Isigaba 275 se-Code Criminal: uhlobo lobugebengu, ukuhlaziya

Ukuhlukunyezwa koMbuso (Isigaba 275 soMthetho Wezobugebengu) kuyisenzo ngokumelene nokuphepha kwangaphandle kwezwe. Ake siyihlole ngokuningiliziwe.

Isigaba 275 se-Code Criminal:

Ngaphansi kwalesi senzo, umuntu kufanele aqonde ukukhishwa kwemfihlo, ubuqhawe noma noma yikuphi ukucindezela kuhulumeni wesinye isizwe, isevisi noma abameleli bawo ekusebenzeni imisebenzi enonya eRussia. Njengesijeziso ngaphansi kwe-Art. I-275 ye-Code Criminal iyigwebo lokugwetshwa iminyaka engu-12-20. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkantolo ingabuye ilandise ukuthunjwa kwendawo yecala lecala.

I-Norm 275 ye-Code Criminal: ukuphawula

Encwadini ejwayelekile kumbuzo kuthiwa umuntu owenze lesi senzo esingekho emthethweni angakhululwa ekukhokhweni uma kukhulunywa ngezikhathi ezithile nokuzikhethela eziphathimandla ezigunyaziwe noma ngenye indlela kuye kwafaka isandla ekuvimbeleni ukulimala okwenziwe yiRussia. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izenzo zakhe akufanele ziqukathe ezinye izici. Lo mthetho uhambelana nemigomo ye-Code 276 no-278.

Ingozi yomphakathi

Isenzo esasungulwa ngendlela evamile 275 ye-Criminal Code yaseRussia Federation ("Isiqubuthu") iyisongo ezweni. Ingozi yomphakathi yilapho kusukela eRussia idatha edala imfihlo ekhethekile ihamba. Njengoba sewile ezandleni zamanye amazwe ezikhethekile, zingasetshenziswa ngokumelene nezithakazelo zezwe. Lokhu, kubangelwa ukuthi kungabikho iminyaka eminingi yokusebenza kwamaqembu ahlukene ukuthuthukisa nokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuqala, izinhlelo zokuzivikela ngezikhathi ezikhethekile, izinhlobo ezintsha zezikhali, njalonjalo. Ukuziphatha komculi kungabangela ukulimala komnotho omkhulu kuhulumeni, kuhoxise ekwakhiweni kwezikhungo ezibalulekile, ukuphazamisa ucwaningo oluzobe lukhona emasimini nasayensi. Okubaluleke kakhulu yizenzo ezingekho emthethweni endaweni yokwakha ubudlelwane bamazwe ngamazwe, ngoba kungabangela ukuphumula kwabo.

Okubalulekile kwesenzo

Isigaba 275 soMthetho Wezobugebengu weRussia Federation sibheka ukuthi ukuziphatha kwalesi sihloko kuyisenzo sokuhlubuka. Isakhamuzi saseRussia sisiza uhulumeni wangaphandle, inhlangano noma abameleli phakathi kwemisebenzi enonya ngokumelene nezwe. I-Norm 275 ye-Code Criminal inikezela umthwalo wemfanelo ngezinhlobo ezikhethekile zobunzima. Zibonakaliswa ngo-espionage, ukukhishwa kwezimfihlo eziyimfihlakalo kanye nezinye izenzo ezihloswe ekunciphiseni ukuvikeleka kwangaphandle kwezwe.

Into

Ziyikho, ngokwemigomo engu-275 ye-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation, ukuphepha nokuzivikela kwezwe. Lezi zici zibhekisela esimweni sokuvikeleka kweRussia ngokusongelwa kwangaphandle. Ukuziphatha kwesihloko esinecala kubangela ingozi ekulawuleni indawo, ubukhosi, umphakathi, uhlelo lwesifundazwe sombuso. Zonke lezi zinhlaka zithintana kakhulu. Umbuzo wokuthi yikuphi okuyingxenye yengozi ehambisana nayo, kufanele iqondiswe ngayinye esimweni ngasinye ngokuhambisana nezinto ezitholakalayo.

Espionage

Izici zayo ezizithobayo nezinhloso ezifanayo zifana nomgomo we-276 no-275 we-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation. I-Espionage isho ukudluliswa kolwazi olubucayi kumazwe angaphandle, izinhlangano noma abameleli babo. Kubhekwa njengokuqoqa, ukuthumba noma ukugcina ukulungiswa okulandelayo kwedatha ecacisiwe kulezi zihloko. Ngaphansi kwe-espionage kuqondwa ukuqoqwa nokudluliswa kolwazi ngemilayezo ye-intelligence yangaphandle ukulimaza i-Russian Federation. Lezi zenzo ezenziwe yisakhamuzi saseRussia zihlolwa ngaphansi kobuciko. 275 we-Code Criminal. Uma le ndaba ingumuntu wangaphandle noma engenazo izakhamuzi, khona-ke ibanjwa njengesibopho, ngokuhambisana nesimiso esijwayelekile 276 seKhowudi.

Inkinga ye-Secrecy

Ngokomthetho 275 weCriminal Code of the Russian Federation, usebenza njengenye yezinhlobo zokusiza izinhlangano zangaphandle ekuqhubeni imisebenzi enonya eRussia. Ngaphansi kokukhishwa kwezimfihlo, umuntu kufanele aqonde ukudluliswa kolwazi ngumuntu wangaphandle kumuntu obanikezwe umsebenzi, inkonzo noma okunye, ngaphandle kokuthumba nokuqoqwa. Lolu hlobo lokuhlukumezeka okukhulu alufani no-espionage. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lokugcina, ukudluliswa kolwazi okungekho emisebenzini noma enkonzweni kwenziwa. Isibonelo, isakhamuzi, isisebenzi sesikhungo sokucwaninga, ngesinyathelo somuntu siqu, sakha uxhumano olungekho emthethweni nomuntu wangaphandle futhi linikeze ulwazi olwaziwa kuye enkonzweni, olumele izimfihlo zombuso.

Qaphela:

Isihloko sezenzo ezingekho emthethweni lapho kukhishwa ulwazi yizimfihlo zombuso. Lona idatha evikelwe ngumthetho evela emkhakheni wezinqubomgomo zangaphandle, ezempi, ezokuhlakanipha, ezokusebenza-ukucinga, ukuphikisana nokuziphendulela, imisebenzi yezomnotho, ukusakazwa okungalimaza ukuphepha kweRussia. Umthetho ubeka uhlu lwolwazi olusebenza njengemfihlo yombuso.

Ukuqedwa kwesenzo

Ubugebengu bokukhishwa kwemfihlo kahulumeni kubhekwa kuphelele kusukela ngesikhathi lapho ulwazi ludluliselwe ekhelini lenkampani yangaphandle. Abameli bezwe langaphandle noma inhlangano yizikhulu zabo. Bangaba ngamalungu ezithunywa, abasebenzi bezinsizakalo ezikhethekile nezinye izakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho uhlinzeka ngomzamo noma ukulungiselela ubugebengu. Isibonelo, umenzi wobugebengu angaboshwa ngesikhathi ezama ukunikeza ulwazi kulawo maqembu.

Okunye usizo

Isigaba 275 soMthetho Wezobugebengu we-Russian Federation sinikeza izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ezihlose ukuhlinzeka usizo ezinhlanganweni zangaphandle ekuphatheni kobuhlakani noma eminye imisebenzi echitha phansi umthethosisekelo kanye nokuvikeleka kweRussia, ngaphandle uma ehlanganiswa namanye amafomu aboniswe ngenhla. Ohlangothini lomgomo kulokhu luxhunyaniswa nokusungula uxhumano (othintana naye) phakathi kwesakhamuzi sezwe kanye nabamele bangaphandle futhi benze ngokuvumelana nemisebenzi etholakele kubo:

1. Ezinye izenzo ezingekho emthethweni ngokumelene nezisekelo zomthethosisekelo nokuphepha kweRussia.
2. Izigebengu ezingenzi ukwakheka kwe-athikili okucatshangelwayo, kodwa zidale umonakalo eRussia Federation.

Izenzo zomenzi wobugebengu esecaleni sokuqala zizofaneleka ngokulandela isethi yezimiso. Ngokuyinhloko, uzokhokhiswa ngokuhlukumezeka okukhulu kanye nesenzo esithile (ukuvukela okuhlomile, isenzo samaphekula, njalo njalo). Esimweni sesibili, alukho uhlu oluphelele. Izenzo zingahluka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, njengoba isici esiyinhloko kuwo wonke amacala kungukungqubuzana kokuphepha kwangaphandle kweRussia.

Ukuqedela kanye nezigaba zokungaziphathi kahle

Ubugebengu buzobhekwa njengophothuliwe ngesikhathi sokunikeza usizo (usizo) langempela (usizo). Kulokhu, izigaba zesenzo zingase zenzeke. Ngokukhethekile ukupheka kuhilela:

• Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo lokusiza.
• Ukwakhiwa kwemibandela yokusungula oxhumana nabo nezinhlangano zangaphandle.
• Ukuletha ulwazi ohlelweni olulula ukudlulisela nokunye okunye.

Umzamo uhilela:

• Umzamo ongaphumeleli wokuqala ukuxhumana nabameleli bangaphandle.
• Ukwenza izenzo ezihlose ukuhlinzeka usizo ukuthi izinsizakalo zangaphandle azikwazanga ukusizakala, njalonjalo.

Uhlangothi olungezansi

Ukuzibophezela ngesilinganiso se-275 se-Criminal Code ye-Russian Federation, isakhamuzi saseRussia kuphela esingabandakanyeka, oneminyaka engu-16 nangaphezulu. Njengabahlanganyeli, izihambi noma izakhamuzi ezingenalo ubuzwe bangakhuluma. Uhlangothi oluzithobayo lubonakala ngokuhloswe ngqo. Umuntu onecala uyaqonda ukusongelwa komphakathi kokuziphatha kwakhe futhi ufuna ukwenza izenzo ezingekho emthethweni. Inhloso yenzalo ngesikhathi esifanele sokuthola ubugebengu kufanele iqunyiwe. Izinhloso nezisusa zezakhamizi zingase zihluke. Banobugovu, izisusa zobuzwe, impindiselo, njalonjalo. Izisusa, naphezu kokuthi zingabonakali ngokuvamile, zibaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni indlela yokwenza isenzo, ukubeka izinga lokwephula umthetho nokufaka isijeziso.