has a Ukwakheka yokuthi liyadingeka sokuthuthukiswa eziphilayo. Ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis ayikhuphuki carbon dioxide bezinhlamvu emoyeni, ebusweni Umhlaba akuyona ebilayo. Lesi sitshalo eba hhayi kuphela ngokusebenzisa redox ukuphendula, kodwa izinhlobo izinto ezinjalo ukuba abantu, njengomoya-mpilo, i-glucose wayefisa. Ngaphandle okunjena kumakhemikhali kungase kungabi umjikelezo ogcwele ndaba ngokwemvelo, kanye nokuba khona kokuphila organic.

Ngokoqobo OVR

Ukuze alondoloze ebusweni metal, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi baye ekunciphiseni izakhiwo izinsimbi asebenzayo, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukumboza ungqimba ebusweni phezu isici asebenzayo, kanjalo uvimbele inqubo ukugqwala zamakhemikhali. Ngenxa izakhiwo redox ngu yokuhlanza kanye magciwane amanzi okuphuza. Ngiphakathi inkinga eyodwa ayikwazi ixazululwe ngaphandle kokuthi ibekwe kahle okuza equation. Ukuze ugweme amaphutha, kubalulekile unombono ngazo zonke nemingcele redox.

Ukuvikeleka ukugqwala chemical

inselele enkulu ukwenza izimpilo zabantu iphinde msebenzi ukugqwala. Ngenxa yalokho ukuguqulwa amakhemikhali ukwehluleka metal, ukulahlekelwa ukusebenza imoto izingxenye zabo, umshini amathuluzi. Ukuze kulungiswe inkinga enjalo, usebenzisa Ukuvikelwa womhlatshelo, ungqimba enamathela zensimbi ukuvenisha noma ukupenda nokusebenzisa Alloys anticorrosive. Ngokwesibonelo, steel Kwamanzi embozwe ungqimba metal asebenzayo - aluminium.

isiphetho

A ezihlukahlukene ukunciphisa ukusabela zenzeka emzimbeni, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza evamile isimiso sokugaya ukudla bungene. Ezinjalo eziyisisekelo zokuphila izinqubo njengoba ukuvutshelwa, elibi, emishinini yokuphefumula, uhlotshaniswe ekunciphiseni izakhiwo. Have izici ezifanayo, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Ngaphandle ukuphendula ngokuzinikezela ukwamukelwa electron ayikwazi yezimayini, ukukhiqizwa yezimboni ammonia, alkalis, acid. Kuzo zonke izindlela ithempulethi yengqikithi ukuhlaziywa volumetric kusekelwe izinqubo redox. Fight phenomenon abuhlungu ukugqwala chemical ezinjalo, ibuye igcile elwatini yalezi zinhlelo.