Isimo Physical kasawoti. Salt, Chemistry

Bangaphezu kuka-10 million eziphilayo ezingaphezu kuka-500,000 compounds wezinto aziwa bamakhemikhali namuhla. Phakathi kwazo kunezinye nzima e isakhiwo kanye izakhiwo, ezisetshenziswa kuphela izinjongo zamakhemikhali noma wezokwelapha. Futhi bakhona nalabo ukuthi akuzona nzima ukuthola futhi kuvamile kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Kodwa akukho ebaluleke kancane futhi abalulekile. Omunye izinto ezinjalo uyalandisa usawoti. Ekhaya futhi ibizwa nangokuthi ukudla futhi amakhemikhali umkhakha okuthiwa i-sodium chloride noma i-sodium chloride. Ngo inqubo umkhakha ibizwa ngokuthi amaminerali ukuthi yakha ngokwemvelo - halite futhi okuqinile rock usawoti noma idwala usawoti. Ake sicabangele isimo wokuhlanganisa kasawoti, isakhiwo, izakhiwo, ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa kanye nomlando ekuphathweni mass ukusetshenziswa.

Kwezinye izifundazwe kukhona usawoti?

Uyini isimo ngokomzimba of ndaba futhi kwenzeka kanjani? Kuya ngokuthi hlobo ketshezi mbuzo. Umfundi ngamunye amadala kuka-7 ekilasini ungabiza isimo aggregation usawoti, ngoba ikhemikhali kuzo zonke endlini. Namuhla, ngaphandle nzima umuntu wanamuhla ukucabanga ngokuphila kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo uquqaba usawoti ngokucacile ngeso lenyama - fake noma amaqhafuqhafu ukuhlakaza ifomu njalo cubic zinhlayiya. Nokho, Ukuqedwa usawoti emanzini, sizobuya lisesimweni ezahlukene wokuhlanganisa - ketshezi. Into efanayo sithola, uma nje ancibilike zinhlayiya ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu. Isimo kuphela okungatholakali ejwayelekile usawoti - kuba gaseous. Kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile ungathola kanye.

NeMibandela ekushintsheni isimo wokuhlanganisa

1. Ukuze bathole usawoti esimweni liquid ngu encibilika zinhlayiya okuqinile odabuka yemvelo, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa lokushisa 800 ° ^C.
2. Ukuguqula usawoti kusimo gaseous elicibilikile zinhlayiya kumelwe alethwe ngamathumba (mayelana 1400 ^C) kanye thumba kuze shintsho oluphelele yezingxenye ezihlelekile ion (Na ⁺ futhi CL ^-).
3. isimo Obuqand aggregation usawoti - kuyinto ukubukeka kwalo zemvelo ezimweni zemvelo.

Kungani ibanga enjalo okushisa lapho usingatha zinhlayiya? Lokhu kuchazwe isakhiwo crystal ngehele.

crystal ngehele

Limelela lesifanele ubuso ofiphele cubic zinhlayiya okusobala. ikhona ngalinye cube (amaphuzu ngehele) kuthiwa yanjalo kahle icala Na ⁺ ion futhi ion omubi icala CL ^-. Ngenxa ngokucijile ezihlukahlukayo electronegativities zama-athomu phakathi kwawo ngakho kukhona Luhambo eqinile electrostatic ukuthi kokubhubhisa izimo zawo eziqinile kumele zisetshenziswe (lokushisa eliphezulu, umthelela mechanical). Lokhu uhlobo ngehele is ionic eyaziwa, futhi kuyisici sobuntu zonke alikhali, ane-alikhali emhlabeni futhi ushintsho izinsimbi.

Kuyinto lokushisa usawoti ke ezivamile (kokubili ukuncibilika nokubilisa) iphakeme kangaka. Nokho kungenzeka nje kuphela ukuthola zinhlayiya ifomu cubic, kodwa pyramidal (eight-, twelve- futhi icosahedral). Ukuze wenze lokhu, wena umane kudingeka ulungise kasawoti ukuhwamuka lokushisa ngendlela ethile. Kunoma ikuphi, ngalo ingaphakathi yangaphakathi ligcwele zinhlayiya ketshezi, uma yisisombululo sikasawoti emanzini.

Ifomula amakhemikhali sodium chloride ilula futhi Ukwakheka zokucathula uzwakalise NaCl.

Izakhiwo halite

Izakhiwo zanoma sodium chloride lingachazwa ngamaphuzu ambalwa:

• zinhlayiya Obuqand emhlophe, pink, blue, ezinsomi, ezibomvu. Umbala kuncike khona amanyela emkhandweni isizinda. crystal Pure izidakamizwa emhlophe.
• Oncibilikayo emanzini e isilinganiso mayelana 100/30 (100 g amanzi 30 g usawoti). solubility Good ngenxa yokuba khona lamanzi dipoles ezihlobene emhlabeni ngokwayo sodium ne-chlorine ion, okubangela ukubhujiswa ukukhangana electrostatic phakathi kwabo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukucekelwa phansi ngehele crystal.
• Udambisa namathumba ngamazinga ashisa kakhulu (800-1400 ° ^C).
• It has a nephunga eyethile emnandi.
• ukunambitheka Salty.

I izakhiwo amakhemikhali sodium chloride

Njengoba noma yimuphi usawoti isilinganiso-encibilikayo, i-sodium chloride uyakwazi ukungena nokuxhumana:

• Okunye nosawoti ngo exchange ukusabela (imfuneko: yokusabela igesi ngokuhlukana, kwezulu noma ukwakheka malodissotsiiruemogo imfuyo): nacl + Agno ₃ = nano ₃ + AgCL (omhlophe curdy kwenze). Cishe le ndlela yokusabela qualitative phezu CL ion ^-.
• Nge izinsimbi, ithintwe e EHRNM sodium: K + nacl = KCL + Na.
• Dissociates e ikhambi aqueous ukukhulula ion hydrated dipoles amanzi: nacl _{(aqueous p-ZU k)} = Na ⁺ CL ^-. Umphumela kasawoti okuyinto electrolyte eqinile.
• It is hhayi ngaphansi hydrolysis, njengoba usawoti wakhiwa asidi enamandla futhi sizindza lesicinile.
• Esikhathini electrolysis (kagesi) ubola ukwakha imikhiqizo khulula kanye sodium hydroxide (soda caustic): nacl = Na + Cl ₂ + NaOH.

Lapho ngokwemvelo iqukethe sodium chloride?

Okwamanje, usawoti ovamile - into ngokuvamile yendalo. Nakuba sekuyizinkulungwane njalo, kodwa ezikhathini zasendulo Ephakathi kwakubhekwa umkhiqizo ebiza kakhulu. Konke lokhu kusuka yokuthi babazi kungekho indlela yomsebenzi wokukhishwa kukasawoti ezivela emithonjeni yemvelo. Futhi le mithombo e izinqolobane zezwe eziningi kangaka - halite kubhekwe cishe angenamkhawulo semithombo yendalo. Uphi usawoti yendalo?

1. Pacific nasolwandle amanzi anosawoti.
2. Salt amachibi.
3. Salt iziphethu.
4. Amanzi asemhlabathini.
5. zemifula Amanzi.

isizinda halite

Kukhishwa nokucutshungulwa usawoti ubuchwepheshe yabo uyinto misela ngokuvamile ongakulungele ukudliwa ngenxa okuqukethwe high amanyela. Misela rock usawoti ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo:

• by ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba;
• zezendlalelo ezansi emachibini usawoti;
• ukuhwamuka noma umise aphume olwandle noma ulwandle ngamanzi anosawoti;
• ukuhwamuka kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Kuphakathi ndlela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba athole zinhlayiya ka halite. Nokho, ukuba zidliwe umuntu, banayo uhlobo olulodwa nje kuphela lwesithelo ukwelashwa - ukugaywa. Phela, neze ubani usebenzisa indlu ukupheka ezinkulu crystal usawoti. Ngokuvamile, sesiye ku bahlanza of ukungcola, ochotshoziwe cishe ku ifomu powder. Kukhona nemibono kasawoti iodized, fluoridated nokunye, ukuze ukudla nje kuphela kodwa futhi izinjongo lobuchwepheshe.

usawoti Isicelo

Izicelo kanye nokusebenzisa i-sodium chloride kukhona ebanzi. The main wabo kanye izibonelo futhi imiphumela kukhonjiswa ku Table.

Indaba le ekuphileni kwansuku zonke

Sol yabonakala amatafula endlini ngayinye akuyona ngokushesha. Uma kwakufanele isisindo sayo ngegolide, ngomqondo truest. Ekhulwini XVIII, abanye Afriki Narody benana nedlanzana usawoti phezu nedlanzana isihlabathi segolide. Kamuva, e-Ethiopia usawoti amagejambazo babe lwemali ejwayelekile. ERoma lasendulo, le aseRoma lempi ngisho amaholo banikwa yalolu ketshezi okwagcina kuholele kwamagama amasosha abo. Izingane zabantu abampofu Afrika nje wakhotha izingcezu ithebula itshe usawoti njengesibiliboco. ENetherlands lalisetshenziswa lokujezisa izigebengu ukuze sokuhlushwa. Guilty enganikanga usawoti, futhi indoda ishona ngesikhathi esifushane.

Ngokokuqala ngqá ukuba ukhethe futhi kudle ukudla lento, abantu bafunda ezikhathini zasendulo. Khona-ke kwatholakala ukuthi usawoti eziqukethwe izitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ashiswa, futhi umlotha lalisetshenziswa njengesibhedlela isinongo. Kamuva e China baye bafunda shabalala usawoti emanzini olwandle, futhi inqubo izindlela zayo ukulungiselela baqala ukuthutha ngokushesha.

ERussia, ekhishwe usawoti kusukela emachibini (edume kunazo usawoti amachibi of Russia kuze kube manje - Elton futhi Baskunchak). Khona-ke okudayiswayo izinto ezibalulekile ezingajwayelekile kakhulu. Esusiwe ke abathengisi ambalwa nje, ngubani-ke ukuthengiswa amanani amba eqolo. Ukukhokhela ukuba abe usawoti ayengakwenza abantu abacebile nosaziwayo kuphela. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukukhiqizwa futhi ukukhiqizwa ushintshiwe. izindlela ezahlukene isizinda kanye ukucutshungulwa steel esetshenziswa, futhi namuhla omunye ezivamile izinto zasendlini - usawoti. Chemistry lokhu kwakwakhe, izakhiwo kanye nesicelo ku nezimboni zemithi kanye nezinye ziye makwaziwe amakhulu eminyaka cishe XVI-XVII.

Ukutadisha inkambo esikoleni

Ucwaningo we isakhiwo kanye isimo wokuhlanganisa, kanye amakhemikhali izakhiwo usawoti iqala esikoleni, ngaphakathi eyala ezifana nechemistry (Ibanga 8). Salt enkambweni esikoleni wafunda ngekwehlukahlukana zabo endalweni. Abafundi ukuthola ukuqonda chemical ngesisekelo amafomula enokwehla, izakhiwo ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali eziyisisekelo. Ngokucaca futhi lula ngekhanda amafomula Izakhiwo zanoma ebhukwinitifundvo Flyleaf ngokuvamile owawuba ithebula usawoti okuyinto kunikeza umbono walokho solubility zabo ngamanzi. Lapho ungathola ulwazi solubility of acid, alkalis lezisekelo.

Isici esibalulekile kuyinto nosawoti wabo fusibility phezu kwayo kusekelwe ukukhiqizwa yabo njengoba ngokwemvelo. Abafundi kalula ukuthola indlela lwabo ekuxazululeni izinkinga ku ukuziphatha ukuncibilika usawoti. Ithebula ingcaca izithombe ungakwazi nje ngokubona impahla fusible noma refractory, kodwa futhi ukucacisa cishe ukephi ukuma futhi ukubila. Ngokuvamile, lezi amatafula Yahlela izincwadi ( "Chemistry", Ibanga 8). Salt kufanele bafundelwa umongo wesayensi ezifana biology ne-physics. Ngakho-ke, isethi imisebenzi abafundi lusekelwe ukuhlanganiswa uxhumano imikhakha eyahlukene.