Intengo sikelo - kuyini? 1923, i-sikelo intengo: izimbangela, essence izindlela

Umnotho yaseSoviet Union ayedabula eziningi ezinzima, okwaholela Imiphumela kokubili emihle nemibi. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi nesikhathi inqubomgomo entsha kwezomnotho kwakukhona into ezifana sikelo intengo. essence yayo itholakala ukungalingani zamanani phakathi ukukhiqizwa wemboni kwezezimboni nakwezolimo. Ake sihlolisise, yini okushiwo eside futhi yiziphi izimbangela zayo futhi yiziphi izindlela aphume kulesi simo.

Kusho ukuthini?

Wonke umuntu oye wafunda ezomnotho kanye nentuthuko yomnotho womhlaba, ujwayelene inkulumo ethi "intengo sikelo". Kuyini lokhu? Ngokuvamile, leli gama libhekisela umehluko amanani amaqembu ahlukene kwezimpahla international amanani emakethe. Isandiso e izindleko ngenxa yokuthi ukuthi kunezinzuzo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho, okuyinto etholakala ekukhiqizeni nokudayiswa kwezimpahla ezithile. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba uqhathanise amanani yezimpahla izinhlobo ezahlukene, kukhona umbono wokuthi intengo yemikhiqizo ekhiqizwa lungaphezu inzuzo esengeziwe umdayisi kuka uphethiloli kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngokuvamile, sikelo intengo ukuchaza exchange ezingadingekile kwezimpahla phakathi ezindaweni ezisemakhaya nasemadolobheni futhi phakathi uthi kwezomnotho athuthukile kanye nokuthuthukisa.

Ukuvela kwegama elithi eU.SSR

Lapho elaseSoviet Union Lvom Davidovichem elithi laqanjwa "intengo sikelo" Trotsky ngokukhethekile ukuchaza isimo ngaleso sikhathi imikhiqizo kwezezimboni nakwezolimo amanani. yokuthengisa esibucayi, lapho kakade liye lacaca ekwindla ka-1923 wabonisa ukuthi inani labantu akakwazi ukuthola imikhiqizo yezimboni izinga ezingabazisayo. Nakuba-ke nje zatarivatsya abantu ngokushesha ukuthengisa izimpahla futhi wenze inzuzo. Konke lokhu kwakwenziwa ukuze ulethe umkhakha ezingeni elisha, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukukhulisa sohlelo isimo sisonke. Ngokusho osomnotho, le ndlela akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuletha imiphumela emihle, kodwa kuthatha indawo emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

Ingqikithi yalo 1923 Inkinga

Emuva ngo-1923 ukukhiqizwa yezimboni waqala ukuthengisa ngentengo ephakeme, yize izinga ayiyinhle. Ngakho, ngo-Okthoba, ngonyaka ka-23 leminyaka elidlule intengo emphahleni zaba ngamaphesenti angaphezu kuka-270 yezindleko efakwe imikhiqizo efanayo ngo-1913. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaba nokwanda okukhulu intengo amanani kwemikhiqizo yezolimo landa ngamaphesenti angu-89 kuphela. Lo mkhuba ukungalingani Trotsky inikezwa eside entsha - "sikelo amanani". Isimo engangibhekene naso ezingalindelekile, njengoba uhulumeni wayebhekene buyingozi - omunye crisis ukudla. Abalimi kwakungafanele inzuzo ukudayisa imikhiqizo yabo inqwaba. Thina ukuthengisa kuphela umthamo ukuthi uvunyelwe ukuba ungakhokha intela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhulumeni waphakamisa intengo emakethe kokusanhlamvu, nakuba yentengo ukuthengwa okusanhlamvu emizaneni lahlala enyameni, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kwehle.

Izimbangela obumbi

Ukuze uqonde lomkhuba we "intengo sikelo" ngo-1923, i-izimbangela, ngokuyisisekelo obumbi kwagqashuka isidingo sokucwaninga enemininingwane isizinda saso. ESoviet Union esikhathini okukhulunywa waqala inqubo kwezimboni, ikakhulukazi kwezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, leli zwe lalikhungethwe ngokuthi isiphi isigaba sayo sokuzuza yebhizinisi, kanye share oyinhloko wemali Imininingwane kazwelonke zaba umkhakha wezolimo. Futhi ukuze ukwandisa ezingeni ukukhiqizwa yezimboni, babe izimali ezidingekayo, iziphi "akhishwa" wezolimo.

Ngamanye amazwi, kwakukhona ukuhanjiswa kwemali zezimali, kanye sikelo intengo kulesi sikhathi nje wandisa. Kube mkhuba amanani imikhiqizo ukunyakaza, ithengiswe bamabhizinisi ezolimo ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi izimpahla ezithengwe kubo kusukela abakhiqizi sokusetshenziswa ikakhulukazi - ngakolunye.

Izindlela solution

Iziphathimandla ziye lenza wonke umzamo ukuxazulula izinkinga emnothweni, okwaphumela intengo Scissors (1923). Izizathu nezindlela ukuthi kuhlongozwa ukuba uHulumeni waseSoviet, kufakwe amaphuzu amaningana. Okokuqala, kwanqunywa ukuba ukunciphisa izindleko nokukhulisa umkhakha wezokukhiqiza. Lokhu osekuzuziwe ngezindlela eziningana, nemithetho eyisisekelo okuyinto - ukunciphisa abasebenzi, nokwenza kahle inqubo ukukhiqizwa, ukulawula abasebenzi inkokhelo promsektora, ukunciphisa indima abaxhumanisi. Isikhathi sokugcina yafinyelelwa ngokwakha inethiwekhi enkulu umthengi co-op. Kunalokho okwaba usizo? izinhloso zayo eziyinhloko kwakufanele ukunciphisa izindleko emphahleni wabasebenzisi ezivamile, lula izimakethe ukuthengisela, kanye ukusheshisa inzuzo.

umzamo Imiphumela

Zonke izenzo anti-Inkinga uhulumeni sezishiye imiphumela emihle: ngemva konyaka, okungukuthi, ngo-Ephreli 1924, amanani kwemikhiqizo yezolimo rose kancane, kuyilapho ukukhiqizwa yezimboni bawela amaphesenti 130. 1923, i-sikelo intengo awasasebenzi (ie ayisesemikhulu), futhi laqala khona ukugubha a zamanani olinganiselayo ezindaweni. Ikakhulukazi, lapho sibona umphumela omuhle bafakela ku ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. Uma kuqhathaniswa iminyaka eyedlule, lapho kuqala ukubamba iqhaza kwezolimo ombangela ezinkulu ngezimali kuleli zwe, imboni iye yaba umthombo ezimele wayenemfuyo. Lokhu sekwenze kwaba lula ukuze unciphise sikelo intengo, ngaleyo ndlela kwande yentengo imikhiqizo abalimi.

Intengo sikelo emazweni aseNtshonalanga

Hhayi e-USSR, kodwa futhi eNtshonalanga Yurophu ne-United States wasebenzisa sikelo intengo. Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ngokuyinhloko nomthelela displacement zokukhiqiza kusuka emapulazini amancane. Ngokwesibonelo, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II kwezinye amandla kosozimali (Britain, iFrance, i-USA kanye nabanye.) Inhlokodolobha kwezohwebo, zezimali kanye yezimboni ezinkulu kancane kancane ukungena emkhakheni wezolimo. Saqala ukwakha ubudlelwane Agro-zezimboni, lapho kwanqunywa ukuba sisebenzise ngentuthuko yakamuva zesayensi lobuchwepheshe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abalimi bathintwa kuncike esiqinile isimo ukulawula futhi kungekho mithetho elandelwayo. Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba iqiniso lokuthi amapulazi amancane, iningi lazo ongeke ukwazi amabhizinisi umndeni wayengeke asonge izandla ukuncintisana futhi zafa. Lezi amapulazi amancane, naphezu kosizo isimo, zehlulekile ukuthenga izimpahla ezibizayo wezolimo ezivezwa monopolies nezimboni.

Ngakho, abalimi kwadingeka akhethe: noma ukuya kwakuwukuthi ephelele izinhlangano zezimboni ezinethonya ekulahlekelweni ukuzimela noma ngisho ukuyeka ezolimo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amapulazi amakhulu ngenxa ukwakheka eziyinkimbinkimbi Agro-zezimboni kabusha futhi atholwe izici, efana corporations yesimanje. Lolu hlobo factory ipulazi ngenxa sikelo intengo uvele umncintiswano njalo ngoba umthengi.