Bonistics - Iyini?

Yini study Bonistics? Kuyinto isayensi ukuthi etadisha imali yamaphepha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okungukuthi obonakalisa umlando izibambiso. Bonistics futhi Numismatics kuhlobene, ngezinye izikhathi nolimi. Numismatics - isayensi zemali kanye namagugu wangempela amasiko ezizwe ezihlukahlukene. Umsolwa uvele ngisemncane kakhulu. A Bonistics uvele kuphela 70s of XIX leminyaka.

ERussia ezinsukwini esidala lephepha baqoqa imali, kodwa kwabonakala amateurism. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, walondoloza ngisho Kwezinye izimo ethile, okuyinto kwakheka isisekelo bonistics Russian.

Bonistics

Ngakho, liyini Bonistics? Incazelo yalo ebanzi kakhulu. Igama elithi "boom 'kwenzeka ngo-19 leminyaka, eFrance, igama amasheke, izaphulelo kanye nezinye izibambiso. Bonistics - lena nje kwenkululeko cwaningo kabi yibo kanye Booms. Lena ligama lelivamile konke zazisetshenziswa imali yephepha (amasheya, amabhondi, imali engamaphepha, izitembu).

Bonistics - is isayensi, lizimelele emhlabeni zabantu ukukhanyiselwa futhi ukhaliphile, kanye Numismatics. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndawo wokuqoqa imali yamaphepha. Ngakho, kukhona iqoqo elikhulu izikweletu kusukela Israeli ngalendoda Gerber. isisekelo salo sabekwa emuva ngo-1962.

Ngazo zonke izikhathi, imali yephepha okubangelwa esithakazelweni esingavamile esasiboniswa abantu. I thola izinkolo ezithile amayunithi kusengathiwa impumelelo. Ukuqoqa - elikhethekile ngendlela yokulondoloza isiko, ikakhulukazi zethu izikhathi, lapho abantu awunawo Isifiso sokuzenzela. I imbangela yalezo zinhlupheko kuyinto nandaba womuntu.

Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, wagxila manje ukubuyela umsuka impucuko elikhulayo nsuku zonke. Bangaphezu kuka-4 ayizinkulungwane. Yemaphepha abaqoqi nsuku zonke ngifuna amathuba amasha ubuyise amasheya abo. Advantage phakathi kwabanye akuzona kuphela ezingavamile izenzeko, kodwa futhi amanothi okubhala.

Numismatics

Numismatics - okungukuthi, njengoba sishilo, isiyalo etadisha zemali nangemvelaphi yazo. Futhi-Latin, nomisma kusho "uhlamvu".

Yini isiyalo inebuhle Bonistics noma Numismatics? Umbango uyaqhubeka kuze kube yilolu suku. Bobabili isayensi ibalulekile. Ndawonye zibonisa umlando ogcwele imali phansi. Numismatists baye ayiziphathanga Bonists nesandla esivulekile, ngenkathi kholwa ngobuqotho ukuthi Ngezimali angaphansi kuka ukubaluleka zemali.

Izinhlamvu zemali ongamtshela okuningi ngomlando imali. Phela, nabo basuke ezazenziwa kusukela zekadeni. Futhi yini ngaphezulu, bayizithunywa kuphela yokukhokha isikhathi eside. Coin - uphawu ehlanganisa metal ethize round ukuma. Ekuqondeni namuhla yethu lwemali - kwento eyinsimbi round. Kolunye uhlangothi kule mpi e nihz zibonisa elingenamikhono izingalo ezweni lendabuko, futhi ngakolunye - ihlelo. Itholakala zemali okugcwele wamaqhuzu, isikhumbuzo, efanekisela usuku noma indawo lomcimbi. Igama elithi "moneta" lihumusha ezisusela olimini lwesiLatin "yisixwayiso."

Numismatists musa kuphela ukufunda, kodwa futhi ukuqoqa zemali. Lokhu isiyalo kubhekwa njengendlela ilotho win win. Abantu abafana ukuba collect ezingavamile zemali ngoba zihlale intengo, futhi minyaka yonke isidingo kubo liyakhuphuka. Nge yokudlanga yokwanda kokungabi Numismatics ukubona uhlamvu lwemali eyigugu ngempela kuba nzima kakhulu. Iningi abaqoqi bafune ezingavamile zemali ezitolo, lapho ukuthengisa kwakudala noma abaqoqi ziyafana futhi wabelane nabo abalulekile lezimpahla.

zemali ezithakazelisayo

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kwenzeke kanjani ukuba mnandi, sethula wena zemali ezithakazelisayo kakhulu.

I isithombe esihlokweni, ungabona uhlamvu lwemali siqukethe igolide 999,9, isisindo 1000 kg. Inani okuzisholo of $ 1 million. It senziwa Perth (e-Australia).

Ayikho zemali kancane ngokuphawulekayo futhi wejubili ka-ruble ayizigidi 50, okuyinto ezikhiqizwa 1 Februwari 2010 Lena 5 amakhilogremu ngegolide elihlanzekile.

Futhi e-Republic of Congo kwenziwa yini ngohlamvu lwemali sokhuni, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi yokukhokha. Inani okuzisholo of 5 franc. Isisindo zemali 2.4 kuphela amagremu.

imali Russian

Russian iphepha imali uvele ngo-1769, lapho uCatherine Omkhulu. Lokhu kwenzeke ngemuva Manifesto-December 29, 1768, lapho sasithi zemali yokugibela lula kumelwe ithathelwe isikhundla imali yephepha. Kodwa isizathu imfihlo ngoba ukukhululwa kwabo kwaba isifiso iNdlovukazi ngaphandle izindleko ezinkulu ukuze ubuyise igadle kwezwakala nasezimalini ezingenalutho isimo. Kumele ukuthi imali kwakusabaluleke izinga abampofu, kodwa wayevele Ukuvikelwa ngesimo watermark kanye nesignesha abantu abaphethe.

Umlando we-Russian imali yamaphepha

Yemaphepha - imali yamaphepha ephrintiwe ngenkathi amabhange ekhethekile, isimemezelo yasungulwa ngu-Peter III 1762. Elinye lawo lalise-Moscow, omunye Petersburg. Lezi amabhange babehilelekile exchange zezinhlamvu zemali ukuze imali yephepha.

Yemaphepha ihluke nomunye kuphela ihlelo, ngakho kulula mbumbulu. Abantu abavamile kanye ezingelwa. Amazwi phezu imali yamaphepha abangu wayokhuhla off futhi uvumelane amahlelo entsha banknotes. Ngakho, ngo-1771 ukukhululwa kwe-75-ruble imali yamaphepha sanqamuka. Futhi izinsalela zabo kuhoxiswe kwegazi.

Iphepha imali kulula ukubala abantu. Kwakunesidingo ukukhipha amanothi ezengeziwe. Naphezu yokufunwa kakhulu, baye ezikhishwe kangangokuba izindleko zazo zangempela aqala ukuncipha. Ukukala banyukubala. Nokho, abantu kwakudingeka zikhokhe izintela endaweni yomcebo imali yephepha, okuyinto kule minyaka 1814-1815 akusho ukuthi ziwile intengo.

Ngenxa yalokho, i-Russia isikhipha umyalo omusha othatha isikhundla imali yephepha futhi ushintshe izilinganiso zabo. Kamuva imali yamaphepha esibonisa busts yamakhosi, empresses.

Kusukela Revolution kuze kube namuhla

Ngo-1917, konke kwashintsha. Amandla eRussia uyingxenye yokuphila kwami. Kulezi zikhathi zeziyaluyalu, abantu babe kuphela isikhathi ukubukela ukuvela imali yamaphepha entsha. Kodwa exchange of ezindala izimpawu ezintsha, kungelula.

By the way, 1919 kwakungavamile. AmaBolshevik, ngubani ngaleso sikhathi kwakukhona ngamandla, wafuna ubukhomanisi wafuna yokuqeda imali. Ephelele ukuqedwa abantu abawubonanga, kodwa wawungathi yabo kusilela. Futhi ngo-1921 senza waqala ukunyathelisa imali yamaphepha nge ububanzi entsha. Kwabe sekufika ihlelo ngo-1922. imali Old waqala umklomelo entsha, abaningi ngokuvamile. Kuze 1937. On the imali yamaphepha entsha ukuboniswa umholi zomhlaba sabasebenzi VI Lenin Wahlala izikweletu kuze 1993.

Ekuqaleni kuka-1998, kwaba wokugcina lwemali kabusha. Ihlelo 1 e 1000 kakhulu kwanciphisa inani amaqanda ku izikweletu.

Njengoba ubona, Bonistics - akuyona imali yephepha kuphela, ukusetshenziswa, kodwa futhi umlando yonke indawo yezwe ngalinye, okuyinto kuvula eziningi amaqiniso athakazelisayo.