Indlela yokuthola indawo indilinga

I-geometry we Umbuthano ingxenye indiza, okuyinto engavimba umbuthano. Leligama igatsha wezibalo, izincazelo kwesokunxele mlando esingumGreki sasendulo uHerodotus, lisuselwa amazwi YesiGreki "geo" - umhlaba futhi "kamasipala" - ngesilinganiso. Ezikhathini zasendulo, ngemva kukazamcolo loMfula iNayile ngamunye, abantu kwadingeka kabusha uphawu izindawo evundile ku ogwini lwayo. Obungazungeza ijika avaliwe kuyafana, futhi wonke amaphuzu kwalo amanga equidistant kusukela maphakathi by ibanga ngokuthi engaba (it ihambelana nengxenye ububanzi we - umugqa ohlanganisa amaphuzu amabili circle edabula isikhungo yayo). Kukholakala ukuthi lowo oye wafunda property embuthanweni, akakwazi ukunquma ubude bayo noma ungakwazi ukuphendula umbuzo, hhayi "kanjani ukubala indawo indilinga?", Ingabe ungazi geometry. Kusukela theorems ezithakazelisayo kakhulu, inselele futhi ezithakazelisayo eziphathelene umbuthano.

Selilonke kubhekwe "isondo geometry." utsheke uhlale ebusweni kulo kweqa, at elifanayo - lokhu ingenye izakhiwo eziyinhloko. Enye impahla ebalulekile emjikelezweni itholakala lokuthi ukuthi endaweni circumscribed yiwo - umbuthano - uqhathaniswa endaweni esiphezulu kwezinye izimo, okuchaza yizintambo eziphukile, ubude okuyinto ilingana selilonke. Indlela yokuthola indawo embuthanweni? Lapho lo mbuzo okufanele siyikhumbule njalo zezibalo: geometry futhi mathematics inombolo abagxeka π (kufanele liphinyiselwe uhlamvu ngesiGreki njengoba pi), okuyinto ebonisa ukuthi selilonke ngezinye izikhathi 3,14159 ubukhulu bayo: L = π • d = 2 • π • r (d - ubukhulu, r - engaba). Okungukuthi, umbuthano ububanzi 1 imitha, ubude buyoba yizingalo elilingana 3,14159 m. Ukucinga value esiqondile le nombolo obabazekayo ke ine umlando ezithakazelisayo lapho wagijima parallel ukuthuthukiswa wezibalo.

I π inombolo liyasetshenziswa ukubala indawo indilinga. Umlando inombolo evamile ihlukaniswe izinkathi ezintathu: inkathi yasendulo (Jomethri), inkathi classical nesikhathi elisha eliphathelene ne Njengoba sekunama-computer digital. Ngisho waseGibhithe, eBhabhiloni, geometers Indian kanye yamaGreki asendulo zasendulo zazazi ukuthi isilinganiso selilonke futhi ububanzi nobude elengeziwe 3. It is lolu lwazi luye lwasiza ososayensi ukusungula lasendulo ifomula endaweni embuthanweni. Njengoba inani le π inombolo yaziwa, kungenzeka ukuthola indawo embuthanweni, esikhundleni ifomula: S = π • R2, esigcawini engaba layo r. Ososayensi ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene (kodwa-Archimedes, emuva lé ekhulwini 3rd BC, kulokhu waba ngowokuqala) wasebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukucacisa pi inombolo, futhi nanamuhla elisaqhubeka ukucinga izindlela, kulinganiselwa kuma-computer. Ngokunemba ngawo wayeklanyelwe ngo-2011, ifinyelele emamaki isigidintathu eziyishumi.

Amafomula ezibonisa indlela ukuthola indawo indilinga noma kanjani ukuthola i-selilonke, eyaziwa kunoma abadala. Ziye zasetshenziswa ezinkulungwaneni eziningi zeminyaka ngu zezibalo nezibali, wafanelekela isithakazelo kahle ukunquma π inombolo waqala ukufana umdlalo zezibalo, ngawo namuhla kubonisa ukuthi kungenzeka nezinzuzo izinhlelo namakhompyutha. Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo futhi Archimedes wayekholelwa ukuthi π inombolo kusuka 3 kuya 3.160. zezibalo Arab, kwakutholakala ukuthi ulingana 3.162. Usosayensi Chinese Chzhan Hen ku 2nd AD leminyaka, wathi ukubaluleka ≈ 3,1622, nokunye - yokusesha uyaqhubeka, kodwa manje bathathe incazelo entsha. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubaluleka eseduze 3.14 kuvumelana usuku lolungakahleleki Mashi 14, lapho kubhekwa usuku π inombolo.

endaweni embuthanweni, engaba kokwazi nokusebenzisa ukubaluleka esikiselwayo π inombolo, ingabalwa kalula. Kodwa kanjani ukuthola indawo umbuthano uma engaba ayaziwa? Endabeni elula, uma endaweni zingahlukaniswa zibe izikwele, ke kulingana nenani izikwele, kodwa endabeni emjikelezweni, le ndlela asifanele. Ngakho-ke, ukuxazulula inkinga eziqukethwe umbuzo "kanjani ukuthola indawo indilinga?", Usebenzisa izindlela wezinsimbi. izici kwamanani mgudumbili sibalo Jomethri, okubonisa lingakanani, thola besebenzisa exutshiwe noma planimeter.