Economist French Jean-Baptiste Yithi: ucwaningo biography. "Treatise on Umnotho Political"

Jean-Baptiste Zwi isithombe okuzokwenziwa okusesihlokweni esithi, ubhekwa abalandeli ovelele imfundiso yokuziphendukela u-Adam Smith. Lesi sibalo absolutized umqondo indlela okuzenzakalelayo nokuphatha ezimweni ezimakethe. Cabanga ngaphezu kwebanga elishiwo abadumile Jean-Baptiste Zwi.

biography

Wazalelwa sibalo Januwari 5, 1767 e Lyon, emndenini umthengisi, a priori, ukuthi kusikisela ukuthi inezici ezifana ikhono ebhizinisi. Zhan Batist Sey, ngemva kokuthola isikhathi esanele lapho wenza kwalophiko, wasephakamisa self-ukuqeqeshwa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yena wathonywa umqondo Smith. Isiqondiso main ukuthi eyamdonsela kwaba wezomnotho kwezombangazwe. Ngo Phakathi nokufunda isiyalo ukufunda umsebenzi Smith sika "Umcebo of Nations." Imibono lilandiswe lalomsebenti kufanele ziye enwetshiwe hhayi kuphela ukuze kuzuze wonke yeFrance, kodwa emhlabeni wonke - ngakho wacabanga Jean-Baptiste Zwi. Economic ukubukwa sibalo athuthukile ngokwezinga elikhulu ngaphansi kwethonya izenzakalo kwekhulu le-18 ngasekupheleni - emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka 19. A indima ebalulekile kukhala by uhambo eya eNgilandi. Kuleli zwe, ngokungafani France, kuqhame baqala ukuvela imisebenzi hhayi ezolimo kanye nezezimboni.

Qala umsebenzi

Ukubuyela e 1789 evela eNgilandi, Sy engena enkampanini yomshuwalense. Lapho, waba ngunobhala we Claviere, ababeyoba uNgqongqoshe Wezezimali. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi olusemthethweni elilandelayo wayetadisha ngesikhathi, "Umcebo of Nations" Smith. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3, Jean-Baptiste Zwi kuyinto eseduze Jacobins, wathumela sokuzithandela ibutho Abavukeli. Ngo-1794 th ishiya le sevisi, waba umhleli walo magazini Paris futhi isebenza kuze 1799 th. ukuzimela kwakhe futhi okwakhe, ukuhlolwa ezibucayi imisebenzi nguhulumende emkhakheni kwezomnotho ziye zaba nomthelela okusheshayo futhi ngempumelelo umsebenzi wakhe njengelungu leKomiti Wezezimali we-Tribunal. isipiliyoni esiwusizo kuhulumeni, ulwazi olujulile kwenqubekela-phambili kwezesayensi, ngokuhlanganiswa bezibona umqondo Smith sika Ngokungangabazeki uye nomthelela ekubhaleni imisebenzi yabo izisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela ekuthuthukiseni umnotho nomphakathi.

Jean-Baptiste Ithi: "A indatshana ku wezomnotho kwezombangazwe"

Lo msebenzi has ngezinga elikhulu obaluleke kakhulu ezweni. Phakathi nekhulu le-18 eFrance baqala ukuvela, futhi ngokushesha saba yintandokazi theory Physiocratic. Baqhubeka anesikhundla okuholela emnothweni wezwe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuhumusha "Umcebo of Nations," esanyatheliswa 1802. Nginqobe eyeqisayo Bakwethu ayengakwenza nje Jean-Baptiste Zwi. Kafushane, encwadini yakhe ethi baba isitatimende nje indlela lapho kumiswa, ukusatshalaliswa futhi ukusetshenziswa yengcebo. Lo msebenzi kuphela efika kuqala uphindelela futhi bechaza amandla imibono Smith. Ngemva kokukhishwa kukamagazini i yencwadi ngokwayo, Jean-Baptiste Zwi nozakwabo eNgilandi bayaqhubeka basebenze ukuthuthukisa lo msebenzi. Le ncwadi ibilokhu anezele eziningi futhi ushintsho. Lapho isisebenzi uhlala kunyatheliswa incwadi Kwaba nemihlangano emihlanu. Umsebenzi kuso uye yaba indzabambhalo kakhulu isikhathi.

Izimiso ze-indlela

Jean-Baptiste Zwi njengabanye zabuna, ngokusekelwe umqondo yakhe isibonelo sciences ngqo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-physics likhishiwe njengesibonelo. Esikhathini isici methodological kusho ukuqashelwa izigaba, imithetho nezimfundiso, okuyinto anencazelo okuyinhloko kanye jikelele. Njengoba sihambisana nale, ngokuvumelana nomqondo Zwi wezomnotho kwezombangazwe kanye nezenzo njengoba enzeka theory achazayo. Figure ngokungenamibandela wamukele izimiso wemakethe khulula, ukuhweba ezifuywayo angaphandle, zamanani, umncintiswano angenamkhawulo futhi okungezona ngisho ukubonakaliswa kancane umumo okhululekile. Wakhulisa la umqondo wezwe elingaphansi isikhundla ngokuphelele. Lapho ukwamukela Concept Zwi umgomo isiqinisekiso umphakathi nokuqedwa ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele, underconsumption. Okungukuthi, eqinisweni, kwakuthuthukisa ukuba nokwenzeka kokuntengantenga e imibono yabo.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukukhiqizwa kabusha

Ngo umlando ithiyori kwezomnotho igama Zwi kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa umfanekiso usosayensi ababekholwa ngokuvumelana izithakazelo amakilasi nomphakathi ezimweni ezimakethe. Washumayela zokuvunywa imihlahlandlela umnotho Smith sokuzibulala elawula. Kufanele ukuthi ukugxekwa imibono ukubeka phambili Jean-Baptiste Zwi naphezu amaningi imizamo ekuphikiseni ubuntu babo ezahlukene, wahlala ingaphelele engaphezu kwekhulu. Lendlela yekubala nokusimama kwakubangelwa ngalezi zici ezintathu. I "ukuze zemvelo," kuqala Smith aphakanyisiwe nezimo of inkokhelo futhi amanani. Lapho indima lesilinganiselwa ezezimali exchange zabasebenzi kanye nemiphumela yayo phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlangano izimakethe letihlomulisa. Ngokusho lo mqondo, Jean-Baptiste Zwi wathi olunye inqubo kumane kungamukeleki. Okwesibili, futhi esekelwe imibono Smith, ke aqede noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka emisebenzini kwezomnotho ngaphandle. "Umthetho Zwi sika" isekela imfuneko ngoba kuncishiswa bureaucratic isimo apharathasi, kugwenywe umumo okhululekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umqondo progressiveness ubikezela ukuthuthukiswa ubudlelwane emakethe emphakathini ngesisekelo imiphumela inqubekela-phambili yesayensi lwezobuchwepheshe.

Ingqikithi "umthetho"

Wawunamabhodi eqinisweni lokuthi lapho isihloko bese wonke amalungu umphakathi izimiso eziyisisekelo liberalism kwezomnotho kagesi (ukukhiqizwa) ngeke kuvuse funa ezanele (ukusetshenziswa). Okungukuthi, okukhipha ezokwenzela imali ezinzile ngawo izimpahla kuzobe kudayiswa ngokukhululekile. Ngakho elithi "uMthetho Zwi" kwakubhekwa ziqondakala zonke abasekeli imibono liberalism kwezomnotho. Babekholelwa ukuthi amanani entengo khulula nezimo ezimweni ezimakethe ngeke avuse impendulo cishe leso yezinguquko izimo zomnotho. Lokhu, kungaba isiqinisekiso ukuzithiba emnothweni. Eqinisweni, uma sicabanga ematfuba enana ubudlelwano lapho imali isinyathelo kuphela njengoba amayunithi yokubala, kuyilapho funa Imininingwane ilingana ukubaluleka zonke izimpahla ezoshintshwaniswa izimali, le ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele Imininingwane engenakwenzeka. Ngakho-ke kuyinto isiphetho esinengqondo futhi esobala Blaug. Wayengumuntu incazelo elula yomthetho, okwaholela Jean-Baptiste Zwi - "imikhiqizo zikhokhelwa imikhiqizo," - kokubili namanye amazwe futhi ezifuywayo. Lowo mcabango wenza ukusaphazela ngaleso sikhathi.

UKarla Marksa Critique

Lesi sibalo azi- umuntu owayezothatha isikhundla imibono hhayi kuphela Smith, kodwa Ricardo. Marx ikakhulukazi ngqo obala umcabango yokugcina kanye nalabo abanezindinganiso embonweni ka Zwi on ukuthi akunakwenzeka nezinkinga emnothweni. Wagomela kwesiphetho cyclical (gqwa) ukukhiqiza ngokwedlulele imihlola. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Marx kubhekwe okungalungile ukwelapha obumbi bomnotho njengoba inkinga underconsumption. Ngesikhathi esifanayo mkhuba eziyinkinga, ngokuvumelana wesimanje izikhundla lomqondo, it is okubangelwa hhayi okungaka futhi hhayi kuphela imibono alithembekile ka Zwi kodwa regularities we izimfanelo for ukuvela izimo wokuncintisana abangaphelele, kuphezulu nokusatshalaliswa esinakho. Lezi zigaba kukhona isisekelo zinkolelo-mbono ezicatshangelwayo ekhona wesi isimo namuhla komkhakha kwezomnotho, control social phezu ukuthuthukiswa yayo.

Three izici zokukhiqiza

imibono Zwi wezomnotho yayisekelwa ngendlela ethile futhi ziyabonakala ngemisebenzi Malthus. Ngokwesibonelo, umbono lalivamile izindleko zakhe ukukhiqizwa cishe ngokuphelele esekelwe izikhundla ukubeka phambili ngaphambili. Ngakho, Sy wanika mbono izici ezintathu ukukhiqizwa: umhlaba, abasebenzi kanye dolobha. Lokhu, likhombisa polarity okutholakele ukuthi wenza abalandeli umqondo Smith. Uma Ricardo, Marx, utopians kwezenhlalo, Sismondi, futhi eziningi nezinye izibalo njengoba umthombo ukubaluleka imikhiqizo umsebenzi waqaphela, enye ingxenye abalandeli njengoba esigabeni sokuqala wamukela izindleko ezivela inqubo ukukhiqizwa izindlela (capital), abasebenzi (izisebenzi) kanye nezintela ( emhlabeni), owayengakaze ethwele usomabhizinisi. Jean-Baptiste Zwi Malthus nabasekeli babo izindleko imibono ukukhiqizwa futhi amalungu imali emphakathini babone ezintweni ezenziwa ngokubambisana kanye nobuhlobo obunokuthula phakathi abakhiqizi. Abalandeli Smith Ricardo wabona umsuka inzuzo kanye intela njengoba kubanjwe kusuka izindleko abasebenzi abasebenzayo lisetshenziswa zemali yokuqhuba ibhizinisi kanye ekilasini umbango.

imfundiso yokuziphendukela Inani

Ngokuphathelene nale nkinga Sei kwadingeka abanye izincazelo zabo. Nokho, akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi okuphindaphindiwe imibono Smith, njengoba umshado beyofuna imiqondo emisha. Ngokwesibonelo, okusekelwe phezu kwesisekelo sokuthi ukuvulwa izimpahla zihlale izici ezimbili nolimi - umthengi futhi ukubaluleka exchange, Sy wanika ekhethekile ubuhlobo ukubaluleka ukubaluleka kanye Umbuso izimpahla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ukunakwa okuningi wakhokha ngezinto ezintathu ukukhiqizwa. incazelo Smith sika engavamile mqondo ifomula ukuthi edonsa abasebenzi zabasebenzi amaholo njengoba inzuzo, inhloko-dolobha - engenayo capitalists, umhlaba - abanikazi ukuqasha indawo. ngaleyo ndlela Sei ecacisa ukuthi lezi zici une-value ezimele ahleleka ukuqhutshwa.