Ejwayelekile inqubo sokugembula: definition, izimpawu, izibonelo

Konke okwenzekayo emzimbeni womuntu kungaphansi kwemithetho ethile. Zenza stereotypically kungakhathaliseki isimo, ngakho umzimba uzama bazivikele "usongo" ngesimo imithi noma lokugoma, ngezinye izikhathi ezilimaza yena. Kungani lokhu kwakwenzeka? Futhi singakusebenzisa kanjani nomthelela kule nqubo ukuyivula kuzobazuzisa? Ingabe ikhona nomqondo inqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula, izinhlobo, ngokuhlanganisa izakhiwo? On lezi zinkinga amakhulu eminyaka, odokotela nososayensi bayaqagela. Bazama ukuletha imithetho ukusabela komzimba, ukuhlaziya umsebenzi wakhe.

definition

Ejwayelekile inqubo sokugembula - kubangela ukusabela ezilandelanayo ezenzeka emzimbeni ekuphenduleni yizici zangaphandle noma yangaphakathi kokuphazamisa inkambo evamile izinqubo ezibalulekile. Noma yimuphi inqubo sokugembula unezimfanelo ezifana nezimo, stereotypy, omsakazo Polly, autochthonous, equifinality nesingafani Dynamics zentuthuko.

Ulwazi izici evumela ukwaba ejwayelekile izinqubo sokugembula yobuningi bazo zonke ukusabela ezenzeka emzimbeni njalo ngeminithi.

Izici Main yenqubo sokugembula

Ukuze izinqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula libhekene khona izimfanelo eziyisithupha eziqondile.

1. Engaguquki. Ukutholakala izici ejwayelekile yenqubo, kungakhathaliseki nezimbangela zayo futhi kwasendaweni.
2. Ezihlukahlukene zokusisebenzisa. Ejwayelekile inqubo isifo ungase wakhiwe abantu nezinhlangano zezifo ezahlukene.
3. Polyetiology. ejenti Etiologic lesi sifo unendima ukuziqalela kuphela futhi akuyona unomphela.
4. Autochthonous. impahla inqubo ukuthuthukisa bebodwa, ngisho nalapho i-isici causative ayisavumelekile.
5. Equifinality. tindlela letehlukene kwetfula inqubo sokugembula ukuthi kungaholela ekwakhiweni efanayo futhi isixazululo.
6. Dynamics zokuThuthukisa. Lokhu ngcono izindlela isiqondiso inqubo sokugembula.

Ukwazi lezi zici, kungenzeka ukuveza noma izinqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula. Izibonelo imihlola efana: ukuvuvukala, imfiva, hypoxia, ukucindezeleka, ukushaqeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kwenziwe isibaluli ngalezi zinqubo, isimila thrombosis, yoma, nabanye abaningi.

ukuvuvukala

Ukuvuvukala - isampula inqubo sokugembula obubonisa ushintsho ukugeleza kwegazi, kukhuphuke permeability semithambo lihambisana lesi senzo sokukhwabanisa kwamangqamuzana nezicubu ezizungezile sokuwohloka. Uhlose at ukuqedwa umfutho pathogenic kanye nokuvulwa izicubu kanye izitho umsebenzi.

Ukuvuvukala kuhlanganisa izingxenye ezinhlanu ezibalulekile: ukushisa, ubuhlungu, ukuvuvukala, ububomvu, nokuphazamiseka okuhambisana. Lezi zici ejwayelekile ye inqubo sokugembula ingasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlonzwe futhi isifo kwamangqamuzana izinhlangano. indlela ukuvuvukala kuvamile kubo bonke eziphilayo, kuhlanganise lenyama, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izinto asibambe izici isakhi umzimba.

Noma yimuphi ukuvuvukala ngizodabula izigaba ezintathu, okungase ucishe evelele. Isigaba sokuqala - sokuguqula. Lihlobene nokubhekana ubuso umonakalo ezicutshini namaseli. Ukusilandela, exudation iqala lapho kusukela semithambo endaweni ezilimele uqala ukugeleza uketshezi. Futhi esigabeni yokugcina - ayanda. Lokhu asebenzayo cell ayanda nezicubu ukuvuselelwa (ukuvuselelwa).

imfiva

izinqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula futhi zihlanganisa lokushisa wazibuza yona futhi anoxia. Ungaqala nge ukushisa komzimba. It libhekene imfiva eziphikelelayo ngenxa yezinguquko ohlelweni thermoregulatory. Evolutionarily kwakheka lesi simo is ukuvikela umzimba kusuka izinto ezithwala izifo ukuthi wafa ngaphansi isenzo ukushisa.

Embalwa edlule, zonke izifo kule nqubo lokuthuthukiswa evusa lokushisa, ngokuthi "Unemfiva." Leli gama lihlanganisa khona namuhla igama ezinye izinhlangano isifo, kodwa hhayi kuzo zonke izindawo.

Ingqikithi zalesi simo itholakala lokuthi ukuthi umzimba ngemva yokushayiswa pathogen ukhiqiza isakhi esithile ethize - ikhekhe. La makhemikhali kuthinte isikhungo thermoregulatory nokususa njalo setpoint lokushisa ephakeme kunokujwayelekile. Kodwa thermoregulatory izindlela ukugcina umsebenzi wabo. Lokhu eliyisisekelo umehluko imfiva kusuka komzimba okukhulu, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho kukhona ukwehluleka compensatory izindlela thermoregulation.

hypoxia

Hypoxia - ejwayelekile inqubo sokugembula ukuthi kwenzeka ngenxa yokushodelwa umoya emoyeni noma ngenxa yokwephula kwezidingo zabo kwezitho nezicubu.

ukuhlukanisa:

- hypoxia hypoxic (i-oksijini ingcindezi yokwehla kwezinga emoyeni aphakeme);
- zokuphefumula noma ezihlobene nokuphefumula (kahle ukuthwala umoya-mpilo ngokusebenzisa gematoalveolyarny isithiyo);
- hematic ngenye Blutwurst (umthamo ukuncipha igazi izinhlayiya zomoya-mpilo);
- kwegazi (encishisiwe kwegazi izinga);
- indwangu (nokuncipha izicubu-mpilo bezibona);
- sindisa (ulwelwesi amaseli isitho ezisebenza ogcwele kakhulu);
- okuxubile;
- man-made (eba uma umzimba isikhathi eside endaweni nge ngentuthu okusezingeni eliphezulu).

Iningi nozwelo yokushodelwa umoya yiwona izicubu sezinzwa, imisipha inhliziyo, isibindi nezinso amaseli. Ukuze ukulungiswa hypoxia usebenzisa izidakamizwa ukuthi ukwandisa ukulethwa umoya-mpilo ezicutshini noma ukunciphisa isidingo samanzi emzimbeni salokhu igesi.

yokungezwani komzimba

Umqondo izinqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula ngeke akwenze ngaphandle kokukhuluma komzimba. Le mpendulo hypersensitive esimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni yomzimba ukubukeka antigen zomzimba. Kukhona izinhlobo ezine hypersensitivity:

1. Anaphylactic. Phakathi Ungowokuqala okuxhunyanwa naye kwakheka umzimba nge antigen Ige kakhulu, okuyinto unamathele Mast amaseli bese ukhiphela igazi. contact okuphindaphindayo ne antigen, insika amaseli ayafa, wegazi nezicubu ukuwa balamuli ukuvuvukala okuyinto baxabane letindzala.
2. Cytotoxic. Antigen esisogwini ulwelwesi cell, immunoglobulin ethumba amakilasi M G. Ngemva kwalokho, maseli libhujiswa phagocytosis, noma ngaphansi kwethonya umphelelisi amaprotheni, noma natural killer cells.
3. Immunocomplex. Amasosha Omzimba axhunyiwe unomphelo antigen futhi bazihlanganise Imithambo yegazi. amaseli Umhlinzi endothelial ayafa nge enzyme ikhishwe.
4. Ibambezelekile uhlobo hypersensitivity (dth). I antigen engena emzimbeni, baxhumana macrophage kanye helper T cell by inkanuko amasosha omzimba.

ukucindezeleka

Ukucindezeleka - umqondo collective kuhlanganise lithathelwe izindlela non-ezithile zomzimba ezifakwe ngaphansi kwethonya izici ezihlukahlukene zangaphakathi nezangaphandle. Ukwabela ukucindezeleka omuhle - eustress nemibi - usizi. Ngu uhlobo ukuchayeka ukuhlukanisa neuropsychic, izinga lokushisa, ukukhanya, njll Golodova. Izingcindezi.

ukucindezeleka bokuphila ubizwa nangokuthi lithathelwe jikelele syndrome (Osa). Physiologist Hans Salle wathola ukuthi, ngaphezu isinxephezelo isimo ukucindezeleka, futhi kukhona amanye ukulimala izakhi zomzimba: nokwehlisa indlala thymus, okwandisa cortex adrenal, izilonda yokusetshenziswa pheshana emathunjini.

Lesi sazi likhombe izigaba ezintathu CCA:

- alamu (ukugqugquzela umzimba izinqolobane);
- ukumelana;
- Ukuwohloka.

Ngemva kweminyaka emihlanu bebhapathiziwe ukushicilelwa bayihlaba kakhulu inkolelo yakhe, ngo-1938, lapho nombono Salie eside lithathelwe.

thrombosis

izinqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula ezihambisana iziyaluyalu kwegazi - kuyinto hypoxia futhi thrombosis. Kugcine Ukwakheka kwezitho amahlule ngaphakathi imithambo yegazi ekuphileni kobuntu. Ukulandela ukulimala kwemithambo yegazi, umthambo, capillary isitsha noma yimuphi omunye rush esizeni ukudabuka ka-platelet okuyinto banamathelane futhi yakha eyinhloko fibrin ihlule. Uyawavala isici futhi ukumisa ukulahlekelwa igazi kusukela embhedeni semithambo.

Lokhu omuhle eceleni inqubo. Nokho, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile (ukopha okukhulu, ukwehluleka okuzivumelanisa izindlela, ephakeme igazi lipids), amahlule igazi ungakheka futhi ngaphandle umonakalo emgudwini wegazi. Amahlule lijikeleze egazini kungacinanisa izitsha ezincane (noma enkulu), okubangela ischemia nogwali necrosis.

Kunezici ezintathu ekhuthaza thrombosis, m. N. triad Virchow sika:

- hypercoagulation noma thrombophilia (isimo kubangelwa ukukhubazeka kwezakhi zofuzo noma ukuzimisela anda ukungatheleleki);
- umonakalo mucosal amaseli semithambo (ukuhlukumezeka, ukuhlinzwa, ukutheleleka);
- ukuhlukumeza kwegazi ukugeleza kusayithi yokulimala (igazi stasis ngenxa isifo senhliziyo).

isimila

Isayensi yezokwelapha kubhekwe njengento isimila isampula inqubo sokugembula. Incazelo yaleli umqondo wethu yile: iyona izicubu kwakhiwa ngenxa yezinguquko apharathasi zofuzo engqamuzaneni. Lezi zinguquko ziye zaholela ukuphazamiseka ukukhula kwabo kanye kwamangqamuzana.

Zonke izimila zihlukaniswe amaqembu amabili: kungavamile ukuba ingozi nesibulalayo. Zikhona izici ezinhlanu evame ukubuzwa yibo bonke izimila:

- atypia (izicubu noma cell);
- isakhiwo organoid;
- Inqubekela;
- ukuzimela;
- ukukhula angenamkhawulo.

Ukuze ingozi zikhula kancane. Abanaso yakha metastases futhi ayinayo elibi umzimba iyonke. Kodwa ngaleso confluence sezimo ezingezinhle can isimila esibulalayo.

yoma

izinqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula zihlanganisa yoma futhi ukonakala. Yoma - nokuncipha ubukhulu lezitho nezicubu ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwemikhuba yokudla. Phakathi yoma waphawula ukwehla ugqinsi kwezintambo zesivikelo sesifuba imisipha, ukuncishiswa actin futhi myosin, izinto plastic. Ngo myocardium avele necrosis izindawo, futhi ulwelwesi esiswini - isilonda. Yoma yenzeka ngesikhathi lapho umuntu ukhathele isifo isikhathi eside noma baphoqeleka ukuba athobele esiqinile embhedeni ukuphumula, ezifana emva ukwa noma ngemuva kokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo.

Imiphumela yoma lula ukulungisa, uma efike ngesikhathi ukubuyisela motor umsebenzi. Ngakho-ke, sanquma ukukhulisa ukuhlinzwa lesiguli esikhathini postoperative e labagula - ukuba bahlanganyele Physiotherapy nokuphefumula kanzima umzimba.

Ngamagama ezingezona ezokwelapha leli gama lisetshenziselwa, lapho ofuna ukugxila kuyo ukulahlekelwa yinoma yimuphi umuzwa noma ikhono.

sokuwohloka

Sokuwohloka - inqubo ejwayelekile sokugembula, ukuphazamiseka umzimba libhekene ezingeni izicubu, okuholela izinguquko zabo kwesakhiwo. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yale nqubo kungukuphula amaseli amandla. Izindlela zika izicubu trophic kanye nezinhlaka zihlukaniswe intracellular kanye extracellular.

izindlela Intracellular zihlanganisa:

- ukuthuthwa imikhiqizo umzimba ngokusebenzisa igazi-lymph;
- mesenchyme intercellular;
- neuroendocrine isiqondiso.

Ukwephula isixhumanisi ngayinye, noma konke ndawonye kuyinto uhlobo oluthile ukungondleki. Secrete lo amaprotheni, fat, carbohydrate namaminerali sokuwohloka, kanye ezingamahlalakhona.

isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi

Ukwephula lipid umzimba naye ejwayelekile izinqubo sokugembula. I pathophysiology yalesi simo okuhlobene umzimba amafutha kanye sebethule yabo ezindongeni umkhumbi. Lipids ziphansi futhi kakhulu ephansi kwabantu elifakwe amaseli endothelial obumba zingcwecwe atheromatous. Esigabeni esilandelayo esikhundleni babo buyakhula ezicutshini ukuthi imbibiruetsya calcium ion. Isitsha Izindonga sikhubazekile, emincane futhi kungenziwa avimbekile ngokuphelele. Lokhu kuholela ischemia nogwali ukungasebenzi.