Elizabethan izakhiwo baraque of St Petersburg: incazelo, izici nezici

Elizabethan Baroque - isitayela yezakhiwo ukuthi kwavela phakathi nokubusa Empress Elizabeth. Sokuthuthwa kwempahla ukuwa kwakhe phakathi nekhulu XVIII. UMklami, ummeleli wangaphambilini we isitayela kunazo yesiteleka, baba Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (1700-1771). Ukuze kuhlonishwe Elizabethan yakhe Baroque evame ukubizwa ngokuthi "Rastrelli".

eyandulela

Ukubusa uPeter Omkhulu wenza izinguquko eziningi empilweni yamasiko yezwe. Inhlokodolobha entsha yakhiwa kuleli isitayela izakhiwo, nethonya ezindinganisweni European bokwakha. Lena inkathi okuthiwa Petrine baraque, liphefumulelwe izibonelo isiJalimane, Dutch futhi Swedish bokwakha. Isitayela esisha cishe ngokuphelele kusukela isiko WaseByzantium, wajabulela kakhudlwana futhi njalo ebonwe izakhiwo Russian eminyaka. Futhi Baroque wabiza okunemibandela kakhulu. Umklamo kwesikhathi cishe angazanga Decor aluhlaza, isitayela ekuqaleni eyinqaba.

Ukukhathazeka kukaPetru Elizabethan Baroque, bafaka, kukhona ukungezwani phakathi eziningana abalulekile. Kugcine ugxile emasikweni eMoscow sesakhiwo esikhulu XVII ngasekupheleni -. The ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVIII, usebuyele isikimu cross-oluyingungu ukwakhiwa amathempeli, onion ipheya emise ezinengilazi zokuhlobisa.

isici esiyingqayizivele

IBhodi Indodakazi encane sikaPeter Omkhulu laligujwa ukukhula isimo amandla negunya, ekuqiniseni ubukhulu wezwe. Lokhu kuthambekela ayikwazanga kuthinte izakhiwo. Elizabethan Baroque Petersburg phesheya isibe owumthombo kwemandla embuso. Siphawula ezinye izici isici lesi sitayela:

• ezihlukahlukene elishaqisayo izakhi zokuhlobisa;

• ductility namafomu ashukumisayo yezakhiwo;

• eqhathanisa inhlanganisela yemibala ku yangaphandle;

• ukusetshenziswa pilasters futhi emithathu ikota amakholomu;

• ukuzijabulisa nensada imininingwane zokuhlobisa Interiors;

• a ukubuyela ngokusho kwezinye izinkolelo bokwakha Russian lasendulo.

isitayela Maestro

Indalo yakhe yokuqala yadalwa Courland Rastrelli ngoba isikhulu Biron. Wabe esezala umakhi induna u-Anna Ivanovna, futhi ekugcineni u-Elisabethe. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-40-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu XVIII Rastrelli wavakashela eMoscow, lapho ngaba nethuba simazi namasampula bendabuko izakhiwo Russian. Njengoba a baxgeki aveze, kungcono uhambo iDemo abathintekayo umsebenzi olwengeziwe esiyingcweti, futhi, ngenxa yalokho, ebusweni lamadolobha esimanjemanje Petersburg kuye.

Isakhiwo sokuqala, elakhiwa ngo-Rastrelli ngomyalo iNdlovukazi, futhi okwaqala ngokubekwa udumo lwakhe, kwaba esigodlweni ehlobo. Ngeshwa, lesi sakhiwo engafakwanga ngoba kwaba lokhuni. Khona-ke, nge ntshashintshe elibanjwe, wasebenza kumaphrojekthi eziningana:

• Grand Palace ePeterhof (1747-1752);

• St Andrew Cathedral Kiev (emfushane ngesineke lesi sakhiwo ngo-1747);

• rearrangement Tsarskoselskogo Catherine Palace (1752-1757).

I Isakhiwo esiphakeme kunazo zonke kuleli dolobha

I Sasebusika kwaba omunye wemisebenzi lokugcina Rastrelli. Lesi sakhiwo lapho Hermitage itholakala namuhla, futhi namuhla sibonisa Elizabethan Baroque wonke umuntu. Laqala ukwakhiwa ngo-1754. endaweni yayo kufana 60,000 square metres futhi iqukethe 1500 amakamelo. Lesi sakhiwo wayengumJuda aphakeme phakathi kwawo wonke izakhiwo zokuhlala kuleli dolobha. Lokhu anakekela Empress zashaya umthetho owenqabela abantu ekwakheni eliphezulu liphumele izakhiwo. Futhi ngenxa akuyona bethanda zenkosi, kanye neqiniso lokuthi Rastrelli ibalwa olinganise ekahle isihlobo isakhiwo ukuze ububanzi isilinganiso iNeva. Nokho, imininingwane ayekutholile Namanje akwaziwa futhi abacwaningi baqala ukubonisa ngokucacile ukuthi leli qiniso was hhayi ningi than into eqanjiwe. Nokho, lo mthetho waphoqelela.

ubuhle ongenakulibaleka

Ukuphelelisa ukwakhiwa Winter Palace ngaphansi uCatherine II futhi ngaphandle Rastrelli: Empress bamphushela, zikhetha Felten, Vallin de la Mothe, Rinaldi futhi Betsky. Lesi sakhiwo usebhekene emifanekisweni eziningana nokubuyiselwa, kodwa namuhla ungabona imininingwane Rastrelli kuhlelwe futhi wadala ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe. sekugcineni Lush, isici Baroque izinketho zesitayela, kunikeza esigodlweni ukubukeka zemikhosi. izakhiwo sakhiwo has a isigqi ehlukile ukudala ikholomu ke ahlukaniswe ibanga elithileko ke eqoqwe izinyanda efana, risalits (aphumele izingxenye wokwakha zonke ukuphakama kwalo), wangenela engeli.

Olungaphambili lwesonto zibheke Palace Square, Rastrelli enikeziwe lwaleli. Ngezinye indalo yayo umakhi waphefumulelwa lapho ukwenza ukulungiswa Sigodlo ekhatsi Strelna. Ngokuphindaphindiwe Isakhiwo repainted. Ekuqaleni, umbala main kwaba ocher efudumele, izakhi ehlukile (egunyaza inlay) abelwe lime emhlophe. Namuhla, ukuthi ezindongeni zesigodlo une-Hue Emerald. Ngokokuqala ngqá ngakho ziba ekuqaleni ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe.

Smolny Cathedral

Kuthathwa phezulu zokudala Rastrelli Smolny Sezindela. Elizabethan izakhiwo baraque kwalesi sakhiwo kukhanye kubo bonke ubuhle balo. Smolny Cathedral, element eyinhloko Ensemble, yasungulwa ngo-October 30, 1748. Ngqo owayengamele umsebenzi wezakhiwo Christian Knobel, kodwa umsunguli yephrojekthi sakhiwo Rastrelli.

Cathedral sebuningini ehlotshisiwe izakhi zokuhlobisa: dormer, arcuate (luchkovye) gables, izingelosi kanye isitsha sezimbali. Ekuqaleni umakhi wayehamba ukwakha isakhiwo imodeli European - nomunye Dome. Elizabeth akazange avumelane ikhambi elinjalo futhi ephikelela ezinhlanu oluyingungu isici Orthodox imikhandlu. Nokho, kuyinto ethempelini kungokwalabo eyodwa kuphela, Dome ngobukhulu. It liphuma phezu umgqomo has isigqoko emise isipikili ekhanda eziyizigaxa. Enye domes ezine - umbhoshongo insimbi.

Cathedral zibukeke wahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amagatsha amabili. Omunye kuhlanganisa Ezansi olungaphambili lwesonto, ukubonakala kwakhe lonke sifana esigodlweni. Esesibili - sokudonsa domes emihlanu - lighter bokwakhiwa kwezindlu zayo elihambisana isithombe evamile wethempeli. Smolny Cathedral bayahlonishwa bangesikhathi eziningi Rastrelli. Namuhla-ke ingenye sezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu Elizabethan izakhiwo baraque of Saint Petersburg. Itholakala kwi Rastrelli Square endaweni emaphakathi komuzi.

ekudalweni Kvasova

Over the Catherine Isigodlo e Tsarskoye Selo nge Rastrelli wasebenza kanye nezinye abaklami we baraque Elizabethan: Andrey vasilevich Kvasov futhi Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky. abagxeki banamuhla bona umbhali wokuqala uMsindisi phezu Haymarket. Lelibandla yasungulwa ngo 1753. Kuze kube manje liye lalondolozwa kuphela izithombe: ngo-1938 wavalwa, futhi ngo-1961 - iqhume. Ekhulwini nesishiyagalolunye, zabhalwa esontweni kuchasiselwe Rastrelli, kodwa izazi zanamuhla ungavumelani.

Ukuze abazalwane Razumovsky Kvass idale zamakhosi Kozelets, Gostilitsy futhi Znamenka (ubuqambi zokugcina uhlala okuphikisanayo). Ngo 1748 waya e-Ukraine, lapho ayesebenza kumaphrojekthi e-Ukraine isitayela Baroque.

Savva Ivanovich Chevakinsky

Ngo Tsarskoye Selo iphrojekthi Chevakinsky ayakhiwe ezimbili izakhiwo Catherine Palace, inkundla "Monbijou", okuyinto kuze kube yilolu suku engakaze walondoloza, izindlu abasebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umakhi ehilelekile ukudalwa inkundla "Hermitage".

Chevakinsky wayeyinhloko yabathathu wezakhiwo asolwandle. , Wengamela ukwakhiwa emafektri esiqhingini "New Holland" futhi uye wazakhela uhlelo lokwakha Kronstadt. Elizabethan Baroque wenziwa Chevakinsky aluthola izici ezikhethekile. Architects ngokuvamile zisebenzisa yokuntwela izinhlu ezintathu ekuhlobiseni emagumbini, usebenzile yensimbi balcony kanye kubakaki nge wezimbali.

St Nicholas Naval Cathedral

Umkhiqizo eyinhloko Chevakinsky - St Nicholas Naval Cathedral. Itholakala endaweni St Nicholas Petersburg futhi ingenye abameleli enhle kakhulu baraque Elizabethan.

Cathedral Lakhiwa 1753 nonyaka 1762. Ngokuya sakhiwo esiphambanweni. The main element zokuhlobisa Nicholas Cathedral kukhona amakholomu laseKorinte, stucco ngombala, a entablement nemigoqo kokuzihlanganisa phezu balcony. Isakhiwo iphuzu phezulu cupolas ezinhlanu zegolide.

Elizabethan Baroque, ogama izici okuxoxwe ngazo kulesi sihloko ayisekho isitayela oqavile ngemva kokufa Elizabeth. Lokhu kuthambekela yezakhiwo cishe lasakazekela emadolobhaneni yesifundazwe. Nokho, isitayela kubonakala hhayi kuphela emsebenzini Petersburg abaculi. Elizabethan Baroque is owawusekelwe imisebenzi abaklami e Moscow, ngokuyinhloko D. V Uhtomskogo futhi I. F. Michurina.