Inkinga. Izinhlobo zezinkinga: kwezenhlalakahle, ezomnotho, ngokwengqondo kanye nezinye

Igama elithi "inkinga" cishe wonke umuntu ubona njengoba inkinga, isidina, isimiso, ukubambezeleka noma yini.

Inkinga: I izinhlobo zezinkinga

Njengoba ebalulekile ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla, it is eyenziwe kokuhlukana yayo. Kwephula i ikambiso esungulwe wokuphila, ezithinta wonke amazinga womsebenzi womuntu, ubeka umuntu ibe ukuphela efile kuyinkinga. Izinhlobo zezinkinga:

• ngokwengqondo;
• yesayensi;
• nomphakathi;
• kwezomnotho;
• ukuphathwa;
• kwemvelo;
• yomhlaba wonke.

izinkinga ezingokwengqondo

izinkinga ezingokwengqondo zinemizwelo isimo sokungalingani womuntu ezithinta ubuhlobo bayo nomunye futhi imvelo.

Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinkinga ezingokwengqondo:

• Obala -. Ngamanye amazwi, "amanga phezu" Lezi izinkinga esikhathini ubuhlobo, umhawu, imizwelo ebuhlungu, ukwesaba sobala, ukuntula ukuzithiba-futhi intando obonakaliswe ubuvila, ukungafuni ukuba nzima.
• Afihliwe - ekhona umuntu, kodwa akusho ukuzibonakalisa e kude ukuze bawathole.
• Deep - nezinkinga ezifanayo ezifihliwe, ukuba khona eningeke ebufakazini obunokwethenjelwa, kodwa kukhona izimpawu zokusebenza kwengqondo bathambekele ngokukholwa ukuthi ukhona yabo.

izinkinga yesayensi

Izinhlobo zezinkinga yesayensi (theory, methodological, yenhlangano) kukhona iqoqo abasafufusa nezindaba theory kanye nama-practical, kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, ephambene nolwazi ekhona futhi kudingeka zixazululwe ngokusebenzisa ucwaningo. Ukuze baxazulule izinkinga yesayensi ezimweni yesimanje idinga imizamo iqembu elikhulu ochwepheshe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, ngamunye okufanele babe intando nokuzimisela ukuze kuzuzwe iqiniso elingokwesayensi.

izinkinga zezenhlalo

izinkinga yokuzijabulisa ukuzwakala ukwaneliseka esinqunyiwe noma ongaphelele izidingo nezithakazelo kwabantu namaqembu. Ngaphansi izidingo ezidingekayo ukuqonda kokubili izidingo bokuphila (okokwembatha, izindlu, ukudla), futhi izinto ezingokomoya (kwezokuxhumana, ezemfundo iSilekeleli Sokwazisa). Lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo izinkinga zezenhlalo:

• Ngamunye-siqu nasesifundweni somkhaya. Lokhu isizungu, ukucindezeleka ngokungaqondi, ukuzehlukanisa nabantu, umoya ongakuthandi umndeni, umuzwa wecala, crisis yangaphakathi, izinkinga emfundweni yezingane kanye nentsha, ubunzima impilo ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo (ukuguga, ukukhubazeka).
• Izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ezihambisana nobumpofu, ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi, inani elandayo labantu abasengozini.
• Zezenhlalo nezemvelo, ngenxa imiphumela emibi empilweni yomuntu imvelo bangcolile.
• babhekane nezinga elikhulu Social elihlobene ne-division somphakathi wesintu ngesisekelo ethile (amandla, imali, umsebenzi), ebangela i kungalingani appreciable phakathi lokube nawo ezingeni lekuphila we izingxenye ezahlukene sabantu. Lokho kwenza ukudalwa izimo ezivuna ukuxhashazwa nomphakathi nokwenza izinto.
• Yokuziphatha ezifaka ukuziphatha nemikhuba ehlanekezelwe, ubugebengu, ukukhubazeka kwezenhlalo kanye anomalies.
• Symbolization futhi sekulingisa kwezenhlalo, okungukuthi yalelozwe elisontiwe ukuhlanekezela kwezindinganiso zezenhlalo.
• Komphakathi kanye zezizathu zezombusazwe ezingeni eliphansi umsebenzi womphakathi sabantu, ukungezwani ukuntengantenga lokuxhumana komphakathi.

izinkinga zomnotho

Izwe, eliqhutshwa izinqubo ukuhlanganiswa, ngokuya kuziwa isidingo ezohwebo kanye nezomnotho ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe ngendlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho emhlabeni owodwa. ukusweleka kokudla ezidinga ukusatshalaliswa efanele phakathi kwabathengi, kulesi simo, kukhona udaba kuqala. Izinhlobo nezinselelo ezikhona kuthiwa zanqwabelana eyodwa, njengoba ngokugcwele ezimele nomunye. Ngokwesibonelo, cabanga ngokungahlonishwa izakhi ezibalulekile - inkinga ukudla - nomthelela ongemuhle empilweni yomuntu ngenxa yalokho, ukunciphisa izinga kwetisebenti. Futhi lokhu, esikhundleni salokho, has nomthelela ongemuhle ekukhuleni komnotho, okwehlisa futhi kubangela izinkinga emnothweni.

Amafomu kwezinkinga zezomnotho kungenziwa esachazwa nezindaba elandelayo:

• Yini ukukhiqiza?
• Kanjani ukukhiqiza?
• Obani ukukhiqiza?

Lokho kubalulekile kahle sithole choice of emphahleni ayadingeka ukuze le nsiza nobuchwepheshe, kanye ukuhanjiswa efanele umkhiqizo etholwe phakathi opharetha kwezomnotho ngenxa inani elilinganiselwe izimpahla wadala futhi amasevisi anikezwa.

izinkinga nokuphathwa

izinkinga Ukuphathwa olwaboniswa non kuhlelwe imigomo ukusebenza ekusetshenzisweni inkampani, okubangela ukuphahlazeka futhi eziyimbangela yezinkinga ezizuzwa ukuhamba komsebenzi. Kulokhu, ukuxazulula lesi simo afaneleke umholi ukuphathwa isixazululo, okuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ukuhlonza ngokushesha futhi ukuxilonga inkinga. Izinhlobo zezinkinga ukuphathwa:

• amasu, ezidinga ekwakhekeni, ukuqonda, luhlolo, ukuhlolwa kanye nokusetshenziswa esisebenzayo database;
• Tactical ixazululwe esikhathini esifushane uma kuqhathaniswa ne amasu;
• eside -, naphakathi - yesikhathi esifushane neyezinto zamanje;
• ezingeni esiphezulu: phansi, maphakathi kanye top.

Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga okudingekayo ukuze nithole futhi ukuqonda izimpawu oholele kulo. Okuvame kakhulu yilezi:

• ukuguquguquka e budlelwane emkhatsini amayunithi yangaphakathi;
• ikhwalithi embi imikhiqizo namasevisi;
• Ukumba eqolo ukuphathwa kanye ukukhiqizwa;
• yokuntuleka kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kanye fluidity yayo;
• umkhiqizo encane yabasebenzi;
• ezimbi yokuthengisa izibalo;
• inqubo ephelelwe yisikhathi zobuchwepheshe kanye ukuwohloka okukhulu imishini;
• inzuzo encane;
• okumele zikhokhelwe omkhulu.

Ngokuvamile izimpawu zesifo ezichazwe ngenhla umphelelisi nomunye, ethula inkinga eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, iholo elincane lihlotshaniswa eqolo futhi ompofu izinga umkhiqizo.

Lawula izinkinga nokubhala izandla zabo ngamandla ikhanda, ngemuva lapho ulwazi enamandla futhi isipiliyoni, ubuchwepheshe, ibhizinisi nokuqondisisa ikhono uzizwa inkinga emabangeni ekuqaleni buqala.

izinkinga zemvelo

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezenzo zesintu, ziklanyelwe ukuhlangabezana izithakazelo zabo nokwenza izinguquko ongathandeki imvelo. Ukwandisa wokuphuthuma ukuthola lezi zinhlobo izinkinga zemvelo ezifana:

• Ukuncipha kwamanzi angaphansi ungqimba lwe-ozone, esivikela eziphilayo kusuka eziyingozi emisebeni yelanga. Isizathu esikhulu esithi "i-ozone imbobo" (isikhala nge okuqukethwe ongaphakeme we-ozone) kuyinto lokuhlushwa abalulekile emkhathini CFC - amakhemikhali oluyingozi kakhulu, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekhaya futhi emsebenzini. Uwohloka phezulu emoyeni izingqimba, akha oxide chlorine, okuyinto ibulala lwe-ozone. I attenuation imiphumela ungqimba lwe-ozone ku okusithiyayo of wenqubo ye-photosynthesis ezitshalweni iwe yezilimo, ngcono emisebeni emhlabeni ultraviolet, okuyinto enomthelela lokuhlasela kwesifo somdlavuza wesikhumba.
• Isivuvu okubangelwa Ukushisa emkhathini ephansi, ikhono idlule ngokwayo shortwave emisebeni yelanga futhi uvimbele ezishisayo eside wave emisebeni ye komhlaba. Amagesi (nitrogen oxides, i-methane, freon, carbon dioxide) ukwakha uhlobo ophahleni abamba ukushisa phezu iplanethi, ukubuyela iningi ukushisa emhlabeni, elibangela ekuqongeleleni yayo ezingqimbeni ebusweni emkhathini. Lokhu kuphumela imiphumela engemihle ezifana ekukhuleni kolwandle ngenxa iqhwa liyancibilika, kwanda izimvula, izinguquko ovunguzayo isiqondiso futhi yolwandle, izinga lokushisa kuyanda, ukufudumala okungokwemvelo. Ngo Kyoto ngoDisemba 1997, kwaba nengqungquthela yomhlaba wonke izinguquko global sezulu asemkhathini lwenziwe lapho amazwe angu-159 ababambe iqhaza. Umphumela waba ukwamukelwa of inkontileka yayo ukuhlinzeka ukuncishiswa isiyonke 5.2% wachela amagesi abamba ukushisa.
• kwezulu Acid, amelela zemvelo (imvula, iqhwa, inkungu) ne-asidi eningi ngenxa emakamu hydrogen ion e isixazululo. Lokhu kuphumela ukucindezelwa uhlaza, ziyancipha ukukhula ihlathi, isivuno, acidification zamachibi, okuholela ekufeni ulwelwe nenhlanzi.
• Ukuchithwa kokungcola kuyalawulwa - ezisalayo engasetshenziswanga izinto zokusetshenziswa, izinto lulwimi siphelile akhiqizwa inqubo ukukhiqizwa futhi ukusetshenziswa.

Ukuminyana iplanethi doti, eliqukethe e ngezithako zawo, ezinobuthi, esithathelanayo, izinto eziqhumayo kanye oluvuthayo kubangela umonakalo omkhulu oya esintwini futhi imvelo, sandla komoya, izimila, inhlabathi, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba namanzi ebusweni. Isixazululo kokuqala kwaba indle ngu nokushiswa kanye landfill. Njengoba kwanda ukungcola imvelo ukuthi ukubhujiswa kwamaJuda izindlela zemvelo ukuqeda le nkinga - uphenya, ukusebenzisa kabusha ukusetshenziswa ongaphakeme-imfucuza ubuchwepheshe, lapho nomthelela ongemuhle imvelo ingeqi ezingeni kuvunyelwe izindinganiso inhlanzeko.

Izinhlobo zezinkinga global

izinkinga Global, nge yemvelo-yemvelo kanye nomphakathi nemvelo, kuthinte izithakazelo waso sonke isintu, okusongela sina esizayo alo avamile. Njengoba kwakha isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi futhi oxhumene ehlanganisa eziyinkimbinkimbi eziyisisekelo zazo zonke izinkinga ngenhla, zidinga isixazululo ngokushesha nesicelo yemizamo esiphezulu wonke amazwe emhlabeni.

Kuye izici isici kunalezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo lwezinkinga zomhlaba:

• Okukhona phakathi kwamazwe asethuthukile namazwe asathuthuka namazwe kanye neminotho iyaguquka. Isinqumo is kuvinjelwe ukungqubuzana nokumisa oda kwezomnotho, kulondolozwe ukuthula, ukulwa nobubha, izifo, indlala, ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa.
• Phakathi nemvelo futhi indoda. Lesi sivumelwano kuhloswe ngaso nokuvikela imvelo, Ukuvikelwa nokusatshalaliswa izinto fuel and eluhlaza, ukuthuthukiswa kwezilwandle futhi isikhala, ukuhlinzeka isintu ukudla, amandla kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa.
• Phakathi komuntu nomphakathi. Kulokhu, okokuqala kukhona isidingo ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, ukuxazulula inkinga lokubala ubuningi babantu nokunye.

izinkinga Global kwesilinganiso kwamaplanethi

Izinkinga global ezakha kakhulu ezweni lanamuhla zihlanganisa:

• Ukusongela kwempi yenuzi, le yokunqoba okuyinto ukunqanda izingalo emncintiswaneni, Ukwenqatshelwa ukuthuthukiswa nokusebenzisa izikhali izinhlelo uyaca, nokuqedwa kwezikhali zenuzi.

• ubuphekula Global okuhloswe ngaso ekuthatheni emasimini amasha futhi ukusabisa labantu.
• I zezinhlekelele kuyinto Ukungenela komuntu kuyabamangaza izinqubo zemvelo.
• Ukuswelakala yemvelo - nenkinga enkulu wakubonisa lokhu kakhulu (izinhlobo izinkinga ezikhona, njengoba efanele, ngamunye ngendlela yalo). Kulokhu, nesidingo esiphuthumayo unqobe inhlekelele yama-nokuxhumana yomuntu kanye nemvelo, okuholela imiphumela eyinhlekelele ezifana Ukuwohloka kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokungcoliswa engakaze ibonwe kwemvelo. izinyathelo ezidingekile ukuthuthukisa izinyathelo ezihlose ukusetshenziswa ukonga kwemithombo yemvelo kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola emhlabathini, umoya namanzi.
• Isici zendawo ukuze sinciphise izinga lokutholakala kwengculazi kwenani labantu ababhekene nazo emazweni asethuthukile nokukhuphula izinombolo zabo emazweni asathuthuka.
• umehluko kwezomnotho kanye namasiko phakathi izinga lokuphila kwabantu emazweni asethuthukile (East and West) kanye amazwe Third World (I-Asia, e-Afrika, Latin America). Kulokhu-ke kudinga ukuba usebenzise imizamo yokwehlisa igebe ukunwetshwa nokuqeda backwardness kwezomnotho emhlabeni wonke.
• revolution kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe nge khona imiphumela yako emibi, kudinga ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo emhloleni impumelelo yayo ukuze kuzuze umphakathi futhi ngamunye eceleni.
• Ukusakazeka kwezifo ezithathelwanayo (AIDS, i-Ebola).
• Ukuluthwa yizidakamizwa, utshwala, kanye nezinye imikhuba eyingozi. Kulokhu, ukwenza umzamo odingekayo ukuze phambili unqobe ukuthambekela ukwehlisa impilo yomphakathi, ekulweni umlutha wotshwala, ukuluthwa izidakamizwa eziyingozi, ingculaza, isifo sofuba kanye nezinye izifo.