Inkumbulo Flash. SSD. Nazi izinhlobo flash inkumbulo. imemori khadi

inkumbulo Flash uhlobo inkumbulo obuhlala isikhathi eside amakhompyutha, lapho okuqukethwe kungenziwa reprogrammed noma ususe indlela kagesi. Uma eqhathaniswa kagesi Erasable Ehlelwe Funda Memory kuphela izinyathelo ezingenhla ke engenziwa emabhulokini ukuthi kuvamile namanje ezindaweni ezahlukene. inkumbulo Flash kubiza incane kakhulu kunaleyo EEPROM, ngakho-ke isibe ubuchwepheshe evelele. Ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho udinga ngendlela engaguquguquki futhi eside idatha ukulondolozwa. Ukusetshenziswa Its uvunyelwe ezihlukahlukene izimo: e Abadlali digital okulalelwayo, amakhamera, omakhalekhukhwini kanye Smartphones, lapho kukhona ekhethekile ISICELO kwimemori khadi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isetshenziswa USB stick, ngokwesiko asetshenziselwa ukugcina ulwazi kanye uthumele phakathi kwamakhompyutha. Ethola notoriety ethile emhlabeni zokudlala, lapho ngokuvamile kufakwe ku ukushelela ukugcina idatha ngentuthuko umdlalo.

incazelo jikelele

inkumbulo Flash uhlobo ukuthi uyakwazi ukugcina ulwazi ekhadini lakho isikhathi eside ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla. Ngaphezu kwalokho angase kwazeke eliphakeme ukufinyelela ijubane idatha, futhi kangcono kinetic ukushaqeka ukumelana ngokuziqhathanisa angaphandle kanzima. Ngenxa izici ezinjalo, sesiye reference for kumadivayisi adumile, ngamabhetri futhi accumulator. Enye inzuzo elingenakuphikwa liwukuthi lapho ifleshikhadi inkumbulo onomfutho ibe okuqinile, ke cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba abhubhise ezinye izindlela ngokomzimba ejwayelekile, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ukumelana amanzi ngomfutho ophakeme abilayo.

ukufinyelela idatha eliphansi

indlela ukufinyelela idatha, ise inkumbulo flash wehlukile ukuthi isetshenziswa izinhlobo ezivamile. ukufinyelela eliphansi wenziwa umshayeli. RAM Jwayelekile ngokushesha aphendule izingcingo lifunde ulwazi futhi urekhode, kubuyisele imiphumela leyo misebenzi, futhi idivayisi flash imemori enjalo ukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi sokuzindla.

Idivayisi futhi Umgomo we operation

Okwamanje, ezivamile flash inkumbulo, esiklanyelwe odnotranzistornyh izakhi nge "ezintantayo" esangweni. Ngalesi kungenzeka ukunikeza okusezingeni eliphezulu isitoreji idatha kwabantu uma ziqhathaniswa RAM ashukumisayo, esidinga ukuba pair of transistors futhi isici capacitor. Okwamanje emakethe igcwele ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene maqondana nokwakhiwa izakhi eziyisisekelo kwalolu hlobo abezindaba, okuyinto zenzelwe abakhiqizi eziholela. Umehluko inani izingqimba, izindlela yokubhala futhi ususe ulwazi Iinhlangano isakhiwo, ngokuvamile wabonisa esihlokweni.

Okwamanje, kunezinto ezimbalwa izinhlobo chips nkinga ivame kakhulu: NOMA futhi NAND. Kuzo zombili imemori transistors uxhumano yenziwe imigqa kancane - parallel futhi uchungechunge, ngokulandelana. Uhlobo lokuqala cell osayizi kukhona mikhulu, futhi kukhona kungenzeka fast ukufinyelela okungahleliwe, okukuvumela ukuba akhiphe izinhlelo ngokuqondile inkumbulo. Eyesibili libhekene ezincane anezikhala osayizi, kanye okusheshayo ukufinyelela ezilandelanayo okungukuthi zibelula lapho isidingo sokwakha amadivayisi block-hlobo ukuthi izogcina esiningi ulwazi.

Iningi kumadivayisi ephathekayo SSD isebenzisa inkumbulo uhlobo NOMA. Nokho, manje, futhi kuya kuba amadivayisi kuthandwa nge esibonakalayo se-USB. Basebenzisa NAND-uhlobo inkumbulo. Kancane kancane indawo yokuqala.

Inkinga eyinhloko - fragility

Amasampula lokuqala ukukhiqizwa flash oshayelayo uchungechunge akazijabulisanga abasebenzisi ngesivinini ephakeme. Nokho, manje ijubane zokuqopha Ukufunda ezingeni ukuthi ingabonwa yobude obugcwele movie noma ukusebenzisa ohlelweni ikhompyutha yokusebenza. Inani abakhiqizi kakade wabonisa umshini, lapho drive kanzima esikhundleni flash inkumbulo. Kodwa lobu buchwepheshe has ethile elibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto kuba isithiyo esikhundleni the yenethiwekhi ye amadiski kazibuthe ekhona. Ngenxa yesimo se-flash anememori ivumela lokusula nolwazi ubhala inani elilinganiselwe imijikelezo, okuyinto okumele izuzwe, ngisho amadivayisi amancane ephathekayo, ingasaphathwa kangakanani kwenziwa ngama-computer. Uma usebenzisa lolu hlobo abezindaba njengoba drive okuqinile-isimo i-PC-ke ngokushesha kuziwa esimweni esibucayi.

Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-drive ezifana yakhelwe impahla ensimini-umphumela transistors ukuyigcina ku "ezintantayo" esangweni kagesi, ukungabi noma khona okuyinto Transistor ubonakala njengeNkosi eyodwa okunengqondo noma uziro ngakubili inombolo system. Ukuqopha kanye ukusula idatha ku NAND-inkumbulo imihubhe electron ezivezwa indlela Fowler-Nordheim ezihilela Kwe-dielectric Heating. Akudingi voltage high, okuvumela ukuba wenze usayizi cell ubuncane. Kodwa ncamashi nale nqubo kuholela yokuwohloka ngokomzimba amaseli, kusukela kagesi kuleli cala kubangela electron ukungena esangweni, breaking Kwe-dielectric Heating isithiyo. Nokho, i-yibhange eshalofini impilo memory ezinjalo kuba iminyaka eyishumi. Ukwehla kwentengo chip Akubangelwa ukufunda ulwazi, kodwa ngenxa nokusebenza sula yayo nokubhala, ngoba ukufundwa akudingi izinguquko isakhiwo kumaseli, kodwa uphasisa kagesi kuphela.

Ngokwemvelo, abakhiqizi kwimemori isebenza bebheke okwandisa ukuphila inkonzo isimo ngemoto okuqinile yalolu hlobo: basuke fixed ukuqinisekisa ukufana ukuqopha / ukusula izinqubo amaseli afanayo komunye engaboshiwe kakhudlwana kunamanye. Ukuze load sekulinganisa Uhlelo endleleni kuthiwa okungcono ukusetshenziswa. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqeda lesi simo osebenza ku "ukugqoka yokululama" ubuchwepheshe. ngokuvamile Idatha iyashintsha, ukuhambisa isikhala nekheli inkumbulo flash, ngoba irekhodi wenziwa ngokuvumelana amakheli ezahlukene ngokomzimba. isilawuli ngamunye ifakwe siqu ukuqondanisa algorithm yayo, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu ukuqhathanisa ukusebenza onobuhle ezahlukene njengoba imininingwane ukuqaliswa awazange wakwambula. Njengoba unyaka ngamunye ngevolumu flash oshayelayo ayabaluleka kuswelekile kakhulu ukusebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu iyashelela ukuthi ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuzinza kudivayisi ukusebenza.

Ukuxazulula

Enye indlela ephumelela kakhulu ekunqandeni mkhuba wanikezwa ethile inkumbulo komsebenzi, lapho ukufana umthwalo kuqinisekiswa futhi ukulungisa iphutha esebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu esikhethekile ukudlulisa okunengqondo ngokomzimba amabhlogo esikhundleni ezenzeka nge ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile e-memory stick. Futhi ukuvimbela ukulahleka kolwazi cell, limoshekile, ivinjiwe noma esikhundleni wuhlelo eyisipele. isofthiwe okunjalo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuvimba ukusatshalaliswa ukuqinisekisa ukufana umthwalo ngokwandisa inani nowe by izikhathi 3-5, kodwa lokhu akwanele.

Imemori khadi namanye amadivayisi isitoreji efanayo zinezikhathi yokuthi endaweni yabo yenkonzo lilondolozwe nge etafuleni uhlelo ifayela. It kuvimbela Imininingwane ukufunda ukwehluleka ezingeni okunengqondo, isibonelo, ayilungile noma ukhupha ukumisa ngokuzumayo supply amandla kagesi. Futhi kusukela lapho usebenzisa amadivaysi esikhiphekayo olunikezwa ohlelweni ukulondoloza isikhashana, i-ukubhalwa ngaphezu njalo has ngomphumela odabukisayo kakhulu phezu kwetafula lwemibhalo okuqukethwe yefayelaq. Futhi ngisho izinhlelo esikhethekile khadi abakwazi ukusiza kulesi simo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-handling olulodwa umsebenzisi ikopishwe izinkulungwane amafayela. Futhi, ngokusobala, kanye kuphela isetshenziswa emabhuloki okurekhodiwe lapho baya khona ukuyofunda. Kodwa indawo yesevisi kwakuhambisana buyekeza ngamunye noma iyiphi ifayela, ukuthi, ithebula elabela eziye zabhekana nale nqubo izinkulungwane zezikhathi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwasekuqaleni izohluleka amabhlogo elalihlala lezi idatha. Ubuchwepheshe "bafake yokululama" isebenza nge amayunithi ezinjalo, kodwa ukusebenza yayo lilinganiselwe. Bese akunandaba yini usebenzisa ikhompyutha yakho, flash drive uzobe ezilimele ngisho nalapho bunikezwa umdali.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukwandisa umthamo amadivayisi ezinjalo kuye kwabangela chips kuphela yokuthi inani eliphelele bhala imijikelezo kwehle, kusukela cell baba ezincane, ezidinga voltage kancane futhi ukuba ukudamba oxide ngodonga ukuthi ukuhlukanisa "esangweni elintantayo." Futhi lapha isimo yokuthi ukwanda umthamo amadivayisi esetshenziswa inkinga ngokuthembeka kwabo sesibe ngokuya esebenzisa isihluku kanye nekhadi ekilasini manje kuncike ezicini eziningi. ukusebenza onokwethenjelwa isinqumo esinjalo kunqunywa izici zayo lobuchwepheshe kanye isimo emakethe linqoba okwamanje. Ngenxa ekuncintisaneni okushubile ophoqelelwe abakhiqizi zinciphise izindleko zokukhiqiza nganoma iyiphi indlela. Kubandakanya ngokuzenza zibe lula design, ukusetshenziswa izingxenye iqoqo eshibhile, ngokuba ukulawula ukwakhiwa lube buthaka ngezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, imemori khadi "Samsung" izobiza ngaphezulu kuka nozakwabo iimsebenzi eyaziwa kancani, kodwa nokwethenjelwa salo ezindabeni ingasaphathwa. Kodwa lapha, kunzima kakhulu ukukhuluma ngalolu ukungabi oluphelele izinkinga, kanye kuphela kumadivayisi ngokuphelele abakhiqizi engaziwa kunzima ulindele okuthile ngaphezulu.

amathemba ukuthuthukiswa

Nakuba zikhona izinzuzo ezisobala, baba baningana yokuntula agcwele ekhadini le-SD-inkumbulo, ekuvimbeleni Okunye ukusatshalaliswa kwezinhlelo uhlelo lwayo lokusebenza. Ngakho walondoloza njalo zifunana izixazululo ehlukile kule ndawo. Yiqiniso, okokuqala uzame ukuthuthukisa izinhlobo akhona flash inkumbulo, okuyinto aliholeli ezinye izinguquko ezinqala enqubeni ekhona ukukhiqizwa. Ngakho akungabazeki eyodwa kuphela: izinkampani abathintekayo womshini zalezi zinhlobo ngemoto, izozama ukusebenzisa amandla ayo egcwele, ngaphambi kokudlulela uhlobo oluhlukile kuchutjekwa nekwenta ncono ubuchwepheshe bendabuko. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Sony iMemori Khadi ekhiqizwa okwamanje anhlobonhlobo amavolumu, ngakho kucatshangwa ukuthi futhi uzoqhubeka ithengiswe ngenkuthalo.

Nokho, kuze kube manje, ukuqaliswa yezimboni embundwini kuyinto lahlukene okunye isitoreji ubuchwepheshe, ezinye zazo ezingase zithathwe ngokushesha phezu okuvela nezimo zezimakethe evumayo.

RAM Ferroelectric (Fram)

Ubuchwepheshe isimiso isitoreji ferroelectric (Ferroelectric RAM, Fram) is ehlongoza ukuba kwakhiwe isikhungo non-oluyingozi wememori. Kukholakala ukuthi lo mshini ubuchwepheshe atholakalayo, esakhiwa ngo ngaphezulu idatha ku inqubo kokufunda zonke ukulungiswa yezingxenye eziyisisekelo, kuholela containment ezithile amadivayisi ngesivinini ezingaba khona. A Fram - yizinkumbulo, libhekene lula, enokwethenjelwa futhi ijubane lomsebenzi. Lezi izindawo manje nobuntu dram - RAM oluyingozi okukhona okwamanje. Kodwa ke more niyozenezelelwa, kanye nokwenzeka isitoreji eside idatha, okuyinto libhekene i imemori khadi le-SD. Phakathi izinzuzo lobu buchwepheshe kungaba ukumelana ovelele ezahlukene emisebeni okujulile ezinganxeshezelwa amadivayisi ezikhethekile ezisetshenziswa ukusebenza nemibandela radioactivity anda noma ocwaningweni isikhala. Imininingwane isitoreji indlela yaqaphela ngokusebenzisa umphumela ferroelectric. Libonisa ukuthi okokusebenza ukulondoloza nokwehlukana ngokungabi bikho zangaphandle emkhakheni kagesi. akhiwa Fram inkumbulo kweselula ngokubheja ultrathin ifilimu ka impahla ferroelectric ngesimo zinhlayiya phakathi pair of flat metal electrode ukwakha capacitor. Idatha kulokhu agcinwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo crystal. Lokhu kuvimbela icala ukuvuza umphumela, elibangela ukulahleka kolwazi. Idatha ku Fram-inkumbulo agcinwayo ngisho noma amandla voltage.

RAM Magnetic (MRAM)

Olunye uhlobo inkumbulo, okuyinto namuhla ibhekwa njengempophoma ethembisa kakhulu, kuba MRAM. It libhekene kuqhathaniswa okusezingeni eliphezulu ukusebenza ngesivinini futhi okungezona simo esishubile. Unit cell kulokhu mncane ifilimu kazibuthe ibekwe substrate silicon. MRAM kuyinto inkumbulo static. It akadingi ubhalwe kabusha gqwa, futhi ulwazi ngeke ilahleke uma amandla ivaliwe. Okwamanje, izazi eziningi ziyavumelana ukuthi lolu hlobo inkumbulo kungenziwa ngokuthi olandelayo isizukulwane ubuchwepheshe njengoba sibonelo ekhona kubonisa ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu nesivinini. Enye inzuzo yokuhamba kwesikebhe lokhu Isixazululo izindleko eliphansi chips. inkumbulo Flash senziwa ngokuhambisana ezikhethekile CMOS inqubo. A MRAM chip kungenziwa oluqanjwe ejwayelekile yokukhiqiza inqubo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto zingaba nalezo ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza abezindaba ezivamile kazibuthe. Khiqiza amaqoqwana elikhulu lezi chips ishibhile kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye. Okubalulekile MRAM-inkumbulo sici yikhono ukuvumela osheshayo. Lokhu kubalulekile ikakhulukazi kumadivayisi eselula. Ngempela, lolu hlobo kweselula kunqunywa inani kwenkokhiso kazibuthe, hhayi kagesi, njengoba kule flash inkumbulo ezivamile.

Ovonic Memory Enobunye (Oum)

Olunye uhlobo inkumbulo, lapho izinkampani eziningi isebenza - it is a okuqinile-state drive ezisekelwe Semiconductors amorphous. Ngezinye base kwako esigabeni inguqulelo ubuchwepheshe ethi ayifane naleyo isimiso uqopha akwazi ukugcina ezivamile. Lapha isimo isigaba ketshezi inkambu kagesi washintsha esuka crystalline ukuze amorphous. Futhi lolu shintsho lilondolozwe ukungabi khona voltage. Kusukela ezivamile akwazi ukugcina optical , amadivayisi njenge zinezikhathi ngalolo Ukushisa senzeka ngenxa yesenzo kagesi, hhayi laser. Ukufunda wenziwa Kulokhu ngenxa umehluko lembhali ikhono izinto ezifundeni ezehlukene, okuyinto ziqondakala drive inzwa. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi ikhambi elinjalo has a isitoreji high density idatha nokwethembeka esiphezulu, kanye nesivinini anda. sibalo High inombolo esiphezulu bhala imijikelezo, olusebenzisa drive yekhompyutha, flash, kulesi simo lags by oda eziningana ezihlanganisa.

Chalcogenide RAM (Cram) kanye Isigaba Guqula Memory (PRAM)

Lobu buchwepheshe lusekelwe futhi ngesisekelo isigaba ukuhwebelana lapho umusho owodwa into esetshenziselwa e esiphathiswa ukhonza njengephayona-non-conductive impahla amorphous, kanye umqhubi yesibili crystalline. Inguquko yeseli inkumbulo esimweni eyodwa kuya kwenye Kwenziwa emkhakheni kagesi bafudumale. chips okunjalo zinezikhathi ukumelana ionizing emisebeni.

Imininingwane-Multilayered sihleli ikhadi (Info-MICA)

amadivaysi Umsebenzi eyakhelwe ngesisekelo lobu buchwepheshe, isekelwe esimisweni nomzimba omncane-ifilimu holography. Ulwazi kulotshwe kanje: kuqala ukwakha isithombe ezimbili-ntathu adluliselwa yakho uyiqhamukela ngasohlangothini ka CGH ubuchwepheshe. Ukufunda idatha kungenxa nenkanuko edlulele ugongolo laser onqenqemeni omunye izingqimba ukurekhoda, le optical waveguides abasebenzi. Khanyisa Ukhuthaza kanye i-eksisi okuyinto ahlelwe parallel indiza ye ungqimba, ukwakha isithombe okukhipha elihambisana ulwazi aqoshiwe ngaphambilini. Idatha kokuqala angatholakala nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngokusebenzisa ephambene esephepheni algorithm.

Lolu hlobo inkumbulo kahle ne Semiconductor ngenxa yokuthi lecinisekisa okusezingeni eliphezulu idatha ukuminyana, ukhwaliti amandla ukusetshenziswa eziphansi esiphathiswa, ukuphepha kwemvelo kanye nokuvikelwa ekusetshenzisweni okungagunyaziwe. Kodwa ubhalwe kabusha ulwazi inkumbulo ezifana card akavumi, Ngakho-ke, kungaba ukukhonza kuphela njengoba isitoreji yesikhathi eside, esikhundleni medium iphepha noma enye akwazi ukugcina optical ukusatshalaliswa kokuqukethwe soxhumanoningi.