Ifasitela lokuzula - kuyini? Meaning of igama elithi "ifasitela lokuzula." Owayebhala ngomshini - ubani lo?

Ifasitela lokuzula - irekhodi umbhalo izinhlamvu ezikhethekile iDemo. Sinenkosi enjalo Isifushaniso evumela nokuzala ephepheni ngisho inkulumo bukhoma. Ijubane ngawo bakhiqiza incwadi, izikhathi 4-7 ephakeme kunokuvamile.

definition Shorthand inganikelwa ehlukile ngandlela-thile. Lo mqondo uqhathaniswa ubuciko bokubhala. Kulokhu, kubalulekile kangaka ngokushesha okungaka ukuthi akuyona kunabayeni ijubane inkulumo. ingafinyelela kanjani lokho? Ukuze andise ijubane lokubhala, ngokubhala eziklanyelwe le njongo izinhlamvu elula. Kulokhu, amaqoqo ezinhlamvu amazwi angaphansi nokuncipha okukhulu. izimpawu Verbatim ungagcina amaphesenti ayisikhombisa nanhlanu wesikhathi kuqhathaniswa mail njalo.

indaba

Bangaphezu kuka-2 iminyaka eyinkulungwane lapho ifasitela lokuzula. Meaning of izwi, obhekisela umqondo ukuthi lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu esiGrekini - "narrowband". Ngamanye amazwi,

Esishoyo isichazamazwi Dahl futhi enikeza incazelo yokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "ifasitela lokuzula." Nansi incazelo kanje: ". Incwadi esifushanisiwe, ngekuhlanganisa, ukugcina ijubane nokukhulunywa" Kodwa umlobi odumile uCharles Dickens ngokuthi le ndlela sokuzala amazwi ubuciko engaqondakali futhi muhle.

Ukubhala uvele ayizinkulungwane eziningana eminyakeni ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu. eyasungulwa kwaba nomphumela yokuphishekela ngonya umuntu ukuthi axhumane. Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala ukubhala kwaba isihloko. Abasebenzisi wokudlulisela imiqondo yabo ngosizo izinto ezithile ezibonakalayo. Kamuva, ngokubhala isibe achazayo. Kulesi sigaba, indlela imicabango okuxhunyanwa baba izithombe, balingisi, futhi, ekugcineni, zamagama, ongagcini kuze kube yilolu suku.

Shorthand iphuma ulimi ezivamile ebhaliwe. Kwathi ngesikhathi usaqala kakhulu yentuthuko mpilo esintu, lapho abantu ezahlukene kwaveza isidingo wadluliswa ngendlela enembile inkulumo ngokusebenzisa amarekhodi okusheshayo sikubeke.

AbaseGibhithe lasendulo futhi wasebenzisa ifasitela lokuzula. Yini yashesha incwadi ohloselwe abantu basendulo, na? Ngosizo Izinkulumo ezibikiwe zikubonisa we izimbongi enkulu.

I izimbali esikhulu kunazo zonke ifasitela lokuzula safinyelela eRoma futhi Ancient Greece. A umnikelo okhethekile ngcono okusezingeni eliphezulu lokubhala isivinini, futhi waba unobhala inceku le eyiqaphuqaphu omkhulu Cicero - Tyrone. Wayengumuntu umsunguli Latin ifasitela lokuzula. Lesi sikripthi namanje ngokuthi amanothi tironovymi.

Ukufika kombuso ifasitela lokuzula ngezinhlamvu

Ngesikhathi besanda kuqala kwakunjani ngekuhlanganisa. Kusho ukuthini? Ukuze igama ngalinye yasungulwa uphawu. Lokhu inkimbinkimbi kakhulu umsebenzi. Ukudlala kokulotshiwe isidingo esaphakama ngekhanda lenqwaba izinhlamvu. Inombolo yabo safinyelela 13000. Lapha kwaba le ifasitela lokuzula. Uyini Inani lezinhlamvu is nzima kakhulu ukukhumbula, kwaba sobala kuwo wonke umuntu. Isixazululo watholakala ngekhulu le-17. Yingaleso sikhathi-ke ukuthi eyiNgisi Willis lwenzelwe ngezinhlamvu uhlelo ifasitela lokuzula. ngokushesha Lokhu ifasitela lokuzula kwaduma kakhulu emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke.

ngokubhala Speed ngesiRashiya

Shorthand elisetshenziswa Pskov futhi Novgorod kudala njengoba 15-16 eminyaka. E-Moscow, incwadi ngesivinini iye yasetshenziswa ngesikhathi lokuqala Romanovs. Kwaba ngekhulu le-16. Nakhu nomlando omude ezweni lethu has a ifasitela lokuzula. yokubhala isiRashiya iye yasetshenziswa kakhulu nokuphelele esimisweni esisha yasekuqaleni lakhiwa Ivaniv e 1858. Umbiko wokuqala le ndlela kwenziwa eRussia Mashi 19, 1860 It ivezwa ingxabano phakathi Uprofesa Kostomarov futhi Pogodin academician. Isihloko sakhe sasithi umbuzo umsuka Russia.

izimpawu Verbatim ngolimi Russian ziye ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili. Bakhandwa ifunwa ngezinye izintatheli, abalobi, izazi nabafundi.

Special ukuthuthukiswa ifasitela lokuzula eRussia sathola ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lapho kwakhiwa, uMbuso Duma. Lapho kudalwa leli gunya kunesidingo ukurekhoda imihlangano eqhutshelwa. Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga wadala Bureau ifasitela lokuzula, igcwele abantu eziningana kunabantu.

Ukubhekisisa Esenziwe Lula kwaqina kanye ukufika amaBolshevik ukuze amandla. Ngo-1925 sasiqhutshelwa Zonke-Union Conference ezindabeni ifasitela lokuzula. ESoviet Union inyatheliswe umagazini okhethekile - ". Imibuzo ye ifasitela lokuzula" Iza 20-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule. Esikhathini esifanayo, kwase kunesiqiniseko stenography yomphakathi izifundo ephakeme. Ngemva kwalokho, ngokubhala isivinini aphakeme sasifundisa ezinye izikole Soviet namanyuvesi. Lomsebenzi owayebhala ngomshini, amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu ziye ephethwe kuleli zwe.

Ngakho, ekulotshweni Russian ngesivinini thina ngenkuthalo esetshenziselwa eyikhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi wabona ukukhanya izincwadi eziningi namabhuku ku lesi siyalo.

Amafomu izinhlelo ukuqoshwa okusheshayo

Kuye kwaba ziphoqa ifasitela lokuzula njalo. Iyini incwadi elimiswe? Ezingaphezu kweyodwa leminyaka, lolu hlobo irekhodi ngcono futhi. Ngenxa yalokho, izindlela ezehlukene aye ancipha aze izinhlelo ezimbili. Omunye wabo - the weJiyomethri kanti eyesibili - ngekuhlanganisa. Eyokuqala kusekelwe emgceni locondzile futhi umbuthano izingxenye zayo phuzu. Uhlelo lwesibili yakhiwa ingxenye okusaqanda kanye namagama asetshenziswa ekubhaleni ezivamile.

EFrance futhi eNgilandi, esivame kakhulu ifasitela lokuzula weJiyomethri. Okusho kulesi simiso ingafakwa inhlanganisela ethile ye imigca lecondzile, imibuthano (noma izingxenye yalo) kanye namaphuzu.

ifasitela lokuzula Okutshekile isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko eJalimane. Lolu hlelo kuyinto enhle kakhulu isitayela elula zokubhala.

zamagama Verbatim linezinhlamvu ukuthi sihluke emthambekeni futhi ukuphakama ukuqina kanye nendawo yamathe onyawo, njll Futhi lokhu kuhlukahluka ngokunikeza kungabonakala kokubili izinhlelo.

Ngokuqondene ifasitela lokuzula yesimanje, njengoba sifuna ukuhlanganisa bonke kwezinhlobo ngenhla. Injongo eyinhloko yawo izinhlamvu yashesha lapho besanda samanje ukuletha izinhlelo ezikhona zibe munye. Ngaphezu kwalokho ifasitela lokuzula uhlose buyisana ngobufushane enengqondo futhi ukungaguquguquki.

Ubani odinga ikhono ngokushesha Izincwadi

Ifasitela lokuzula - kuyini? Lena isiyalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Futhi abanye abantu bayamangala ukuthi manje futhi likhona kuloluhla lwelinanincane okuyimpoqo kulezo zikole lapho, isibonelo, baqeqeshiwe unobhala umsebenzi. Yiqiniso, ubuchwepheshe besimanje enze kube nokwenzeka ukuba ukukhiqiza ukurekhodwa interview noma isethulo mibhalo. Nokho, isikhathi esiningi kuyadingeka ukucubungula ulwazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sonke-ke hhayi ungezwakala ngenxa yokuphazamiseka ahlukahlukene. Enye into - the ifasitela lokuzula. Meaning of amazwi, imishwana kanye inkulumo kungaba usebenzisa le ndlela isibukelwe kalula, njengoba uma ubhala umbhalo evamile. izimpawu Verbatim ziqondakala lula kunalokho kulowo mbhalo wesandla.

Kuze kube manje, incwadi ngesivinini yafuna emikhakheni ehlukahlukene. Shorthand ngokukhethekile kudingeka kulabo wezemidumo engqondo umatasa. Akumangazi ukuthi ubhala inkulumo onobhala ekusasa -qeqeshiwe usebenzisa izimpawu ezikhethekile. Phela, abamele umsebenzi nsuku zonke nakudzingeka yenqwaba ulwazi, futhi ifa ifasitela lokuzula ebavumela ukuba lula kakhulu umsebenzi hhayi bona kuphela, kodwa futhi umphathi.

Inani ngekuhlanganisa

Shorthand ziphoqa hhayi kuphela ngenxa okusezingeni eliphezulu isivinini sokubhala. It ikuvumela ukuba alobe imininingwane ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka. Noma ubani ungumnikazi le ndlela ungakwazi ifasitela lokuzula ingxoxo ebalulekile ngokoqobo kufike emniningwaneni wokugcina. Umholi Nomfutho owayevame ukusebenza aphosekile, uyojabula nonobhala wakhe, akwazi ukuqopha yonke imininingwane ngesikhathi esingesihle ezingxoxweni noma imihlangano.

Ukuthola kuyikhono ewusizo

wafunda kanjani stenography Yiqiniso? etifundvweni tekubhala ngekuhlanganisa ukwakha ilandelane ezithile. Okokuqala, isifundo kungaphansi zamagama.

Izimpawu zokuqala ze-imibhalo wafunda ezilotshwe notebook enentambo emincane. Lokhu kuyadingeka ngoba ukubaluleka entry okusheshayo uhlamvu ukuphakama futhi ingalo kufanele kancane kancane usuyijwayele. Ngandlela-thile kamuva, ungaya amashidi ngolayini evamile. Njengoba kahle inqubo ye-stenography ukuqoshwa agcwele ku ethafeni iphepha nerazlinovannoy. Kulokhu, ngamunye ifasitela lokuzula ebekiwe izikhathi eziningana zilandelana. Okuningi ngempumelelo uma ngokubhala inani layo zizokhulunywa. Kulokhu, ngekuhlukanisa amakhono ezothuthukiswa ngokushesha. Nakuba ukufunda imibhalo emamaki uphinde uthathe emhlabeni ipensela.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo incwadi okusheshayo

uhlelo ifasitela lokuzula sisebenzisa indlela lapho kudlula Kwenziwa onkamisa. Omunye isithonjana ukuhlanganisa labo inhlanganisela yezinhlamvu okuyinto zenzeka njalo kakhulu, kanye amaqoqo ezinhlamvu ezivamile ikakhulukazi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezifana Ukuvalwa amazwi njengoba -tsiya, -tsa, futhi -ktsiya -ntsiya, a notation ifasitela lokuzula kuyoba okufanayo. It has ukwenzani, bathi, amazwi anjengokuthi, "ingxenyenamba", "umngcele", "esiteshini" futhi 'ngomusa.'

babheka imifanekiso ethile njengenamandla zilotshiwe Izaga Balisebenzisa nezinkulumo. Lapho efundisa ifasitela lokuzula ubatshele ukubhalisa izikhathi eziningana, ukuphinda ngokwengqondo value. Ukuze Izaga kulula ngekhanda namazwi alotshwe encwadini ehlukile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ke kufanele kuqashelwe alfabhethi. Lokhu isichazamazwi kufanele ubeke njalo uphinda nokufunda. Injongo yalesi sikhathi iwukwenza inqubo yokubhala imibhalo ukuze automatism kanye nokuthuthukiswa ikhono ukufunda akhawunti siqu nabanye abantu zabo ngsivinini efanayo umbhalo ovamile.

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile wachitha ekuqeqesheni, lwati lolutfolakele kufanele kancane kancane uqale bakwenze. Kuze kube yimanje, izimpawu ekuqaleni ifasitela lokuzula ifakwe i incwadi evamile. Kancane kancane kokushintsha kube okuxubile umbhalo ngekuhlanganisa.

Futhi manje ifasitela lokuzula uhlala efanele futhi ethandwa. Tadisha kungaba e izifundo ezikhethekile. Ayevame kudonse amane amahora zezemfundo.

Isici lokubhala ngesivinini

Ifasitela lokuzula, eyakhelwe isimiso ngezinhlamvu, enezinto eziningi izici. Okokuqala, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, it libhekene kufushane tracings. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinqumela ukushintsha lokubhala ifasitela lokuzula engenakwenzeka. Ziyakwazi ejwayelekile. Sonke siyazi ukuthi ekulotshweni evamile le ncwadi ungalotshwa omunye ongakhetha sezitholakala. nkululeko e ifasitela lokuzula akuvumelekile. Zonke izimpawu kufanele ngokuqinile kuchazwe uhlelo uphawu kuphela.

Izici zamagama inkundla yezelekeleli

Ngo izimpawu ngekuhlanganisa elihambisana ongwaqa, kumele kubhalwe i-engela degrees ayisithupha emgqeni yekubhala. Uma lokhu sekwenziwe emthambekeni kwesokudla. Zonke izimpawu kumele abhalwe ulayini lokubhala. I oyisisekelo, okuyinto eyenziwa lapho incwadi izwi nezwi: ukuhambisana emthambekeni, umumo kanye nosayizi esiqondile notation ngamunye. Uma woniwa, irekhodi alikwazi ukufunda.

Usayizi emamaki izwi nezwi ichazwe ngu kwawo. Zonke izithombe zingongwaqa zihlukaniswe ezincane, ezinkulu, futhi omunye-ntathu. Kulokhu, ukuphakama zabo isilinganiso esithile. Ngakho, wathola isamba emamaki eyodwa-ntathu - 3 mm. ukuqokwa Small ingenye nantathu ukuphakama eyodwa-ntathu.

izimpawu Verbatim zihlukaniswe ostrookanchivayuschiesya okusaqanda kanye sublinear. Esikhathini notation ifasitela lokuzula elihambisana wonke izwi, kumele ixhunywe. Zilotshiwe ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka ngepeni kusukela ephepheni. Igebe phakathi izimpawu ezimbili kumele kube izinyathelo nengxenye. I notation "p" izinhlamvu "l", "b", ezimi ekuqaleni kwamagama, zilotshiwe ukuzungeza sobunxele.

Amalebula azivumelanise ukubhala lonke izwi, kuthiwa kuhlobene esebenzisa izici ezifanayo, njengoba kwenziwa longhand. Uma noma imuphi umfanekiso ilotshwe ngendlela engafanele nge irekhodi izwi nezwi, akusiyo ilungile, kodwa umane ukuwela usebenzisa slash.

I ngekuhlanganisa alisetshenziswa zonke izimpawu zokuloba ekhona ngolimi. Amarekhodi Verbatim aqukethe kuphela dash futhi iphuzu. Isetshenziswa njengesici ephaphamisayo futhi bomabuta. Ngokuqondene ukhefana futhi bokhulunyiwe, bajwayele kuphela ezimweni ngekucindzetelwa kakhulu.

master ngekuhlanganisa

Onguchwepheshe ifasitela lokuzula kungaba owesifazane hhayi kuphela. Ngokuvamile le ndlela is owned kanye nabamele ubulili namandla. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule kuze kube kwagcizelela umbono wokuthi ngekuhlanganisa - kuba luyingxenye umsebenzi zesifazane. Yiziphi izidingo eziyisisekelo ngalezi Ochwepheshe?

Owayebhala ngomshini - uchwepheshe ukuthi ubani obangele ukuqopha inkulumo esebenzisa uhlelo ngokukhethekile zezibonakaliso. Imithwalo abasebenzi abenza imisebenzi zibandakanya ukunciphisa ukulungisa konke uphinyiswa esikhathini sangempela, ubonisa ephepheni eyenziwa ingxoxo noma inkulumo. I owayebhala ngomshini, kumelwe akwazi ukuzizwela ngokwakhe wokufunda nokuthi kuyobonakala ephepheni, ushiya umlando ngendlela efundekayo.

Kule ndaba, kuyacaca ukuthi ngekuhlanganisa - akusiwona nje ukuthi uyakwazi beveza indoda bona kuphela. Kuyinto uhlelo oluthile izinhlamvu ezikhethekile. Kule ndaba, kufanele siqale sifunde ifasitela lokuzula.

Kuphi futhi nini funa Ochwepheshe enjalo? Owayebhala ngomshini, kwakudingeka emihlanganweni, imihlangano nezingqungquthela, lapho nezethulo yezifiso kufanele iyawakha. Uma uthi nhlá, lo msebenzi ibonakala uncreative futhi okuyisidina. Nokho, laba bameleli kuxoxwa okukhethekile kudingeka ukuba babe nezimfanelo yemisindvo ezehlukile. Okokuqala, i-owayebhala ngomshini, kumelwe akwazi ukugxila, ngaphezu, idinga enhle, ulwazi esiphelele ulimi, ukunemba kanye namakhono okuxoxa.

Kuwufanele ethi ukulotshwa ngekuhlanganisa abakwazi kuphela lula umsebenzi, kodwa futhi kube inzuzo enkulu, kanye isikhathi ekulondolozeni. Ucwaningo lesi siyalo kunomthelela ukuthuthukiswa jikelele lomuntu, kakhulu ekwandiseni ulwazimagama yayo, okuyinto agcwaliswa uma ubhala ematheksthi lahlukene.