Amathrekhi amathayi we-USSR. Umlando we-tractors e-USSR

Ngo-USSR ugandaganda alalelwa. Ukulima esiphuthumayo imishini futhi izitshalo siqu wayengekho kuleli zwe. Eqaphela isidingo ukwandisa umkhiqizo emaphandleni, V. I. Lenin ngemvume isimemezelo ngo-1920 "On the olulodwa ipulazi ugandaganda." Kakade ngo-1922, yaqala ukukhiqizwa yabadobi imifanekiso yasekhaya "Kolomenets" futhi "Zaporozhets." Ugandaganda lokuqala laseSoviet ngobuchwepheshe untula kanye nomzimba omncane, kodwa ngemva ezimbili ukufohla oneminyaka emihlanu wangena ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi ezikhethekile.

izibulo "Russian"

Russia bekulokhu idume abaqambi yayo, kodwa hhayi yonke imibono bayakwazi bakwenze. Esikhathini sezolimo namahlathi I. XVIII leminyaka M. Komov waphakamisa impikiswano imishini wezolimo. Ngo phakathi XIX leminyaka V P. Gurev ke DA Zagryazhsky athuthukile umusi tractor ukulinywa. Ngo-1888 F. A. Blinov ezenziwe futhi ihlolwe ngowokuqala umusi ugandaganda abakhasi. Nokho, idivayisi weza nzima kakhulu. Nokho, ngokusemthethweni ngonyaka lokuzalwa ubhekwa Russian ugandaganda 1896 th, lapho umusi wokuqala emhlabeni ithrekhi-uhlobo ugandaganda kwaboniswa esidlangalaleni ngesikhathi Nizhny Novgorod Fair.

Njengoba usuzokwenza umklami XX leminyaka Ya. V. Mamin (umfundi Blinov) beskompressorny yasungulwa injini ephezulu kokucindezelwa eyehlayo on fuel esindayo. Kuyinto ukudlula noma iyiphi enye kufanelekile ukusetshenziswa e kwazimoto zilandelwa. Ngo-1911, liphinde wabutha ugandaganda lokuqala basekhaya motor 18-kilowatt omlilo yangaphakathi ukuthi uthola igama yokushisekela izwe "Russian". Ngemva sesimanje lalibukeka injini enamandla ngaphezulu - 33 kW. ukukhiqizwa yabo yabadobi usumisiwe ngesikhathi Balakovo isitshalo - ku-1914 kwaveza yikhulu amayunithi.

Ngaphandle Balakovo, ugandaganda siko ezenziwe akhiqizwa Bryansk, Kolomna, Rostov, laseKharkov, Barvinkove, Kichkasse futhi eziningi nezinye izindawo. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa ingqikithi bonke ogandaganda e amabhizinisi yasekhaya yayincane kangangokuba cishe akunamthelela isimo kwezolimo. Ngo-1913, inani lonke leli su kulinganiselwa khona ukuthi 165 amakhophi. Kodwa ngenkuthalo ukuthenga imishini angaphandle: ngo-1917 e-Empire Russian e 1500 ingeniswe tractor.

Umlando ogandaganda eU.SSR

Ngesikhathi isinyathelo ukuthuthukiswa kukaLenin lokutimele ekukhiciteni ngomshini ipulazi imishini elinikwe ukunakekelwa okukhethekile. Isimiso ugandaganda ukulima olulodwa kusho hhayi kuphela ukukhululwa kwe "yensimbi amahhashi", njengoba babeyibiza kanjalo le ugandaganda, kodwa futhi iqoqo izinyathelo lenhlangano zocwaningo nokuhlolwa izindawo, kuhlelembisa supply izingxenye ezisele kanye nokulungisa, kuvulwa izifundo amakhosi, abafundisi kanye ugandaganda.

Ugandaganda lokuqala e-USSR wakhipha Kolomna ifektri ngo-1922. umqondisi msebenzi waba umsunguli kazwelonke esikoleni ugandaganda E. D. eLvov. kwazimoto ngokuthi "Kolomenets-1" futhi zabonisa lokho ekuqaleni kwenkathi entsha emaphandleni. Lenin, umholi e naphezu kokugula kakhulu, mathupha ihalalisele Abaklami ngempumelelo.

Ngawo lowo nyaka e Kichkasse ibhizinisi "intuthuko Red" wenza ugandaganda "Zaporozhets." Imodeli zazinamaphutha. Ukuhola kwaba isondo elingemuva eyodwa kuphela. I ephansi amandla ezimbili-unhlangothi injini nge 8.8 kW clocked "yensimbi ihhashi" ukuze 3.4 km / h. Ukudlulisa kwaba phambi eyodwa kuphela. Ukuvula i hook - 4.4 kW. Kodwa lokhu imoto kakhulu lula umsebenzi abantu bakulo muzi.

Angihlali emhlabeni umsunguli edume Mamin. Yena ephelelisiwe + nesakhiwo sakhe zangaphambi wamavukelambuso. Ngo-1924, iSoviet Union kulekelelwa ugandaganda amamodeli we umndeni "into encane":

• Amathathu "yemifino-1" nge ukudluliswa kanye nesivinini 3-4 km / h.
• Four-wheel "Little 2" nge reverse.

Ukwamukela isipiliyoni angaphandle

Nakuba elase-USSR ugandaganda "ukwakha imisipha", nabaqambi Soviet kahle Umkhuba omusha, uhulumeni unqume usethe ukukhiqizwa amalayisense ubuchwepheshe angaphandle. Ngo-1923 ngesikhathi laseKharkov isitshalo waqala phezulu uchungechunge ithrekhi "Kommunar", iyona owalandela imodeli German "Z-50 Ganomag". Basuke ikakhulukazi elisetshenziswa ibutho kokuthutha wezikhali izingcezu kuya ku-1945 (kamuva).

Ngo-1924, i-Leningrad isitshalo "Red Putilovets" (kamuva Kirov) Iyakwazi ukukhiqizwa ezishibhile futhi ikhipha elula "American" inkampani "Fordson". ugandaganda Old yaseSoviet yokuthuthela loluphawu yaba yinhle ngempela. Bona amabombo le izici esiphakeme futhi "Zaporozhets", kanye "Kolomenets". Kaphalafini injini carburetor (14.7 kW) yaba ijubane 10.8 km / h, amandla phezu hook - 6,6 kW. gearbox - emithathu isivinini. Yathela imodeli kuze 1932. Empeleni, kwaba ukukhiqizwa emikhulu yokuqala imishini.

izitshalo Ukwakhiwa ugandaganda

Kwacaca ukuthi nakuba i-amapulazi collective tractor elikhiqizayo kudingeka ukwakha izimboni ezikhethekile, ihlanganisa isayensi, amahhovisi ubunjiniyela kanye nokukhiqiza izindawo. I Initiator of lo msebenzi waba F. E. Dzerzhinsky. Ngokwe umqondo, amabhizinisi amasha kuhlelwe ukuhlomisa ngamathuluzi yesimanje futhi ukukhiqiza onobuhle bakamalalahlengezela ezishibhile futhi enokwethenjelwa traction ezinamasondo kanye zilandelwa.

Ukukhiqizwa emikhulu yokuqala tractor eU.SSR yasungulwa ngo kwaseStalingrad. Esikhathini esizayo, amandla laseKharkov naseLeningrad izitshalo ziye kwelulwe kakhulu. amabhizinisi ezinkulu zavela Chelyabinsk, Minsk, Barnaul nakwamanye amadolobha-USSR.

KwaseStalingrad ugandaganda ifektri

KwaseStalingrad baba kwedolobha lapho kusuka ekuqaleni eyakhelwe esikhulu ugandaganda imboni kuqala. Ngenxa isikhundla ekahle (ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo supply uwoyela Baku, metal Ural futhi Donbass amalahle) kanye nokuba khona ibutho abasebenzi abanamakhono, wayinqoba mncintiswano eKharkov, Rostov, Zaporozhye, eVoronezh eTaganrog. Ngo-1925-ke lathatha isinqumo ku ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi yesimanje, futhi ngo-1930 emgqeni inhlangano wehlela edume brand isondo Soviet tractor STZ-1. Esikhathini esizayo, lapha uveza anhlobonhlobo onobuhle ezinamasondo kanye zilandelwa.

Ngu nenkathi yamaSoviet zihlanganisa:

• STZ-1 (wheel, 1930).
• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• STZ-3 (isibungu, 1937).
• SKHTZ Nati (Track, 1937).
• DT-54 (isibungu, 1949).
• DT-75 (isibungu, 1963).
• DT-175 (Track, 1986).

Ngo-2005, Volgograd izixaxa (FCZ wangaphambili) zamemezela ukuthi ayinamali. nomlandeli wayo baba VgTZ.

DT-54

Abakhasi ugandaganda USSR maphakathi nawo XX leminyaka, yathi chithi saka, inani onobuhle bangcono kunabangewona isondo. Isibonelo omangalisayo imishini yezolimo , inhloso jikelele iwukuba let yokuphuma eminyakeni 1949-1979 ugandaganda DT-54. We khiqiza it at kwaseStalingrad, laseKharkov futhi Altay izimboni ingqikithi amayunithi 957.900. Yena "inkanyezi" kumafilimu eziningi ( "Ivan Brovkin kusezweni eyintombi, '" Kwathi Penkovo "," Kalina Krasnaya "kanye nabanye), owasungulwa njengoba esikhumbuzo sabantwana eziningi zokuhlala.

Injini ibanga D-54 e-line, four cylinder, ezine-unhlangothi, uketshezi selehlile, ukukhwezwa isandla phezu uzimele. Speed (amandla) injini 1300 rev / iminithi (54 l. C.). Mahlanu isivinini emithathu indlela yokudlulisela ne main bamba exhunywe driveline. isivinini Ukusebenza: 3,59-7,9 km / h, traction: kg 1000-2850.

LaseKharkov izixaxa Plant

Ukwakhiwa HTZ kubo. Sergo Ordzhonikidze waqala ngo-1930 15 amakhilomitha empumalanga laseKharkov. Ubude ukuze kwakhiwe i-giant wathatha izinyanga 15. Ugandaganda wokuqala kwesokunxele elihambayo 1 Okthoba 1931 - ke wabolekwa imodeli isitshalo SKHTZ kwaseStalingrad 15/30. Kodwa umgomo oyinhloko kwaba ukudala ugandaganda uhlobo zasekhaya "Caterpillar" 50 amahhashi. Kukhona ithimba umklami PI Andrusenko athuthukile ethembisa udizili, okungase zingabekwa zonke USSR abakhasi ugandaganda. Ngo-1937 lesi sitshalo umkhankaso uchungechunge yesimanje isibungu imodeli esekelwe SKHTZ Nati. I emisha main yayonga kakhulu futhi ngaleyo ndlela iyashelela udizili.

Kusukela ekuqaleni kwempi ifektri waxoshelwa Barnaul, lapho edala ngesisekelo Altai izixaxa Plant. Ngemva yokukhululwa laseKharkov ngo-1944, ukukhiqizwa kuqhutshwe kusayithi efanayo - edume Soviet ugandaganda onobuhle SKHTZ Nati futhi bangena chungechunge. onobuhle Basic HZT nenkathi yamaSoviet:

• SKHTZ 15/30 (Rim, 1930).
• SKHZT Nati ITA (Track, 1937).
• HTZ-7 (wheel, 1949).
• HTZ-DT-54 (isibungu, 1949).
• DT-14 (isibungu, 1955).
• T-75 (isibungu, 1960).
• T-74 (isibungu, 1962).
• T-125 (isibungu, 1962).

Ukwakha olukhulu eyenziwa iminyaka engu-70 e-HTZ, lo mbukiso yi- usaqhubeka. Kwakugcizelelwa ukukhululwa "trehtonnikov" T-150k (isondo) ne-T-150 (isibungu). I ephezulu amandla T-150k equliswa icala e-United States (1979) yabonisa ukusebenza okuhamba phambili phakathi ontanga global, efakazela ukuthi ugandaganda kusukela baseSoviet Union hhayi eliphansi kuya angaphandle. Ngasekupheleni '80s onobuhle ezakhiwa HTZ-HTZ-180 no-200: zingabantu 20% ngaphezulu kahle ngaphandle 150 Series, nokungu-50% ikhiqize kakhudlwana.

T-150

Ogandaganda USSR babe owawudume ngemincintiswano ukwethembeka. Leyo jikelele ngesivinini ugandaganda T-150 (T-150k) lifanelwe idumela elihle. Anakho nohlu olubanzi izicelo: zokuthutha, ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo sphere wezolimo. Kusenzima esetshenziswa ukuthutha izimpahla nasezikhathini ezinzima off-road, emasimini (ovula, uyaxebuka, ukutshalwa, nokunye. D.), On the yokwemba. Okwazi ethutha trailer ethwele amandla amathani 10-20. T-150 (C) eziklanyelwe turbonaduvnoy 6 cylinder udizili kanye ukucushwa V emise ne Ukupholisa ngomoya ketshezi.

Imininingwane T-150k:

• Ububanzi / obuphelele / ukuphakama, m -. 2.4 / 5.6 / 3.2.
• Gauge, m -. 1.7 / 1.8.
• IMisa, m -. 7.5 / 8.1.
• Amandla, hp - 150.
• ngesivinini esiphezulu, km / h - 31.

Minsk izixaxa Works

Isekelwe MTZ Meyi 29, 1946, futhi ubhekwa mhlawumbe impumelelo okwamanje manje, wambambezela owaphatha kusukela kwamaSoviet. Ekupheleni 2013 kwakunabantu abangaphezu kuka 21.000. Lesi sitshalo azigcina 8-10% wemakethe jikelele ngoba ogandaganda kubaluleke lwamasu Belarus. Uveza anhlobonhlobo izimoto ngaphansi "Belarus" lokuhweba. Ngesikhathi wokugoqa iSoviet cishe bayizigidi ezingu-3 amayunithi art.

• KD-35 (isibungu, 1950).
• CT-12 (isibungu, 1951).
• MTZ-1 kanye MTZ-2 (wheel, 1954).
• TDT-40 (isibungu, 1956).
• MTZ-5 (wheel, 1956).
• MTZ-7 (wheel, 1957).

Ukubolekisa ngezindodla ukuvuselelwa Minsk isitshalo kwaqala ngo-1960. In parallel ukufakwa abaklami imishini emisha abasebenza ukwethulwa onobuhle eziseqophelweni tractor MTZ-50 futhi ibe namandla ngokwengeziwe MTZ-52 nazo zonke-wheel drive. Esikhathini uchungechunge bahamba ngokulandelana, ngo-1961 futhi ngo-1964. Kusukela ngo-1967, yathela zilandelwa ukuguqulwa T-54B ezinguqulweni ezahlukene. Uma sikhuluma engavamile ugandaganda USSR, bese ngakho angabhekwa ukuguqulwa ukotini MTZ-50X nge amasondo ezimbili ngaphambili naphakathi okusezingeni eliphezulu phansi imvume, okuyinto zakhiqizwa 1969, kanye emaweni MTZ-82K.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo owayengumbusi MTZ-80 (1974) - kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi ukuguqulwa olukhethekile MTZ-82R, MTZ-82H. Kusukela 80s maphakathi MTZ yingcweti amasu ezingaphezu kwamakhulu amahhashi: MTP-102 (100 hp), we-MTP-142 (150 hp.), Futhi ephansi amandla mini-ugandaganda:. 5, 6, 8, 12, 22 l. a.

KD-35

Abakhasi ugandaganda umlimi kuyinto compact, kulula ukusebenza futhi ukulungisa. Kabanzi asetshenziswa kwezolimo eSoviet Union futhi Warsaw Pact atheleka amazwe. Injongo - umsebenzi nge egejeni namanye amathuluzi. Kusukela ngo-1950, lesi sitshalo kuveza ukuguqulwa KDP 35, lapho ezincane izicathulo ububanzi, ithrekhi ebanzi kakhulu futhi ngakhula phansi imvume.

Enough injini enamandla D-35, ngokulandelana, wanika 37 amalitha. s., gearbox kwadingeka 5 izigaba (owodwa emuva nanhlanu phambili). Engine kukhona ukonga: ukusetshenziswa isilinganiso diesel ngalinye 1 ha kwaba 13 amalitha. Okokhelekayo ithangi anele 10 amahora umsebenzi - kwanele bayotshala amahektha 6 komhlaba. C ifakwe 1959 model ngonyaka ethuthukisiwe powertrain D-40 (45 l. C.) Futhi ijubane lenyuka (1600 rev / iminithi). ngcono Futhi ukuthembeka chassis.

Chelyabinsk izixaxa Plant ngaphambi kwempi

Ukukhuluma ugandaganda USSR awanakuziziba umlando we Chelyabinsk isitshalo, edlale indima enkulu nempikiswano ukuthula ubuciko, futhi ngesikhathi seMpi yoMhlaba yesiBili waba smithy amathangi kanye "ezinezinjini". Famous CTZ eyakhelwe esigangeni kude othelawayeka usebenzisa ngamapiki, namahalavu crowbars. Isinqumo ukwakha sathathwa ngo-May 1929 ngesikhathi 14 iCongress of abaseSoviet wase-USSR. Ngo-June 1929-Leningrad GIPROMEZ waqala umsebenzi wokwakha isitshalo. CTZ design kwenziwa nge-akhawunti ye-nakho American ngemoto ugandaganda izinkampani, ikakhulukazi Caterpillar.

Kusukela Februwari kuya ku-November 1930 futhi lakhiwa umshayeli isitshalo wafakwa msebenzi. Kwakuwusuku lwesikhombisa Novemba 1930. CTZ ekusungulweni usuku ubhekwa Agasti 10, 1930, lapho kwakukhona kubekwa izisekelo lokuqala Foundry. Juni 1, 1933 abakhasi ugandaganda lokuqala abasebenzi Chelyabinsk waya umugqa ukulungela - ". Stalinets-60" ezingaphezu kuka 61.000 tractor zakhiqizwa 1936. Manje ugandaganda Retro-USSR, futhi imodeli 30s C-60 kwaba baphakame izici analogue kwaseStalingrad futhi laseKharkov izitshalo sikhiqize inani eliphindwe kabili.

Ngo-1937, ngesikhathi esisodwa inkositini ukukhiqizwa diesel C-60, isitshalo pereshѐl ukuze likhiqize izinhlobo ezingaphezu ogandaganda futhi eyonga uphethiloli C-65. Ngemva konyaka, le ugandaganda waklonyeliswa umklomelo eliphezulu kakhulu "Grand Prix" embukisweni e-Paris, futhi elasetshenziselwa ukuqopha sehlelo ifilimu namaSoviet "izixaxa." Ngo-1940, i-Chelyabinsk izixaxa Plant wayalelwa ukuya ukukhiqizwa impi - amathangi, amayunithi self ezinezinjini, izinjini, izingxenye ezisele.

Umlando post-yimpi

Naphezu kobunzima babantu base of sempi, ugandaganda akazange azikhohlwe mayelana nebhizinisi lakho ozithandayo. Saqhamuka nomqondo: kungani ningasebenzisi okuhlangenwe nakho baseMelika? Ngempela, e-United States phakathi neMpi Yezwe II akuzange kuwumise ukukhiqizwa tractor. Uhlaziyo wabonisa ukuthi okuhle kunakho konke American ugandaganda onobuhle yiyona D-7. Ngo-1944 waqala ukuthuthukiswa imibhalo kanye nomklamo.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-2, kanye ukuvuselelwa isitshalo, January 5, 1946 ugandaganda lokuqala S-80 wadedelwa. Ngo-1948, inkampani igcwaliswe kabusha ngosuku kukhishwa amayunithi 20-25 izimoto zilandelwa. Ngo-1955 Amahhovisi design aseqalile umsebenzi, ogandaganda entsha enamandla ngaphezulu nge-100 manje futhi liyaqhubeka landa ubude bokuphila ugandaganda S-80.

onobuhle:

• C-60 (isibungu, 1933).
• C-65 (isibungu, 1937).
• C-80 (isibungu, 1946).
• C-100 (isibungu, 1956).
• Det-250 (isibungu, 1957).
• T-100M (isibungu, 1963).
• T-130 (isibungu, 1969).
• T-800 (isibungu, 1983).
• T-170 (isibungu, 1988).
• Det-250M2 (Track, 1989).
• T-10 (isibungu, 1990).

Det-250

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-50 umsebenzi wabekwa: ukuklama nokukhiqiza ukuhlola umdwebo we-trekta enekhono lamahhashi angu-250. Kusukela ezinyathelweni zokuqala abalobi besimodeli esisha bashiya izindlela zendabuko nezingaziwa. Ngokokuqala ngqangi emisebenzini yokwakha ugandaganda waseSoviet, kwakhiwa ikamelo elimnandi elisezingeni elimnandi futhi elikhululekile. Umshayeli omkhulu angashayela ngesandla esisodwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ugandaganda omuhle kakhulu we-DET-250 waphuma. IKomidi loMkhandlu we-All-Union Exhibition of Economic Achievements of the USSR inikeze isitshalo salesi simodeli ngeGold Medal kanye neDiploma yezinga eli-1.

Abanye abakhiqizi

Yiqiniso, akuzona zonke izinkampani zetrakta ezibalwe. Amatrakta ase-USSR naseRussia nawo akhiqizwa futhi akhiqizwa e-Altai (iBarnaul), iKrov (Petersburg), i-Onega (i-Petrozavodsk), isi-Uzbek (iTashkent) TZ, eBryansk, eVladimir, eKolomna, e-Lipetsk, eMoscow, eKoboksary, eDnepropetrovsk (e-Ukraine), eTokmak ( Ukraine), ePavlodar (Kazakhstan) nakwamanye amadolobha.