Isethelayithi nokuxhumana. Centres, izinhlelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa isikhala ukuxhumana

Namuhla, akumangalisi eziningi izitsha satellite ku phezulu ophahleni lwezindlu. Isethelayithi nokuxhumana siqine ukuphila kumuntu ozihambela emigwaqeni. Ngisho ezindaweni ezikude manje nethuba ukubukela i-TV bese usebenzisa amasevisi e-inthanethi, kuyilapho ziba high isignali ezingeni. Kodwa konke lokhu kuye kwenziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba umsebenzi isikhala zokuxhumana izikhungo, okuzoxoxwa ngayo kulesi sihloko.

inethiwekhi Umhlaba

Ngo inethiwekhi lanamuhla imibuthano emhlabeni. ERussia ithuba ukuthatha amasignali ithelevishini eliphezulu kwenza Federal inarha ebumbeneko Enterprise "Russian Satellite Communications." Lena enye yezinhlobo ezingu-opharetha satellite ngobukhulu eziyishumi emhlabeni, nge siqu TV isikhungo yayo kokucindezelwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza multiplexing okusakaza yedijithali, edonsa amaphakheji of federal izinhlelo ukusakaza.

isikhala ingxenye

Inkampani siqukethe umlaza 12 iziphuphutheki bonke ububanzi. Isethelayithi Ukusabalala ndawo yoke imikhawulo yama-Russia, CIS, e-Europe, i-Afrika naseMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Australia, iNyakatho neNingizimu Melika, futhi esifundeni Asia-Pacific. indawo Orbital of mkhathi ku arc esemkhathini - kusuka 14 ° entshonalanga kuya ku-145 ° longitude empumalanga.

I eliwumhlaba ingxenye

Ingqalasizinda, okuyinto emhlabathini - kungcono izikhungo ezinhlanu lesikhala nezokuxhumana. Basuke etholakala kulo lonke elakwa-Russia. Ngo umsebenzi wayo inkampani luqondiswe Uhlelo federal target sokuthuthukiswa yezokusakaza kuleli Russian Federation e 2009-2018. Miningi imisebenzi ubanzi kakhulu:

• ukuphathwa, isikhala ukuxhumana kanye nokuqapha isikhala kwetakhiwo, izimoto;
• ukuxhumana kanye Broadcasting (umsakazo nethelevishini yezokusakaza, digital satellite TV) emazweni 52;
• uhulumeni nokuxhumana kamongameli;
• Wendlovu kanye zasolwandle nezokuxhumana.

Indlela yokuxhumana ngaphansi kwezimo isikhala

Transmission of ulwazi phezu isiteshi Earth - satellite space kanye nokubheka emuva wenziwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Isikhala esetshenziswa izinhlelo telemetry, ngocingo, yocingo, ithelevishini. Ethandwa kakhulu uhlelo emsakazweni. The main timphawu letehlukene isikhala ngenxa izinto ezindizayo emkhathini zimi kanje:

• kushintsha njalo isikhundla mkhathi;
• okuqhubekayo ushintsho isignali ngesivinini reception;
• elinganiselwe ukubonakala zone ngqo amaphuzu phansi uxhumano;
• nokukhawulela amandla omoya esisogwini mkhathi;
• eziningi ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana.

Kutfutfukiswa Space nokuxhumana

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi Ungowokuqala okuxhunyanwa naye nendoda emkhathini lagcwaliseka Apreli 12, 1961. Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin kwaba, kulo indiza yayo ukuba ihlale izithoba engaguquki ezimbili zocingo kanye yocingo zokuxhumana Earth mkhathi "Vostok" in the ezahlukene imitha futhi decameter amagagasi.

Esikhathini esizayo, isikhala ukuxhumana phansi kwaba ngcono, futhi ngo-August 1961, ngesikhathi indiza ka Cosmonaut GS Titov avela sehliselwe 10 ozimele ngesekhondi isithombe TV. Namuhla, asetshenziselwa ezivamile ithelevishini izinhlelo ejwayelekile, futhi ukudluliswa ibanga ezingu-350 kilometers (phakathi izindiza kuyi-Mars).

ingxenye kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezomnotho

Ithemu isevisi satellite ukulokho engaba ngu-15. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, le kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe zokuxhumana. Omunye satellite orbit nge izindleko kufika ku- $ 230 million, kanti umsebenzi yomnikazi - lisebenza ngendlela efanele futhi esisebenzisa njengophawu luhlobo sokuqasha. ERussia, izinhlangano ezimbili kuphela enkulu engakwazi ukuthola lokho ikwenze ube satellite orbit geostationary - Federal inarha ebumbeneko Enterprise "Russian Satellite Communications Inkampani" futhi OAO "Gazprom Space Systems".

Izinkinga ngamagagasi okufutshane

Radio ukuxhumana izinto isikhala futhi izindiza sise amabanga okukhulu kuka 1000 km, iqhutshwa uhla shortwave. Kodwa kuleli zwe lanamuhla, leli banga akwanele. Izizathu zalokhu zimi kanje:

• shortwave ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa abalulekile ingasebenza iziteshi zomsakazo abangaba yinkulungwane futhi umsebenzi wabo namuhla kaningi.
• Ukwanda umsindo ezingeni kudinga ukusetshenziswa omoya namandla kakhulu.
• Isici oyinhloko sobubanzi ezinjalo - esiphelweni multipath futhi umphumela isignali lantambama ngesikhathi umamukeli. Lokhu kwenza kube cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuxhumana kuleli banga akulona amabanga amade kakhulu.

Ultra-okufutshane wave ububanzi kancane ukulayishwa, kodwa reception Kwenziwa kuphela ezindaweni ukubonakala.

Phuma - iziphuphutheki

Ukuba khona isignali repeater emkhathini, okungukuthi iziphuphutheki, kunikeza umbono futhi kuvula amathuba amasha up sokuthuthukiswa isikhala ukuxhumana. It bazokwazi ukuhlinzeka kwadluliselwa nge izinto kude emkhathini futhi beyomboza iplanethi ephephile futhi ukusakaza backbone igridi. Satellites yekwentiwa isignali ukuphinda ingafakwa, kanye iziphuphutheki ngokwabo kungaba umile (isihlobo eqondiswa umhlaba) futhi endiza omise ongaphakeme.