I amaminerali sekukaningi ngokwemvelo

Umuntu engazalwa ngamanzi ekujuleni kolwandle walokho okubomvu-giant inkanyezi, kuyingxenye amafutha abalulekile, amino acid kanye carbohydrate, ungakheka izigidi compounds nge ezahlukene izakhi zamakhemikhali kanye kuncike sakhiwo izakhiwo ezahlukene kakhulu lokukhanda. Soft nokukhumuzeka ipensela core kanye idayimane iyona amaminerali sekukaningi yakhiwa ukwaziswa okufanayo isakhiwo - carbon. Yini eyenza idayimane eziyingqayizivele? Lapho isetshenziswa? Kuyini nenani eliphansi?

asicekeleki ukushisa umqhubi

Kuhunyushwe kusuka ngolimi lwesiGreki, igama elithi "diamond" kusho "awanakunqotshwa". Ngisho nangaphambi kokuba Ezikhathini zasendulo abantu ababengalazi for ukuqina Amazing itshe. Ezikhathini zasendulo, amadayimane kabanzi adayiswa e-India ne-Egypt. Futhi phezu izikhala yeYurophu, lokhu yezimbiwa kwaba ngemva imikhankaso nolaka Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Waletha amatshe njengoba zobuciko imilingo. AmaGreki asendulo wabiza lesi sikhathi ngokuthi izinyembezi sekukaningi samaminerali onkulunkulu ababakhonzayo bawela phansi.

Kodwa imfihlo itshe ayenganqobeki amanga, yebo, hhayi nezimfihlakalo noma ngokuqondene nezwe okungokomoya. I esicacile ngehele isakhiwo isici ngesimo tetrahedrons futhi isibopho esiqinile phakathi kwama-athomu carbon unikeza amandla aphakeme. Ngenxa isakhiwo efanayo idayimane kuyinto enhle kakhulu ukushisa umqhubi. Ngokwesibonelo, uma kungenzeka wenze isipuni ucezu yonke idayimane, ubungeke ukwazi ushukumisa ushukela itiye wakhe hot, ngoba lalizoshiswa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokushesha nje lapho ukhezo ngabe luthinta amanzi abilayo.

Ukuqhathanisa ubulukhuni amaminerali

Kanjani ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi yiziphi amaminerali - enzima? Lo mbuzo kwakunjalo ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye, bacabangisise lo abanamakhono mineralogist German Karl Fridrih Moos. Ngo 1811, usosayensi zinhlelo usebenzisa ukunquma nobulukhuni namaminerali ahlukahlukene isikali yokuqhathanisa. Siqukethe izinto eziyishumi, ngamunye okuhambelana mineral ezithile. Eyokuqala (talc) - lo ekhethekile nethambile, kanti isixuku esikhulu, ngokulandelana - enzima. Ukuqinisekiswa eyenziwa Ucwaningo. Uma isampula (isib, isiliva) ekuqaleni fluorite, okuyinto esikalini esisogwini umugqa wesine, kodwa usimende kabana (isikali inombolo ejwayelekile ababili), kusho ukuthi esiliva has a ubulukhuni phezu Mohs esikalini 3.

I amaminerali sekukaningi - nedayimani. It ithatha endaweni yeshumi. Nakuba Mohs ithebula wakhishwa ekuqaleni yekhulu nesishiyagalolunye, kusenzima esebenzayo kabanzi. Nokho, kuwufanele ukukhumbula ukuthi lokhu kwetafula aliyona komugqa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi idayimane, engaphansi ishumi, kuzoba ncamashi izikhathi ezimbili kunokukwenza apatite, okuyinto lifaka yesihlanu ethebuleni. Ukuze ubone ukuthi inani eliphelele ezinye izindlela zisebenza ubulukhuni.

Kusukela emakhosini abasebenzi

Kwaphela isikhathi eside, amadayimane babe akubona ubucwebe sezingcweti. Nokho, ukuthuthukiswa lokhu umkhakha iyona amaminerali sekukaningi ngokuya sezibonakala hhayi kuphela endleleni evamile yokubalwa ohlangothini yobuhle, kodwa futhi kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele ngokomzimba. Okokuqala, ukukhiqizwa amathuluzi asetshenziswa amadayimane zemvelo ezingeke ukusika. Kuyinto amatshe eziyiphutha ukuze kwakungenakwenzeka ukuqeda ngamagugu. Yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi amadayimane ezimbonini.

Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, kanye nesidingo amathuluzi nge diamond yokwehlisa kanye imiphetho isidina anda. Ngokwesibonelo, embonini yezokwakha athandwa kakhulu idayimane sokuzivivinya. inzuzo yabo phezu nozakwabo, abenziwe kanzima metal Alloys, - ngalolo, lapho sokuprakthiza idayimane asendabeni musa yakha microcracks. Diamond kalula futhi ehlanzekile enquma noma iyiphi impahla, ezifana itshe, lakhiwe ngokhonkolo noma insimbi. Futhi ukungabi khona microcracks - isihluthulelo ubude bokuphila isakhiwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo umsebenzi usuke usaqhubeka isheshe, kulula kakhulu futhi ethulile kakhulu.

Kulesi sisekelo, akumangalisi ukuthi, eyodwa kuphela idatha Russian ngoba ngonyaka 2016 ekhiqizwa 1,200 izinhlobo amathuluzi ezahlukene kanye nemishini, ingxenye eyinhloko zokusebenza okuyinto idayimane.

Kusetshenziswa imithi

I amaminerali sekukaningi ngokwemvelo akuyona kuphela ezifanelekela ukusetshenziswa ekwelapheni ukhuni okwe kanzima. Diamond kubuye esisemqoka amathuluzi yezokwelapha. Phela, izacile futhi kwenetha cut izicubu, ngcono umzimba ubhekana lokubuyiselwa. Kodwa imisebenzi eziyinkimbinkimbi ububanzi ukunquma kwezitho ezibalulekile futhi wonke kubalulekile ngaphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, nommese nge mncane idayimane befilimu ikhaba uhlala abukhali isikhathi eside.

Amathemba e-elekthronikhi

Ngezenzo ezihambayo nokusebenza idayimane ihlanganiswe izifunda. Kulezi amadayimane amancane asetshenziselwa substrate. Isisetshenziswa akhiqizwa ngale ndlela amelana ngaphezulu okushisa nezinkulu voltage spikes. Ngisho amadayimane ingasetshenziswa ukuthumela idatha ku ezokuxhumana. Izakhiwo lezi zinhlayiya bangadlulisela namasiginali amaza ezahlukene ngesikhathi esisodwa ikhebula efanayo.

I amaminerali sekukaningi Emhlabeni iyasiza ukuhlola umkhathi

Njengoba idayimane funa umkhakha zamakhemikhali. endaweni enobudlova, lapho kalula umonakalo ingilazi, kuba ngokuphelele ngeke wesabe idayimane. Physicists zisebenzisa zinhlayiya for ucwaningo e-quantum physics futhi ukuhlola umkhathi.

Lapho edala izibonakude optical izimfuneko ukunemba kwawo nokuthi unezinto esingazethemba zezinto iba ezibucayi. Lapha uzoqala play futhi enzima amaminerali yemvelo ukuthi unamapharamitha ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali oluvelele.

Kuhlanganisa amadayimane

Nge nesidingo anjalo okukhulu ngenxa yezimbiwa eziyigugu kunakho kukhona umbuzo mayelana Kuhlanganisa yakhe yokufakelwa. Qaphela ukuthi akukho izinqolobane amatshe abakwazi ukuhlangana zonke isidingo esikhulayo. Ngemva ucwaningo eside, ososayensi bakwazi ukudala i Analogue of idayimane yemvelo ukuthi nto inazo zonke izici ezidingekayo. Kuze kube yimanje, ukukhiqizwa zokwenziwa amadayimane ngezinhloso zasezimbonini isibe mkhuba ovamile.

Kukhona izindlela eziningana Kuhlanganisa lokhu yezimbiwa. Eyokuqala - cishe kakhulu lasungulwa ngo imvelo. Synthesis kusetshenziswa lokushisa ultra-high futhi ibhekene nengcindezi enkulu. Eyesibili indlela ikuvumela ukuba kukhishwe diamond kusukela umusi. It is lisetshenziswe film ubuchwepheshe - crystal ifilimu elincanyana sisetshenziswa ithuluzi ukusika emaphethelweni. Ikakhulukazi le ndlela kuthiwa enkulu ekwakhekeni amathuluzi okuhlinza. Ingxenye yesithathu kuveza kusakazeka zinhlayiya emihle usebenzisa detonation kanye nokupholisa okusheshayo.

Ukuhlolwa baqhubeka futhi kuhlelwe umqondo boron nitride, okuyinto 20% kunokukwenza idayimane zemvelo. Nokho, kuze kube yilolu daba lincane kangangokuthi nedayimani has ngokwesiko siqhubeke cabanga amaminerali sekukaningi.