EMoscow Helsinki Group - okuyinhlangano yamalungelo abantu. ULyudmila Alexeyeva - usihlalo we-Moscow Helsinki Group

Njengoba wazi, wadala 05/12/1976 eMoscow Helsinki Group - inhlangano elalinikezelwe ukuqapha nokulandela okwesithathu izivumelwano Helsinki equkethe sihloko zezenhlalakahle. Bahlanganisa amalungiselelo ku nokubhekela amalungelo esintu ayisisekelo, ukugujwa lapho amalungu umzabalazo wokulwela amalungelo abantu e elaseSoviet Union elibukhali amashumi eminyaka. On ukudalwa iqembu kwamenyezelwa sabezindaba kwakhiwe physics Soviet Andreya Saharova.

Umlando sokudalwa

EMoscow Helsinki Group (MHG) lapho sibhekene Yuri Orlov, umsunguli nosihlalo lokuqala, okwethulwa izinhloso zayo kanje. Inhlangano uzoqapha kuhambisana Helsinki Declaration of USSR futhi wazise wonke States okuyinto ongene le dokhumenti, kanye eSoviet Union, mayelana nanoma yikuphi ukuphulwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho Yuriya Orlova, iqembu kuhlanganisiwe Alexander Ginzburg, ULyudmila Alexeyeva, Natan Sharansky, Vitaly Rubin, Malva Landa, u-Alexander Korczak, Elena Bonner, Anatoly Marchenko, Mikhail Bernshtam uPetru Grigorenko.

ukusayina ophoqelelwe

I-Helsinki Evumelana isisekelo indlela ukuqapha nokulandela izidingo zabo. Ikakhulukazi, izinhloko amathimba kufanele kube ukuhlola ukulandelwa kwemithetho yonke umlingani uthi ngemvume isimemezelo kwabo izingqungquthela yonyaka. EMoscow Helsinki Iqembu Kwethenjwa ukuthi ulwazi olunikeziwe ku ukwephula izihloko eziphathelene namalungelo esintu, kuzoxoxwa kuleyo mihlangano, futhi ngayo embusweni bayofuna ukuthi eSoviet Union yasayina isivumelwano ababulawa ngokugcwele, kuhlanganise humanities izihloko. Ukuhluleka ukwenza njalo kungaholela Ngokuwa Helsinki Evumelana, leyo ubuholi Soviet akakwazanga ukubekezelela ukungabi. Esikhathini izithakazelo zombuso waseSoviet Union kwaba ukugcina isivumelwano imali eningi kakhulu kuye, ikhumbula yokuthi leli zwe sophe ngabodwa ezimhlophe ezinde kusukela lonke izwe kanye bahlanya izingalo uhlanga.

umsebenzi ngempumelelo

Inhlangano yamalungelo wobuntu, eyayihlanganisa amalungu nanye kuphela, akazange babonakala bakwazi ukuqapha yonke indawo enkulu eSoviet Union. Ekugcineni amalungu MHG yayimane nje engenamandla efana zonke ezinye izakhamuzi zase-USSR, futhi zonke izimpahla zazo lalinabashumayeli imishini yokubhala ezimbili ubudala. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eMoscow Helsinki qembu lalihlanganisa abavikeli abanolwazi ababebuthene ngesikhathi semali impahla phezu kwezihloko ethintekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iziteshi zomsakazo angaphandle ukusakaza phezu eSoviet Union, njalo wagcwalisa amarekhodi eMoscow Helsinki Group, futhi waqala ukuthola ulwazi mayelana ukwephulwa kwamalungelo wobuntu ezweni lonke. Ikakhulukazi, namalungu enhlangano unolwazi izishoshovu of Ukraine, Lithuanian, Georgian futhi Armenia ukunyakaza kazwelonke.

Phakathi neminyaka engu-6 khona, leli qembu selikhule ezenziwe futhi esandleni West mayelana 195 imibiko amalungelo ukwephulwa womuntu eSoviet Union. Le mibiko aqukethe ulwazi oluphathelene imikhawulo ilungelo ukusebenzisa ulimi lwabo lwendabuko, lokuthola imfundo ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko, nokunye. Izishoshovu D. sezenkolo (amaBaptist, amaSabatha, amaPentecostal namaKatolika) kutjelwa ukwephula ilungelo labamangalelwa lokukhulekela. Izakhamizi abangewona amalungu yanoma yimuphi ukunyakaza, kubika non-ukuhambisana ingxenye yesithathu Helsinki Evumelana, okuyinto baye bahlupheka kusuka noma ngokwabo noma abathandekayo babo.

isibonelo esihle

Kamuva, kulandela model of the Moscow Helsinki Group, ngo-November 1976, kwamiswa Lithuanian futhi Ukrainian Helsinki Group, ngoJanuwari 1977 - Georgia, ngo-Ephreli - Armenia, ngo-December 1976 - umKristu iKomiti ukuze kuvikeleke amalungelo amakholwa eSoviet Union ngo-November 1978 g - the Catholic iKomiti ukuze kuvikeleke amalungelo amakholwa. Amakomidi Helsinki futhi uvele yePoland neCzechoslovakia.

ukuphendula

Ngo-February 1977, waqala Ukraine futhi eMoscow amaqembu lokuboshwa. Omunye wabantu bokuqala oboshiwe usihlalo MHG Yuri Orlov. May 18, 1978 wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-7 ejele nge imisebenzi kanzima futhi iminyaka 5 edingisiwe. Inkantolo ibhekwa nemisebenzi yakhe njengombhishobhi ukuyaluza nenkulumo-ze emelene ngempela namaSoviet ukubhodloza likahulumeni waseSoviet futhi uhlelo. Juni 21 Ngawo lowo nyaka uVladimir Slepak wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-5 ekudingisweni. Juni 14, Natan Sharansky wagwetshwa iminyaka engu-3 ebhadla ejele futhi iminyaka engu-10 ekamu esiqinile-umbuso.

Ekwindla ka-1977 zazike bancishwa inkululeko amalungu amaqembu Helsinki ezingaphezu kuka-50. Abaningi babo bagwetshwa isikhathi eside bebhadla ejele, abanye bafa ngaphambi kokukhululwa.

Igagasi ubumbano

Abezindaba nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi - abalingani zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa yi Helsinki Evumelana embozwe inqubo Helsinki kanye nokushushiswa amalungu ayo eU.SSR ayencike kuyo uthi. Umphakathi kula mazwe bananela lolu ukushushiswa ngokwakha amaqembu abo kanye neKomidi Helsinki.

On ukudalwa American Helsinki Iqembu kwamenyezelwa ngo-December ka-1978. kamuva izinhlangano Okufanayo kwavela Canada futhi kwamanye amazwe Western Europe. Umgomo wabo aqede nokushushiswa kwezinceku nabo futhi asicindezele ohulumeni bazo kazwelonke ukuze ngokuqinile yafuna eSoviet Union of the Helsinki Evumelana ngokubulawa.

Izithelo umsebenzi

Le mizamo iye yathela izithelo. Kusukela ngeNgqungquthela Madrid ngo-Okthoba 1980, yeningi uthi Amaphathi laba bafikile ukubashaya yonke imihlangano ngazwi linye ukuveza lezi izimfuno ezingemukeleki. Kancane kancane ukuhambisana kwezibopho "ubhasikidi" lwesithathu kwaba esinye zezici eziyinhloko yenqubo Helsinki. Phakathi Vienna lenkomfa ka 1986 sasayinwa protocol ezengeziwe, owawuthi isimo amalungelo abantu ezweni - inhlangano Isivumelwano ibona ukukhathazeka zonke abasayinile.

Ngakho, eMoscow Helsinki Iqembu baba imbewu, wabeletha ngamazwe Helsinki ukunyakaza. Yena kokuba nethonya elikhulayo kokuqukethwe inqubo Helsinki. Ngokokuqala ngqá e umlando zezombusazwe, inhlangano yamalungelo wobuntu, kwafeza indima ebalulekile i-izivumelwano nezinye isimo. ESoviet Union usolwa ngokunikela imithetho zezenhlalakahle ngesisekelo imibhalo olunikezwa eMoscow, Ukraine namaqembu Lithuanian.

Gorbachev ncibilika

Ngaphansi kokucindezela nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi, hhayi kuphela iqembu eMoscow "Helsinki", kodwa futhi nabo bonke abantu bancishwa inkululeko yabo izihloko zezombusazwe kweSoviet Criminal Code, ngo-1987, bakhululwa. Ngo-1990, izakhamuzi zaseSoviet banikwa unelungelo lokushiya ngokukhululekile futhi ubuyele ezweni, ukuba aqede nokushushiswa kwezinceku amakholwa.

I zathola okuhlangenwe nakho inkambo Ukubambisana eduze ne izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, ke kubonakala eqinisweni lokuthi OSCE kwaba inhlangano zokuqala zakwamanye amazwe ukuthi kufakwe ohlelweni ukusebenza njengoba abalingani alinganayo. Ngesikhathi lenkomfa phezu Human Dimension abamele izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni iqhaza ngesisekelo silinganiso nabameleli esemthethweni OSCE oyilungu, futhi izwi zinikelwe ku-nokuwumisa alinganayo.

Emuva phakathi kwababusi

MHG, okuyinto ngesikhathi ekusungulweni yayo wayewukuphela ezimele inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni eSoviet Union, manje udlala indzima lesembili umzabalazo wokulwela amalungelo wobuntu kanye nomphakathi, lapho kwamiswa WaseRussia. I yagxila YaseMoscow Helsinki Iqembu uyaqhubeka nokuqapha isimo kwamalungelo wobuntu. Nokho, namuhla kuya kuba Kwenziwa hhayi kuphela ngesisekelo izihloko zezenhlalakahle we Helsinki Evumelana, kodwa futhi ngokusekelwa soMthethosisekelo isiRashiya, iSivumelwano Samazwe AseYurophu ngokuba Nokuvikelwa Kwamalungelo Abantu Nenkululeko nezinye izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ngamalungelo esintu esisayinwe Russian Federation.

ULyudmila Mihaylovna Alekseeva MHG ephethwe 1996. Eminyakeni emithathu ngaphambili, wabuyela eMoscow ekuthunjweni ngo-February 1977 e-United States. Sonke lesi sikhathi lo wesifazane waqhubeka esebenza e yamalungelo abantu, futhi kwaholela ekubeni ukusakaza umsakazo "Liberty" futhi "I VOICE OF AMERICA".

Ngo-2012 Waqala ukusebenza komthetho omusha we Russian Federation, kunqunywa ukuthi eMoscow Helsinki Group --ejenti angaphandle ukuthi uthola nezimali ezivela kwamanye amazwe nokuba uxhumano phesheya. Ukuze balahle inhlamba ukuthi ngokomlando isetshenzisiwe lapho bekhuluma izwi "hlola ', inhlangano wanquma nomkhawulo thina ukusiza izakhamuzi Russian.

umvuzo nje

Ngo-2015, ULyudmila Alexeyeva umsebenzi oluvelele emkhakheni kwamalungelo wobuntu uye wathola umklomelo Vatslava Gavela. Ukudluliselwa € 60,000 emcimbini obubanjelwe e-Palace Europe eStrasbourg ngosuku ekuqaleni session okuzobe kukhona kuwo bonke Coe LoMhlangano ePhalamende, PACE uMongameli Anne Brasseur wathi ukuthi amalungelo esintu isishoshovu, bathatha ngodlí i-imisebenzi ukulwela ubulungiswa, yena ilethe ezizukulwane eziningana izishoshovu Russian kanye angaphandle . Sekungamashumi eminyaka INcwadi Yonyaka Alexeyeva ezisengozini, elahlekelwa umsebenzi wakhe futhi waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye izwe ukuze bakwazi ukuqhubeka ukukhuluma mayelana namalungelo ukwephulwa womuntu eSoviet Union. Manje uphokophele YaseMoscow Helsinki Group - Freethinkers inhlangano engekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni, okuyinto evame sishushiswa, kodwa usaqhubeka ekulahleni amaqiniso yokweqa umthetho futhi basize izisulu.

ukuhlaselwa uqhubeke

Muva nje, ngobusuku bangaphambi wokugubha sama-40 esakhiweni MHG isimo isiteshi se-TV "Russia-1" futhi yanikezwa "documentary", okwakukhona izinsolo ukuthi umholi weqembu eliphikisayo u-Alexei Navalny yemukela inkece intelligence British, kuhlanganise ngosizo YaseMoscow Helsinki Group. Ithunyelwe "imibhalo" futhi "ukuxhumana", osolwa ngokubukisa izibopho elekhanda yesikhwama utshalomali "Hermitage Capital" UWilliam Browder. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-"izinto" MI6 futhi CIA wembula ukuthi zinenqwaba inkulumo langempela neziphambeko ejwayelekile abalobi Russian. Usihlalo eMoscow Helsinki Iqembu sinqatshiwe emangalelwa abezindaba isimo, ethi akukho imali Alekseya Navalnogo wayengakaze athole iyiphi imali futhi akazange azinikele. isishoshovu samalungelo abantu wathi ukuthi eMoscow Helsinki Group kanye ngezimali akusho ukuqhuba kwemali, ezifana nokubekwa kwezimali ezikhwameni uthango, engakathenjiswa umshado.

Ngokusobala, omunye umzamo ukudicilela phansi isithunzi eMoscow Helsinki leqembu eliphikisayo kwahluleka ngokudabukisayo.