Concept, izinhlobo nencazelo: ukoniwa

Kuyini ubugebengu kanye nokwakheka kwayo? izimpawu ezikhathazayo futhi inhloso kanye inhlanganisela yabo, eyasungulwa umthetho lobugebengu, okuyinto njani ingozi emphakathini zobugebengu isenzo, kutfola inshokutsi yemagama eziyisisekelo. Secala luyisisekelo incurring necala lobugebengu. Criminal umthetho Russian alisho umqondo uqobo, kodwa, kabanzi umkhuba okuphenya kanye zokwahlulela, Theory Yomthetho, Criminal Procedure Code kanye Criminal Code.

Elements nencazelo yawo

Actus Reus inezigaba ezine kuphela:

a) into the ubugebengu, okuyinto iqondiswa lokushaya (ezinhle, amagugu, ubudlelwane nomphakathi, okuyinto avikelwe ngokubusa ngomthetho lobugebengu);

b) ecaleni Injongo (okungukuthi, isenzo esiyingozi kakhulu, ezinsikeni zawo zangaphandle, nemiphumela eyingozi umphakathi, futhi yini ukuxhumana okuhle phakathi ubugebengu kanye nemiphumela, izibhamu, imfashini, imali, isikhathi, indawo, indawo lapho ukoniwa kwaba izimisele);

c) isici subjective (okungukuthi, yini ngaphakathi ubugebengu: the state ngokwengqondo, le umenzi wokubi necala nasemiphumeleni yaso: ngenhloso noma ukunganaki, injongo kanye nesisusa, isimo esingokomzwelo ngesikhathi ukwenza isenzo);

g) isephulamthetho (umuntu obhekene in engu umthwalo lobugebengu).

Ukuze siqhube yiluphi uhlobo womsebenzi zomthetho, ngasinye salezi zici kubalulekile.

Kwakha ubugebengu futhi ine izici agcwele lezi zinto, kunjalo futhi amaqembu amane:

a) Labo izimfanelo agcwele into eqondile, isihloko ubugebengu futhi isisulu;

b) incazelo ohlangothini Injongo (isenzo kanye nemiphumela ubugebengu, isixhumanisi esiyimbangela elisungulwe phakathi ezimbili, isikhathi, indawo, indlela, izindlela, amathuluzi kanye nendawo);

c) isici subjective, futhi, has izici zayo siqu: iwayini, isisusa imizwelo, umgomo;

d) kuncike izici (wemfanelo umuntu, khona iminyaka umthwalo lobugebengu).

Izici ngayinye izakhi ezine, futhi, zibaluleke kakhulu. Ukoniwa has izici edingakalayo bese ozikhethela.

Okuphoqelekile kanye ozikhethela

izakhi okuphoqelekile kumele abe khona, futhi ukungabi khona ngisho noyedwa kubo ukuba ukuntuleka ephelele isakhiwo. Inani izici ezibalulekile icala, kuhlanganise side yabo inhloso, kumele yakhiwe:

• Into yobugebengu.
• Ukungasebenzi noma isenzo, nemiphumela eyingozi kuhlobane ngokuqondile yokwenza noma yokungenzi okuthile, ngokuphathelene kumele esiyimbangela.
• Ngokulinganiswa izakhi kuncike kumele abe nezimpawu sabantu ngokomzimba engqondweni futhi ube neminyaka ethile ubudala ke.
• Yecala njengoba ngenhloso noma ukunganaki.

Inani izimpawu zobugebengu nawo njengomnyango mkhulu kakhulu, kuphela bakwazi ukunquma ukuba semthethweni kwesakhiwo bemangalelwa ngamacala obugebengu.

izakhi Akuphoqelekile ezidingekayo ukwakha yezinhlobo ubugebengu njengoba ezengeziwe main sibe saziso ngemibuzo ukwakheka kanye ozikhethela abanye. Ngokwesibonelo:

a) ngokuhlobene into: isisulu nezikhonzi;

b) ngohlangothi umgomo - indawo, isimo, isikhathi, indlela, amathuluzi;

c) maqondana isihloko - isihloko ekhethekile;

g) subjectively - isimo esingokomzwelo, futhi motif target.

Inani ubufakazi ubugebengu ngempela isakhiwo esikhulu, ngoba ukuba khona kwabo kuyoba agumenti kuphela necala lobugebengu.

Ukwahlukanisa: degree of umphakathi nengozi yomphakathi

La macala ka kakhulu sihluke nomunye, zingabantu ngezizathu ezifanayo, futhi, kungenziwa ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye ezine. Kuyinto kusuka ngaphakathi izincazelo kusula ukubaluleka ubugebengu. Amafomu kubo.

1. I degree of commonality e namacala uhlelo uphawu: ezivamile, ejwayelekile nezinhlobo eqondene ukwakhiwa.

• Eyokuqala siqukethe inhlanganisela timphawu netakhiwo ukuthi zikhona zonke ukwakhiwa, basuke libhekene izenzo zobugebengu.
• Esesibili - izici generalized emacaleni afanayo okhombisa izici iqembu esingokwemvelo eyohlasela okufanayo kwesigaba CC.
• Ingxenye yesithathu - isici wezomthetho ubugebengu izinhlanga ezithile.
• Okwesine - uquqaba ubugebengu umthetho oqondile lobugebengu.

2. I degree of ingozi umphakathi icala ngaphansi kophenyo ukhomba ukwakhiwa eyinhloko, nginelungelo futhi abaqeqeshiwe.

• Eyokuqala - eziyisisekelo - iqukethe isethi ephelele core (siphoqelekile) ubufakazi subjective futhi inhloso ye ukwakheka, lapho ubugebengu kubonakala futhi ukuqukatha isihluku noma ezidinga ngibonelele.
• Ingxenye yesibili - lo nelungelo, izimpawu ie, equkethe ukunciphisa aphakamisa ukuthi ingozi esincinyane ukuze umphakathi kwaleso senzo ukukhonza njengesisekelo ukunciphisa usayizi isijeziso eqhathaniswa izinhlawulo ngenxa amacala isakhiwo esiyisisekelo.
• kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe - isenzo nge izimo owayephethe, kulekelelwa izici ezithile zobugebengu, elibonisa ingozi kakhulu umphakathi isenzo, futhi ngenxa yalokho kuhilelani isijeziso esiqatha kuqhathaniswa ne isijeziso isakhiwo esiyisisekelo.

Izimpawu izinhlobo zokuqala ezimbili zibonisa kubaluleke kangakanani yezinhlobo ubugebengu. Izinhlobo ngokunembile delineate kube sezingeni isijeziso perstupleniya uzibophezele.

Ukwahlukanisa: indlela echaza isakhiwo kanye nezici

Izindlela echaza imithetho emacaleni uphawu bungabi ezintathu izinhlobo: elula, eyinkimbinkimbi futhi okunye. Ingxenye yokuqala unika zonke izimpawu ezikhathazayo futhi inhloso kanye eziyinkimbinkimbi iqukethe izici ezengeziwe noma izakhi ngokuya ambalwa, isakhiwo okunye - uhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa isici ke ukuthi kukhona okubonisa okukhethwa kukho isenzo sobugebengu noma Imodi isinyathelo, okuyizinto wonke ngesikhathi esifanayo noma ngamunye ukuchaza ukoniwa. Ngakho-ke uboniswa noma libe nencazelo ehluke kuwubufakazi umgomo icala.

Design izici ubujamo bento zawo umgomo - ngesikhathi Ukuvalwa ukwakhiwa kungenzeka impahla, ufushanisiwe noma esisemthethweni. Engxenyeni yokuqala ka uphawu isenzo ubugebengu kuyimiphumela ukuba afiphale, futhi ubugebengu ngokwayo angabhekwa iqediwe kuza nemiphumela eyingozi umphakathi, ebekiwe ngumthetho. Isakhiwo esisemthethweni kuyinkomba kuphela ingozi isenzo yomphakathi noma ukungenzi futhi isishiya sezomthetho, futhi akuxhomekile okuvela ngemiphumela isenzo. Ufushanisiwe ukoniwa (umqondo, izimfanelo okusho) has a isakhiwo lapho icala is njengezinikeziwe igcwaliswe olukhona kusenesikhathi - kusukela ngesikhathi anomlandu wokwenza isenzo noma ukuzama ukupheka ukuze isenzo sobugebengu, futhi akuxhomekile kwaqedwa uhlelo.

ichaze

Isigaba ubugebengu kanye isikhathi eside kakhulu isetshenzisiwe kabanzi kuphela umkhuba, kodwa umthetho lobugebengu kuze kube muva nje, le ncazelo alisetshenziswa. RF Criminal Code kuvikelwe ekugcineni indima juqu imiqondo enjalo, nakuba definition eqondile enganikanga. Kodwa lelo gebe zizogcwaliswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela umthetho.

Ngakho ukoniwa - inikezwe imicabango futhi isimo sengqondo imithetho lobugebengu bese enikeza izici ingozi ethile social isenzo njengoba ubugebengu, izakhi subjective futhi umgomo (izimpawu), esebenza ohlelweni. Yilokho yencazelo main: uhlelo lapho izakhi (tags) - ukubaluleka ubufakazi. Sekuvele waveza ukuthi izakhi ubugebengu subsystems ezine: into futhi ohlangothini inhloso, isihloko kanye uhlangothi lwalo subjective. Inani izakhi icala ukuthi kukhona isisekelo incurring necala lobugebengu. Uma omunye isici sishoda, okubhekene lobugebengu is akulindelekile. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ubugebengu obenziwe ngumuntu uhlanya - iyona engekho lowo owenze lokho.

Umqondo umthetho

Imithetho ebekwe Criminal emacaleni Ikhodi zisekelwe Ukutadisha isimo esikhona kanye ikhomishana izenzo ezithile zabantu ukukhombisa mkhuba owandayo, kuba engathandeki futhi elimazayo evela umbono omphakathi. ukubaluleka Criminal zezomthetho ubugebengu - nekhodi yakhiwe kahle futhi ngokwethembeka ibonisa ubudlelwane ohlelweni owandile umphakathi, ikakhulukazi ingozi ka ukuhlanekezela yabo ekuvimbela imisebenzi emphakathini ewusizo futhi kuthiya ubulungiswa.

Sivumele isishaya-mthetho lifana semvelo, hhayi esikhiqiza imithetho futhi akazange sibasungule, kodwa nje zavela, ezama ukuveza ngendlela imithetho bayazi sangaphakathi imithetho ephathelene nasebuhlotsheni bethu obungokomoya. Futhi ukubaluleka ubugebengu emthethweni lobugebengu obonakaliswe Criminal Code (ekhethekile ingxenye), lapho ubugebengu eyodwa ungabahlukanisa kusuka kwenye. Ngokwesibonelo, ukweba ngokubacindezela, nelokuphanga ukuxhashazwa kuhluke izakhi ezahlukene kuphela abamelwe zalezi amacala.

eRussia

Okokuqala, kancane mayelana komthetho wamaRoma nesiNgisi. ERoma lasendulo, a ukwebiwa waqonda copyright, kuhlanganise izikweletu ezingakhokhiwe. umthetho wamaNgisi lobugebengu sidingida izindlela ezihlukahlukene ngokweba nokuhlaselwa impahla yabanye abantu, ngisho noma umuntu uye eyabiwe into wathola noma bekhohliswa ngogesi. Umthetho lobugebengu engena emacaleni athile, lapho uhlu oluphelele eRussia.

Futhi lokhu kusho ukuthi isijeziso isigebengu futhi ubugebengu ingaze ukuziphatha kuvumelana izimpawu laqanjwa ethile kuphela. Amanani wezomthetho ukoniwa e Criminal Code babhekwa njengabantu i izimpawu langempela zonke zilandelana, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu futhi ejwayelekile ka subjective futhi inhloso, ndawonye esibonisa isenzo njengoba kuyingozi emphakathini.

emacaleni engaphelele futhi Finished

Kwezinye izihloko (Special Ingxenye CC) bachazwa nje izimpawu esiphelele namacala nabadlali okuyinto kanye co-abalobi noma ngabe eyedwa. Noma kunjalo, ingxenye jikelele Criminal Code unamalungiselelo ngobugebengu elingaqediwe, okuyinto yakhiwa ukulungiselela noma ubugebengu ukubulala.

Inani subjective ohlangothini ubugebengu nalokho okuchazwe Jikelele ingxenye izimpawu kokubili ngamunye futhi sivame kuwo wonke amacala. Lapho umuntu ukwenza, isibonelo, ekulesi ubhongoza wobubi, umhleli noma ibulala hhayi mathupha isenzo ubugebengu, bugebengu kubhekwa ingxenye yenhlangano, ngokugqugquzela noma iyathinteka. Ngezinye isinyathelo nobulelesi ngamunye has a izimpawu elihambisana.

Noma yimuphi ubugebengu kungenziwa libhekene ezihlukahlukene izimpawu ezikhathazayo futhi inhloso, izici futhi eyingqayizivele izici zakhe. Izihloko we Criminal Code (ekhethekile ingxenye) khombisa nje esitebeleni kunazo isakhiwo izakhi kanye nezici zabo abamelwe: into ohlangothini isenzo lobugebengu - kokubili subjective futhi inhloso, bese wenza ngokuvumelana lonke uhlelo kuchazwa noma cha kuchazwa ngokuthi ubugebengu. Inani ohlangothini umgomo icala kubalulekile ngokunembile ngoba kubhekwa ukungenzi noma izenzo iyingozi emphakathini yalokho, izimo isikhathi nendawo, ukuxhumana esiyimbangela, izimo, izindlela nezindlela, izibhamu ikhomishana ukoniwa - okungukuthi, ekutholeni indlela yokwakheka izimpawu.

imodeli

kufinyeta nobuntu Ukwakheka izici ubugebengu ukumelana ngamunye kuphela, ungakha uhlobo yesayensi Abstraction ingxenye umqondo jikelele, okuhlanganisa izici ezingenhla, bobane eqenjini labo (namanje ngokuthi amaqembu noma ukwakheka izakhi zalo). Batinikela izimfanelo into, ezinsikeni zawo inhloso, ohlangothini subjective icala futhi isihloko. Le modeli (umqondo) avame ukusetshenziswa ezikoleni futhi linencazelo ebalulekile methodological. Njengoba uhlangothi ubugebengu ngamunye inezici ayo ethize, ngamunye iqhaza ethize ayo futhi eyingqayizivele.

Ngo ukwakheka jikelele ubugebengu kudingeka, ukuthi kuphoqelekile bonke abasebenzi, izimpawu, kanye eziningi ngabanye, atypical, uyathanda noma awuthandi. Ngokwesibonelo, indawo, isikhathi, imali, izikhali, kusho anomlandu wokwenza ubulelesi, yaso, isimo lapho bonke lokhu okwenzekayo, hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi afakiwe athile ubugebengu, kodwa lutho futhi isenzo - Lolu luluhlangothi inhloso, futhi sibonisa adingekayo ekwenziweni ngamunye. Nokho, kuleli cala ezithi ebekiwe noma izici ozikhethela kuyadingeka CC (Special Ingxenye). Izimpawu plan onjalo kulinganiselwa nobe kuchazwe, njengoba kuchazwe ngezindlela ngamazwi - imigomo ethize zomthetho, imiqondo, amazwi aziwayo.

izibonelo

Kukhona isimo sokunquma eziningana ukuthi kuyo ingumhlabathi emacaleni lapho zichazwa Criminal Code (ekhethekile okuyingxenye). Inani izici ebalulekile ohlangothini umgomo we ubugebengu kanye nomklamo ikhomba sub-section: okokusebenza Ukwakheka, esisemthethweni noma ufushanisiwe. Isibonelo Ukwakheka impahla: ukunganaki (Ingxenye 1 Article 293 of Criminal Code), lapho azikho isihluku. Lapha kubalulekile ukuba ukusungula njengoba phetho lobugebengu ngenxa yomonakalo ngezinga elikhulu, ukuhlukumeza abalulekile amalungelo esisemthethweni nezithakazelo izakhamuzi noma izinhlangano noma izithakazelo umphakathi kanye nesimo ivikelwe umthetho. Uma isihluku abakhona (ingxenye 2 kwe-athikili efanayo), lokhu kushiwo ukusetshenziswa yokulimaza noma kokushona komuntu owenziwe engaqondile. Uma kwakuba khona izimo ezikhethekile ngodlame (isigaba 3 isihloko esifanayo) - obangele ukufa kwalo abantu ababili noma abangaphezulu wubudedengu.

Isibonelo isakhiwo ngokusemthethweni imiphumela ethize ayisho kukhona lutho ngokwanele noma izenzo ezishiwo yiSigaba we Criminal Code. Imiphumela ngokuvamile zitholakala ngaphandle kwalowo icala, futhi uma aziyi ndawo, bese kunakwe lapho kwesigwebo. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela yokwakheka ilungelo sokhetho ukuvimbela noma ukuphazamisa umsebenzi wemisebenzi ukhetho. izingoma ufushanisiwe ezihlukahlukene esisemthethweni, nje ekupheleni isenzo iyiswe ekuseni esiteji yobugebengu. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuphanga (Article 162) is washayelwa njengokuhlaselwa ukweba impahla, lapho ukusebenzisa ubudlova, kuyingozi ngoba impilo yabo, noma ngokubasongela ngobudlova ezinjalo. Nokuphanga - izibophezele icala kusuka ngesikhathi sokuqala kuhlasela. Ukuphelisa umthetho wakhe adluliselwe ngesikhathi kokubulawa, lapho ekufundeni olunye impahla kuze sasiqhutshelwa.