Big Band - iyini futhi yiziphi amaqembu amakhulu?

Lesi sihloko sizinikezelwe ku-band efana ne-jazz njengeqembu elikhulu. Isici esiyinhloko se-orchestra sinikezwa, izitayela ezifana ne-bebop, i-swing, i-fusion iyabhekwa. Futhi uzothola ukuthi yikuphi amaqembu amakhulu ayekhona namagama abaholi bawo.

I-band enkulu ye-Jazz. Kuyini?

Ukuhunyushwa kwangempela kwalesi sisho kuyinhlangano enkulu yomculo. Lokhu kungenye yezinto ezihlukanisayo ze-jazz orchestra, ebonakala ngokubunjwa okuthile kwezinto. Indima eyinhloko inikezwe iqembu lezinsimbi zomculo. Phakathi kwezici ezithile zeqembu elikhulu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlukaniswa kwamaqembu ezinsimbi, okubizwa ngokuthi "izigaba".
• Inqubo ekhethekile yendima yokudlala: ukusungulwa kwezinto zokuhlaziywa kwabadlali be-soloists ezinezigaba ezihleliwe, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezingekho ngaphansi kwe-orchestral accompanying (ngemuva).
• Ukuxuba ama-timbres ahlukene, okubangela ukuhlangana ne-collage nokuxuba imisindo.
• I-pulsation ye-rhythm engalingani, ukushintsha okuqhubekayo kwamazwibela, okuyisici esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu yokusebenza.

Inombolo yabaculi - kusukela kubantu abayishumi kuya kwabayishumi. Iqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke liphuma ngokubambisana okunjalo: ama-saxophones amahlanu, amapayipi amane, ama-trombones amane nesigqi sesigqi (isiginci, amabhasi, upiyano, umcibisholo). Amaqembu alandelayo amathuluzi acatshangwa:

• I-saxophones yesigaba - ifunda.
• Izingxenye zensimbi zethusi zethusi.
• Izigaba zesigqi.
• Izigaba ze-Woodwind - Izinkuni.
• Iqembu eliqinile.

Nasi isici esiyinhloko salowo mculo we-orchestra, njengeqembu elikhulu. I-swing, i-bebop, i-fusion yizindlela ezintathu ezahlukene ze-jazz, ezizoxoxwa ngezansi.

Isici esiyinhloko sesitayela se-jazz bebop

Okuhlukahlukene kwalesi sitayela kwakhiwa ekuqaleni kwama-40s. Igama lazo ngqo libukeka. Futhi okutholakale kakade kuleli gama (bebop, bibap, ribab) seliye lasetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Zonke zazo zixhumene ngokuqondile nomkhuba we-scat-vocal futhi zibe ne-onomatopoeic genesis. Elinye igama layo liyisitayela se-Mintons. Umsuka wayo uvela ku-Harlem Club (iMinton's Playhouse). Kulesi club abaculi-abasunguli bebop benze. Lesi sitayela (ububanzi) sibonakala njengesiqondiso sokuhlola ngemva kokuguqula.

Izindlela eziyinhloko ezibonisa isitayela sobu bop:

• Ukuzijwayeza kwe-jazz endala yokushisa.
• Ukuba khona kwe-solo improvisation yokuzimela.
• Izinto ezintsha emkhakheni wezingoma zomculo zichaza (izigqi, izingoma, izakhi, ukuvumelanisa, tempo, isitembu kanye nabanye).

I-Swing iyithuluzi elicacile ku-jazz

Ekuhunyushweni okuvela ngesiNgisi (swing) kusho ukuguqula, ukuguqula. I-swing yezwi isetshenziswe ngezincazelo ezimbili, njengesizinda esichazayo se-jazz nesitayela.

Ukuguquka njengesixhumi esivela ngokucacile se-jazz uhlobo oluthile lwe-pulsation ye-metrorhythmic, olwenziwe ekuphambukeni okungapheli komzimba (kokubili ukubambezeleka nokuphuma) kusuka ezingxenyeni ezinamandla zomhlaba-bit. Kule ndaba, kukhona umuzwa wamandla angaphakathi angaphakathi, esesimweni sokulingana okungazinzile. Umphumela wohlobo oluthi "ukuguqulwa" kwesisindo somsindo, isisekelo semetric esingaguquguquki, sidalwe. Ukuze ugijime njengento ecacile kusho ukungqubuzana kwe-metrorhythm isici.

Swayipha njengesitayela se-orchestral jazz

Kubonakala esikhathini 20-30-ies ngenxa yokuhlanganisa izitayela zesitayela zaseYurophu naseNigro zomculo . Ekuqaleni, wayemelwe iqembu elikhulu, futhi kakade ekupheleni komculo we-30 kule sawo yenziwa yi-combos (i-chamber ensembles). Izici zesici sesitayela:

• Ukutshala okuyingqayizivele, okubangela ukuhlangana ngokuqondile "nokuguqula".
• Inhlanganisela ekhethekile yokuthuthukiswa kwe-solo nemasu yesigaba somdlalo.
• Umbala wesiqalo sangempela.
• Indima ebalulekile yokwakhiwa nokuhlelwa.

Akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi i-big-band swing iyini. Lona umphumela wokuthuthukiswa nokwandiswa kwesitayela saseChicago.

Izitayela zesitayela se-Fusion

Nge-fusion yesiNgisi kusho ukuhlanganiswa, i-alloy. Ukuhlanganiswa yisitayela sesimanje. Lolu hlobo lwesitayela luvele kuma-70s ngesisekelo segwala le-jazz, kanye nokuhlanganisa izinto ezingezona zaseYurophu nomculo wezemfundo waseYurophu.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwesitayela somculo, ikakhulukazi, kuyinhloko emvelweni. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa nezici eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-metrorhythmic nesignesha yesikhathi. Abalaleli baseYurophu, eJapane naseNingizimu Melika bangabalandeli nabachwepheshe beqiniso balesi simiso somculo.
E-Russia, omunye wabadlali bokuqala yiqembu elithi "Arsenal" (elisekelwe ngo-1973) ngokuhlanganyela kuka-Alexei Kozlov. Ngo-1974, ngaphansi kokuhola kukaGeorgiy Garanyan, i-albhamu yokuqala, enesihloko esithi "I-Labyrinth. Izingoma ze-Jazz "ngesitayela se-jazz-fusion.

Yayiyini amaqembu amakhulu?

Inqubo yokubukeka kwamaqembu amakhulu nokuthandwa kwabo akuzange kube njalo.
Isibonelo, i-orchestra kaBenny Goodman yathandwa kakhulu futhi idinga kakhulu emphakathini, ongazange aqaphele ukuthi leli bandla elikhulu livela ngosizo lwezinye izingoma ezikhona ngaphambili. Le orchestra yayisekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu nokusekelwa kweqembu elikhulu Fletcher Henderson. Indlela enjalo yayilandelwa abaculi abanjengo:

• U-Artie Shaw;
• UBob Crosby;
• Jimmy Dorsey;
• Harry James.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-30, i-Glenn Miller Orchestra yayithandwa kakhulu. Umdali wakhe wayengumculi we-trombonist, okwathi isikhathi eside efundela izinto eziyisisekelo zalungiselelo. Wasebenzisa izinto eziningi ezintsha. Omunye wabo yi-crystal chorus.

I-Big Baissie Big Band yasungulwa ema-30s eKansas City, futhi ekugcineni yasungulwa eNew York. U-Basie, owahlonipha amasiko we-jazz, wakwazi ukufeza umsindo ozwakalayo futhi onamandla. Kulo mculo we-orchestra, ukutholakala kwamadivayisi wesitayela esinobuciko beqembu elikhulu kubonakala ngokucacile. Phakathi kwabo kudingeke uqaphe okulandelayo:

• Ifomu lokuphendula imibuzo.
• Izigaba zokuxhumana ze-orchestral.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwama-orchestral riffs.

I-Orchestra kaDuke Ellington. Umholi weqembu unamathelenta amaningana: umholi weqembu, umculi wepiyano, umqambi, umdwebi. Wakwazi ukwenza umsindo ohlangene ohlanganisa izici zokumiswa komculo wezemfundo kanye namasu we-jazz ejwayelekile.

Ngakho-ke, iqembu elikhulu linezici zalo nezici ezihlukile, ukwakheka okuthile kwabaculi nezinsimbi. Kunezindlela ezehlukene zama-jazz: ukuguqula, i-bebop, i-fusion. Inqubo yokubukeka kwama-big-bands kanye nokuthandwa kwabo akuzange njalo ilingana. Amaqembu amakhulu kwakunguBenny Goodman, Glenn Miller, Count Basie, uDuke Ellington.