Cross Marshall: iphuzu yakhoibrium, ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo

Emphakathini wanamuhla ngeke akwenze ngaphandle ulwazi eziyisisekelo emnothweni. Futhi yiziphi? Ngesisekelo umnotho ukuze kwaneliswe isidingo iyona - okubizwa ngokuthi Marshall esiphambanweni. Futhi uhlobo uwuphawu lokhu isayensi. Ngakho-ke bahlale ngokuningiliziwe.

Alfred Marshall: Biography iDemo nezimfundiso

Ikusasa Economist owaziwa owazalelwa emndenini umnikazi eLondon. Watadisha wafunda e-Oxford, bese eCambridge. Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, Marshall wasebenza njengomfundisi. Ngo-1885 waba umphathi womnyango Umnyango Political Umnotho eCambridge. Alfred Marshall bekulokhu umsekeli zokuncintisana ezimakethe. imibono yakhe ithonya isiqondiso abameleli zakudala marginalist.

Okufanela eyinhloko Marshall wukuthi wakwazi ukuthuthukisa ocatshangelwayo kwezomnotho njengenhlangano isayensi ehlangene nomphakathi. Phakathi nokuphila usosayensi wanyathelisa "Izimiso Economics" omningi eziyisithupha, okuyinto namanje ziyimisebenzi zakudala emkhakheni. Marshall kwaba akukuningi yini okuhilelekile kuyi-ingxabano phakathi Abasekeli isicelo izindlela zezibalo kwezomnotho futhi abalandeli 'emsulwa "isayensi. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi "Izimiso wezomnotho" lonke agumenti kunikezwa ngamazwi kuphela, futhi wonke amamodeli nezibalo esikhathini tichibiyelo. A indawo ekhethekile zezomnotho zezemfundo wathatha imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuthengisela, funa, futhi emakethe zilingana. Okwamuva kanye Cross ngokuthi Marshall.

Iphuzu yakhoibrium

Namuhla, ngisho umfundi, okumenza waqala izifundo zezomnotho, kuyacaca ukuthi intengo kumele isethelwe esekelwe ukunikezela funa. Cross Marshall - esimisweni cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ukhumbule. Kuyinto elula kwendikimba, Curves ezimbili ukuhlangabezana weyesi. It kuvela lo ngokuthi "isiphambano" noma "sikelo", usebenzisa okuyinto kulula ukuchaza usemkhankasweni wokusungula yakhoibrium emakethe.

Nokho, kuncane engaphezu kwekhulu edlule ayizange kubacacele ngakho. I yakhoibrium emakethe kuqala phakathi ukunikezela funa nje kuvezwa Marshall. Yena kahle wachaza emthambekeni ijika nokuthi zihlangana kanjani. Cross Marshall emnothweni wenza revolution yangempela. Intengo emakethe futhi ivolumu yakhoibrium samanje kukhona kule isichazamazwi, ngisho izakhamuzi ezivamile. Futhi bayinhliziyo kwanoma iyiphi ithiyori. Usosayensi kwafeza lukhulu sokuthuthukiswa isayensi kwezomnotho. Nokho, igalelo lakhe kungenziwa ihlukaniswe ezindaweni ezine: funa, ukuthengisela, emakethe yakhoibrium nokusatshalaliswa engenayo. Siqala owokuqala.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela funa

Marshall yakha ku izindlela ezimbili. Lokhu ukukhula intengo kanye saturation zabathengi isidingo. Bavumela ngokuziphatha subjective abathengi ubone logic umgomo futhi ezakhayo. Marshall futhi ihlukaniswe nesidingo Imininingwane ngomuntu ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wakha umqondo wegama elithi "intengo kuyaqina". Futhi Marshall wanika impela incazelo enjalo yanamuhla umqondo. Wanikeza ukulungisiswa nezibalo ukwakhelwa njengohlelo funa nokunwebeka.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isazi sesayensi ulinakile isikhundla yakhoibrium iphuzu e Marshall Cross kuncike ubude kubhekwe nkathi. Zezomnotho bathi kunalokho mufushane, kulapho ukuthonya ngokufunwa, futhi isikhathi eside, aba maningi umphumela isiphakamiso, okungukuthi, izindleko zokukhiqiza. Marshall wethula umqondo wegama elithi "umthengi isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona", okuyinto kamuva yasungulwa imfundiso inhlalakahle. Limelela umehluko phakathi kwamanani abathengi bazimisele ukukhokhela umkhiqizo nokubaluleka kwalo langempela.

Mayelana sipho

Cross Marshall ebonisa ukuziphatha abathengi nje kuphela kodwa futhi abakhiqizi. Okwazekayo inikeza Marshall ahlukaniswe izindleko imali ukukhiqizwa langempela. Eyokuqala - inkokhelo imithombo. Esesibili - izindleko konke isetshenziswa inqubo ukukhiqizwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi athengwa ngayo imali noma impahla inkampani.

Marshall yabhekisela echuma kanye nokuncipha umthelela zici ngesilinganiso. Waxoxela nomqondo izindleko unomphela, eziseceleni nemibhalo ingqikithi ukukhiqizwa. Okwazekayo inikeza Marshall bafaka isikhathi factor. Ikakhulukazi, wagomela ngokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nezindleko fixed babe onhlobonhlobo.

On the yakhoibrium emakethe

Maphakathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela usosayensi - Cross Marshall. Wathethelela intengo njengoba Regulator emakethe. Marshall embona belingana ezinjena kuphoqa njengoba ukunikezela funa. Ibe nomqondo usosayensi futhi ivolumu yakhoibrium, okungukuthi, nenani lomkhiqizo ukuthi kwanelisa kokubili abathengi kanye nabakhiqizi. Marshall wagomela ukuthi ezimweni zokuncintisana, uma intengo emakethe idlula yakhoibrium, funa uwela, futhi lokhu kuholela ekuphelelweni kubiza phansi. Iphinde sibuyekezwe umphumela zici lubandlululo kanye yesikhashana. Marshall wagcizelela isidingo ukuhlukanisa izici yesikhashana nehlala isikhathi eside nezikhala. Wagcizelela ukuthi isilawuli wokuqala wenza funa yesibili - sipho.