Fahrenheit: ubudlelwane phakathi thermometer futhi dystopia inoveli Ray Bradbury

Eziguquliwe lokushisa isikali yaqanjwa physics German Gabriel Daniel XVII ekhulwini Fahrenheit (1686-1736). Ososayensi baye wadala thermometer, okuyiwona ezihlongozwayo uhlelo nge kulula ulinganise yekucala. Ibanga emfushane phakathi izigaba lisebenze ibizwa ngokuthi "degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga 'behlonipha umsunguli. Lokhu esikalini manje selisetshenziswa kancane njalo ngenxa kwathatha 70-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka ohlelweni International Units (SI). Ulwazi imithetho ukudluliselwa eyodwa kuya kwenye kuzosiza baqonde kangcono okushiwo igama zokuthumela "Fahrenheit 451" izakhamuzi Ray Bradbury sika lalawo mazwe lapho ukusetshenziswa ohlelweni imethrikhi kuphela.

Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit

umcwaningi German G. Fahrenheit wazalwa ngo eDanzig, wayesebenze ukuphila kwakhe physics ucwaningo, yasungulwa amathuluzi asetshenziswa Metrology. Ngo 1710, usosayensi uqalile ukusungula isikali lokushisa kanye nedivayisi sokulinganisa Ukushisa lwaluyophola umzimba. Omunye amaphuzu starting kulo msebenzi kwaba okwashiwo isimo nenye ice namanzi kanye ukuhwamuka amanzi ngaphansi Reflux.

I amathuluzi for ukulinganisa lokushisa Fahrenheit esetshenzisiwe anombala utshwala mercury. Ububi metal uketshezi - iqina ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi. Gabriel Fahrenheit njalo siphelelisa amathuluzi akhe, wakhethwa ukuba yi-Royal Society e-England. Ngesinye isikhathi kwakucatshangwa ukuthi i-physics thermometer German irretrievably elahlekile. Kwakukhona izimo ezimbili kuphela, kodwa kamuva yathola wesithathu idivayisi yokuqala, kusungulwe ososayensi.

Kudivayisi sokulinganisa lokushisa

thermometer abahlukahlukene zikhona eminyakeni engaba ngu-500 ubudala, nodumo yokudala lezi zinsimbi ezibalulekile lihlukaniswe phakathi ososayensi enkulu Ephakathi. Amasampula okuqala wangaphumelela akhethiwe yekucala esikalini, futhi ngokusebenzisa ukwahlukana ezahlukene "intengo" thermometer babe esingesihle ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

sokunconywa Gabriel Fahrenheit itholakala yokuthi wasungula ifomu wanamuhla ithuluzi ukulinganisa ngokunembile esikalini. Umseshi kwacatshangwa ukuthi umsuka angenise amanzi ice, abilayo yayo iphuzu ku-akhawunti. Modern ikhaya thermometer emazweni abakhuluma isiNgisi efana kancane yasungulwa Ephakathi, ngokuvamile manje uphawu sisetshenziswa ku uhla kusuka 0 kuya 132 ° F (degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga).

lokushisa isikali

Amapharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu kulesi silinganiso adalwe Fahrenheit:

• Point 0 ° F - iyona lokushisa lapho qhwa;
• 32 ° F - encibilika ice futhi ushintsho reverse - esimweni okuqinile;
• 212 degrees Fahrenheit - amanzi abilayo.

Fahrenheit baqala ezikhonjiswe ° F ngemva kokusungulwa thermometer. umcwaningi Swedish Anders Tselsy esinembile kuka sabafowabo isiJalimane, kusungulwa lokushisa amanzi shintsho ezahlukene uthi ekuhlanganisweni. Uma siyibheka ehlongozwayo ngu usosayensi Swedish, futhi, kwaba sibalo 100, kodwa liyalingana ukuncibilika kweqhwa. Phakathi emvuthwandaba yamanzi 0 degrees Celsius yokutholwa. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-250 sele idlulile solo isikhathi lapho lokhu isikali wagumbuqela: ice amanzi ukuguqulwa lokushisa sithathwa 0 ° C, nokubilisa yayo iphuzu waqoka inani 100.

The main lokushisa isikali ohlelweni imethrikhi

Kusukela ngo-1960, emazweni amaningi wenze ukushintshela ohlelweni imethrikhi, asetshenziswa lapho izikali ezimbili: Celsius futhi Kelvin. Okuvame kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, futhi art thermometer Meteorological, okuyinto nebhere sokuhlukanisa Celsius, ucabangela ukuguqulela ezivamile eliwumhlaba daba - amanzi. I Kelvin isikali elisetshenziswa ukucwaninga kwesayensi, izinga lokushisa isiqalo yisimo inkomba umzimba lapho it has kulencane amandla yangaphakathi. I-United States naseBrithani kungukuthi esitshalweni ngokugcwele International Units (SI) uhlelo. Kulezi nakwamanye amazwe amaningi lesiNgisi zisebenzisa thermometer ngokuziphatha nginesikali ezahlukene.

Qhathanisa okushisa

Amazinga Fahrenheit kukhona isikhawu kusuka 0 ° kuya ku-100 °. Lokhu band efanayo isikhawu Celsius isikali oluhambisana kusuka 18 ° 38 °. I Kelvin isikali isebenzisa umcabango "zero ngokuphelele." Lokhu lokushisa, okuyinto -273,2 ° C noma -459,7 ° F. Kungenziwa zahunyushwa 451 ° Celsius, okuyinto isamba 233 ° C.

okushisa ahlukene zingaphendulwa zibe yizindawo yokuhlanganela nomunye, futhi sikhulu kakhulu isidingo salezi izibalo e-US, nase UK, lapho inqubo Standardization ezindaweni eziningi ucwaningo lwesayensi futhi ukukhiqizwa wenqaba ukusebenzisa Fahrenheit esikalini, kodwa namanje ezivamile ekhaya. Uma kudingeka, izakhamuzi abakhuluma isiNgisi amazwe is iguqulwe Fahrenheit kuya Celsius, nazi ukuthi zona lezo isikhawu lokushisa 1 ° C 1.8 ° F.

Rey Bredberi "Fahrenheit 451"

Ngaphambi kuka-1960, esikalini Fahrenheit kwaba emazweni abakhuluma isiNgisi, ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa Climatology, imithi, umkhakha nokuphila kwansuku zonke. inoveli yakhe Rey Bredberi iziqu ngo-1953, futhi epigraph wabonisa ukuthi 451 degrees Fahrenheit - iphepha flash iphuzu. Umkhiqizo main of the hero uhlala nasesikhathini esikude esizayo futhi isebenza "umlilo", kodwa ayilwi emlilweni, burns izincwadi.

American zakudala-sci-fi uhlobo dystopia yakho inoveli elalinikezelwe izinkinga oluthandwa zokuziphatha, izinhlelo anti-wobushiqela, owumthombo waleyo ekhulwini XX kwaba wobushiqela. Ngemva kokuba umbuso waseJalimane, u-Adolf Hitler okuqaliswe ukubhujiswa imitapo, ukushiswa izincwadi. Ngale ndlela, i-sokudumisa wayefuna ukuqeda zonke izinhlobo ephikisayo, ngokugcizelela senimbuso munye zamaNazi. Eziguquliwe lokushisa isikali lokunyathelisa nenani ngokomzimba - degrees Celsius ngaphansi kwezinga - kuyinto kancane kancane into yesikhathi esidlule, kodwa imibono ephakanyiswe inoveli esasebenza.