I-GIC: igunya. Imithetho yegunya (CCP RF)

Ezweni lanamuhla, umthetho ngumqondisi oyinhloko wobudlelwane bezenhlalakahle. Ngamanye amazwi, isici sezomthetho sikhona cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yokuphila komuntu. Izibonelo zalokhu zingatholakala inombolo enkulu. Noma kunjalo, akuwona ngaso sonke isikhathi ilungelo elibukeka kwanamuhla. Ekuqaleni, umthetho wezobugebengu wawungekho emakhasini emithetho kanye namakhodi anzima, kodwa ezinhliziyweni zabantu. Eqinisweni, umthetho wasendulo uyisethi yemithetho evumelekile evunyelwe umphakathi othile. Yiqiniso, kunezinhlobo ezimbi kakhulu zezigaba zokukhuluma. Isibonelo ikhodi yamaRoma yezimiso zamatafula we-XII noma imithetho kaHammurabi.

Ngesikhathi sokuhamba kwesikhathi, umthetho wavela ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kuze kube manje, lesi sigaba sihlukaniswe imindeni yonke esemthethweni kanye nezimboni, ngasinye esinezizinda zayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu yilokho okwenza imisebenzi yenqubo yezinkantolo. Ekuqaleni, kwakukhona kulezi zimo ukuthi umthetho wezomthetho wazalwa, kucatshangelwa inani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezihlukene zenqubo emthethweni wangasese waseRoma.

Umsebenzi wezobuLungiswa eRussian Federation wanamuhla futhi uhlukaniswe waba izinhlobo eziningana, enye yazo inqubo yomphakathi. Kulendawo, kunezinkinga eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezithintekayo emhlabeni wonke. Omunye wabo ngumbuzo wokuphatha kwamacala omphakathi. I-GIC ichaza ngokucacile izici ze-Institute, kodwa inezici zayo siqu, ezizoxoxwa kamuva kulesi sihloko.

Iyini inqubo yomphakathi?

Ngaphambi kokucubungula igunya leCCP, kubalulekile ukuhlaziya indawo lapho lezi zinkinga zikhona khona. Ngakho-ke, inqubo yomphakathi ingumsebenzi wenkantolo nabanye abantu abathintekayo ekucubunguleni icala, elawulwa yizimiso zomthetho wamanje. Ngamanye amazwi, i-GP iyiqoqo lezinkambiso ezixhumanisa ubuhlobo phakathi kwababambe iqhaza empikiswaneni. Inqubo yomphakathi isetshenziswa ezinkantolo zegunya elivamile.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ososayensi abaningi namuhla bahlongoza imibono ehlukene mayelana nomsuka wegatsha lomthetho elimele lolo hlobo. Ngokombono jikelele, inqubo yomphakathi iyisici esengeziwe somthetho womphakathi. Lo mbono unenani elikhulu lamaqiniso asekelayo. Isibonelo, izimiso zomthetho womphakathi zisebenza kakhulu egatsheni lezinqubo.

Izinhlinzeko zokuqala zomthetho

Imigomo yenqubo yomphakathi yiwona amaphuzu ayisisekelo kulo lonke imboni, ngesisekelo lapho izikhungo zayo eziyinhloko zakhiwa khona, kanye nendlela yokusebenzisa imigomo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukucubungula izakhi eziyisisekelo, ngoba basiza ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe okunye okuphawulekayo kwezinqubo zomthetho zalolu hlobo. Kuze kube manje, le migomo elandelayo yenqubo yomphakathi iyahlukaniswa:

• Ukuzimela kwabahluleli;
• Imithetho kanye nokubusa komthetho;
• Ukuqonda nokuncintisana kwamaqembu;
• Isidingo sokwenziwa komlomo;
• Kungenzeka ukusebenzisa isifaniso somthetho noma umthetho, njll.

Uhlu lwezinhlinzeko eziyinhloko aluphelele. Ososayensi baveza ngezikhathi ezithile izimiso ezintsha, ezivumela ukwandisa ukuqonda kwegatsha lenqubo yomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, kulesi sihloko ngeke sicabange yonke inqubo yomphakathi namaphuzu ayo amakhulu, kodwa kuphela eyodwa yezikhungo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezibizwa ngokuthi amandla. Akubalulekile nje kuphela embonini, kodwa nangenxa yemisebenzi eyenziwa yinkantolo kanye namaqembu ekulingweni oluthile.

I-CCP Art. "Ubukhosi" ngumqondo wesikhungo

Kuningi lokubukwa kwesayense kulokho okwenza igunya. Ikhodi Yendlela Yomphakathi YaseRussia Federation ngumthombo oyinhloko osiza ukuhlukanisa umqondo wezinto zakudala kanye nezimfanelo zesigaba. Ngakho-ke, uma ucabangela igunya, kubalulekile ukwakha emithethweni yalesi senzo esijwayelekile.

Ngokusho kweCCP, igunya lokusatshalaliswa kwamacala ahlukahlukene phakathi kwezinkantolo zokuqala. Ngokwemibandela elula, isigaba esichaza inkantolo ethile indaba ethile kufanele icatshangelwe. Ubukhosi buyinkimbinkimbi yezomthetho eyinkimbinkimbi ehlanganisa izinto eziningana ezihlobene.

Izingxenye zesigaba

Kubalulekile ukucabangela izici eziningi ezithile ngesikhathi sokucubungula igama elithi "igunya". I-CCP RF, ngokuqondile, izinhlinzeko zalesi senzo esijwayelekile, yenza kube lula ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zesigaba esinikezwe kulesi sihloko. Ubukhosi buhlanganisa lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

• Ukuncintisana, okungukuthi, igunya lenkantolo ethile lenza isinqumo ngomphumela wokucutshungulwa kwecala elithile;
• Umsebenzi wabantu abathile, amaqembu e-case, hhayi ukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwesinqumo futhi azithobe ngokuphelele.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi igunya elichazwe kwi-CCP akuyona nje iqiniso lokusabalalisa izinto eziphakathi kwezinkantolo ezahlukene zesigaba sokuqala, kodwa ubuhlobo obunzima bomthetho obuthinta izintshisekelo zabathintekayo.

Izimiso lapho isigaba sakhiwa khona

Iningi lezinhlaka zanoma yiliphi igatsha elisemthethweni lisekelwe kunoma yiziphi izinhlinzeko zomthetho. Uma ucabangela igunya elikhulunywe ku-CCP, likhona kokubili ngokukhokhwa kwemigomo ejwayelekile yomthetho neqondisiwe, okungukuthi, izikhungo. Kunezinhlinzeko eziyisisekelo eziyisisekelo zokusetshenziswa kwalesi sigaba:

• Izinkantolo akufanele zamukele amacala awela ngaphansi kwamakhono kwezinye izimo.
• Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinqumo ezenziwe ngokunganaki imithetho yegunya kuzobhekwa njengento engekho.
• Amacala enkambiswaneni ethile anelungelo lokufuna ukucatshangelwa kuphela kulawo asemandleni afanelekayo.
• Zonke izici zombuso zinqunywe ngesikhathi sokuhambisa isitatimende sesimangalo. Noma yiziphi izinguquko ezengeziwe kuleli cala ngeke zithinte isikhungo.
• Njengomthetho, igunya liyiyona nto eyenzekayo, nakuba kunezici ezithile eziqondile.

Ukucabangela konke okushiwo ngenhla, kungaphetha ngokuthi isigaba esinikeziwe sibaluleke kakhulu ekuqhutshweni komphakathi kusukela ekuqaleni kokuqhubeka kwenkambiso.

Imithetho esemqoka yokuphatha kwe-CCP

Ukuzikhethela kwenkantolo ekuxazululeni impikiswano noma enye icala kuncike emininingwaneni ephawulekayo. Zonke zazo zichazwe yizinhlinzeko ze-Civil Code yamanje ye-Russian Federation. Njengomthetho, isici esiyinhloko ekunqumeni lesi sibonelo yisimo kanye nezimo zaleso cala. Ubukhosi kulokhu buhlaziywa ngqo enkantolo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yizintandokazi noma izintshisekelo zabathintekayo. Ngokusemthethweni, iningi lamacala omphakathi akhulunywe ezinkantolo zegunya elivamile, eliphathelene nesandulela sokuqala. Kukhona neminye imithetho yokunquma isikhungo esigunyaziwe. Ngokusho kwabo, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zegunya ziyaziwa:

• Indawo;
• Ukukhetha;
• Okukhethekile.

Kuzo zonke izilwane zibhekene nezici zazo eziyingqayizivele, ukucubungula okuzokwenza kube lula ukuhlola ngokugcwele igunya eliphelele.

Ukubuka komhlaba we-Institute

Kukhona amaphuzu ahlukene akhululwe kusihloko se-Institute (ngokusho kwe-CCP RF). Imithetho yezindaba ezimisweni zomhlaba yiyona ehlangene kakhulu. Kulokhu, ukukhethwa kwalesi sibonelo kwenziwa ngummangalelwa lapho ethumela isicelo. Isimiso sendawo ukuthi isimangalo sithunyelwe esikhungweni esingaphansi kombuso wakhe ohlala kuyo umsolwa. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi iqembu lesibili lelicala libe yinhlangano esemthethweni, umzimba unqunywe endaweni yendawo eseduze. Ekuboneni kokuqala, incazelo yegunya kulo mbono ilula kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uma ufaka isicelo, ummangalelwa angase abe nobunzima ekunqumeni indawo yommangalelwa.

Kulesi simo, ukucacisa indawo yendawo yomuntu akuyona nzima, ikakhulukazi uma kungummangalelwa kulolu cala. Kodwa ukuthola indawo yesikhungo, okungukuthi, inhlangano esemthethweni, ngokuvamile kuvame ubunzima. Kulesi simo, kungenzeka ukunquma ipharamitha elinikeziwe ngosizo lokuhlolwa kwentela. Imininingwane yolwazi lwezinkampani zomthetho zivulekile ekufinyeleleni komphakathi kuze kube yimanje.

Imithetho Ekhethiwe

Ukuhluka okuvamile kokuthola indawo yokucubungula icala kuthatha isikhundla esiyinhloko ku-CCP. Imithetho ekukhethweni kommangalelwa nayo ibuye ivele kaningi, kepha ekusetshenzisweni kwalolu hlobo lwesikhungo kuzomele kube nezikhathi ezithile. Umfakisicelo angazimela ngokuzimela isikhungo esiphathelene namacala aqondene nalokhu:

• Ukubuyiswa okuvela kummeli wokumangalela;
• Ukuthola iqiniso lobuhlobo;
• Ukwahlukanisa phakathi kwabantu bomshado, lapho benomntwana ovamile;
• Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo omthengi;
• Ukuvuselelwa ngokulimaza impilo.

Ngakho-ke, kuphela ezimweni ezithunyelwe, ummangali unelungelo lokukhetha indawo yesicelo. Kuzo zonke izimo, amandla okulu hlobo ngeke asebenze.

Ukubuka okungavamile

Kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa izimo ezithile ezikhethekile lapho incazelo yenkantolo isicacile khona. Zonke izikhathi ezinjalo zichazwe ku-Code of Civil Civil Procedure of Russian Federation. Imithetho yamacala omphakathi wesimo esiyingqayizivele isetshenziswe kulawo maqiniso lapho izidingo eziya esikhungweni zigcinwa ngokuqinile ezintweni zomthetho. Ngeke kwenzeke ukushintsha izinhlinzeko zesigaba nganoma iyiphi indlela. Ubukhosi obukhethekile buhlanganisa amacala alandelayo:

• Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwezimfuneko lapho into esemqoka ingu-real estate (isicelo sifakwa endaweni yento);
• Izimangalo zababolekisi bomuntu othole ifa (icala libhekwa endaweni yokuvula ifa);
• Noma yiluphi uhlobo lwesimo esivela ebuhlotsheni lapho behambisa (ukuthutha) izimpahla.

Amaphoyinti akwethulwe asanda kuhlangatshezwa kaningi, njengoba inani lezingxabano mayelana nempahla kanye nezimpahla ezithuthukisiwe uye lenyuka. Lezi zinhlobo zokuphatha yizona eziyinhloko zanamuhla. Kodwa-ke, embonweni wenqubo yomphakathi, olunye uhlobo lukhishwa.

Ubukhosi ngokusekelwe esivumelwaneni

I-CCP RF, ubuciko. "Ubukhosi" buvumela isiphetho sesivumelwane phakathi kwamaqembu, okulawula ukukhethwa kwesikhungo esithile, lapho kungabhekwa khona impikiswano ethile. Kodwa isivumelwano esinjalo kumele siphenduke futhi sibe nenkulumo ebhaliwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukulawulwa kwezivumelwano akunjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi. Isibonelo, isivumelwano asikwazi ukushintsha inqubo yokunquma isenzakalo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile ezazithunyelwe ngaphambilini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla okuthengisa angakwazi ukusetshenziselwa izingxabano, ezibuyekezwa yiNkantolo Ephakeme YaseRussia Federation.

Amaphutha ekusetshenzisweni kwemigomo

Ngokuvamile abantu badidanisa imibono enjengokuzithoba kanye nokuphathwa kwamacala. I-CCP yeRussian Federation ichaza ngokuningiliziwe izici zombili zombili. Yiqiniso, umbono wokuziqhenya kwabo kuphutha ngokujulile. Ubukhosi bamacala, njengoba sithole, ukusatshalaliswa kwezimpikiswano phakathi kwezimo.

Mayelana nokunciphisa, le parameter inquma ukuthi kungenzeka ukucubungula isimo esithile esimisweni somphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kokubili imigomo, nakuba ifana nomunye nomunye, kodwa incazelo yawo ihluke ngokuphelele.

Isiphetho

Ngakho-ke, kulesi sihloko sasihlolisisa isikhungo esinjalo somthetho njengombuso. Isihloko se-CCP, esilawula isicelo sayo, sinezinombolo eziphelele ezitatimendeni ezifomini nezici zesigaba. Noma kunjalo, indlela yokusetshenziswa kwamandla enqubo yomphakathi isadinga ezinye izinguquko.