Amasosha omzimba nonspecific futhi ethize: izindlela, ngokungafani

Amasosha omzimba - igama ukuthi kubantu abaningi cishe imilingo. Iqiniso lokuthi umzimba ngamunye inolwazi yayo eyinqaba nje kuye zofuzo, ngakho amasosha omzimba nezifo wonke umuntu lihlukile.

Ngakho kuyini - izivikeli mzimba?

Ngokuqinisekile, ubani ujwayelene lwezifundo zesikole emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo, mayelana nalokho amasosha omzimba - yikhono umzimba okuzivikela kuzo zonke angaphandle, ukuthi, gwema isinyathelo ejenti ezinonya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezo ufake umzimba kusukela ngaphandle (amagciwane kanye yamakhemikhali ahlukahlukene), futhi lezo akhiwa umzimba, ezifana amangqamuzana anomdlavuza noma efile futhi ezilimele. Noma yimuphi ikhemikhali has ulwazi zofuzo angaphandle, kuyinto antigen ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi - "anti-zofuzo,". amasosha omzimba esiqondile nonspecific inikezwa eyohlinzwa okuhlangene nalehlanganisile kwemigwamanda enesibopho ukwenziwa izinto ezithile futhi amaseli ezingaba ngokushesha bayaqaphela ukuthi umzimba wakhe, futhi lokho - lesinye isizwe, futhi ngokwanele ukuphendula ayehlasela angaphandle.

Amasosha Omzimba kanye nendima yabo emzimbeni

Amasosha omzimba ekuqaleni ibona i antigen, bese uzama ukuba alibhubhise. Kulokhu, umzimba ukhiqiza i-protein isakhiwo ekhethekile - omzimba. Bona ukumelela lapho udle noma iyiphi lwegciwane. Amasosha Omzimba - a amaprotheni ekhethekile (immunoglobulin, ayisiza), ekhishwa leukocyte iwukudambisa antigen ezinobungozi - amagciwane, ubuthi, amangqamuzana omdlavuza.

Ngu khona amasosha omzimba, futhi inkulumo yabo kunqunywa ambalwa, umzimba womuntu etheleleke noma cha, futhi kungaba has amasosha omzimba anele (ethize kanye nonspecific) ngokumelene isifo esithile. Ukuthola amasosha omzimba athile egazini, kungenzeka nje kuphela ukuba bafinyelele esiphethweni mayelana nokuba khona ukutheleleka noma umdlavuza, kodwa futhi ukucacisa uhlobo yayo. Kuyinto ekutholeni khona amasosha Amagciwane sebuningini izifo esuselwe sivivinyo semhlahlo nalesichubekako assays. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ELISA Isampula yegazi ixubene a antigen ngaphambilini walungisa. Uma kukhona impendulo, kusho ukuthi amasosha omzimba omzimba abakhona kuye, ngakho-ke, futhi ejenti yena.

Okunhlobonhlobo ukuzivikela mzimba

Ngo ivelaphi lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo amasosha omzimba: ethize kanye non-ethize. Lesi sakamuva azalwa naso futhi aqondiswe iyiphi into evela.

amasosha omzimba Nonspecific - izakhi eziyinkimbinkimbi okuvikela umzimba, okuyinto yena, ihlukaniswe 4 izinhlobo.

1. Ngu izakhi mechanical (ezihilela isikhumba futhi lwamafinyila ulwelwesi, eyelashes, lapho sneezing, ukukhwehlela).
2. I chemical (umjuluko acid, izinyembezi futhi ngamathe, khulula acinene).
3. Ngu zezici humoral ka-acute ukuvuvukala isigaba (uhlelo umphelelisi coagulation, lactoferrin futhi transferrin, interferon, lysozyme).
4. Ukuze iseli (phagocytes, natural killer cells).

amasosha omzimba Specific ibizwa ngokuthi uyitholile noma oluhambelana. It aqondiswe ngokumelene akhethwe kwamagciwane kanye kuzibonakalisa amafomu emibili - humoral kanye neselula.

amasosha omzimba esiqondile-non-ethize, izindlela zalo

Cabanga, ihluke nomunye zombili izinhlobo Ukuvikelwa yemvelo yezinto eziphilayo. izindlela Non-ethize kanye ethize mzimba ezihlukaniswe izinga yokusabela nangezenzo. Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza bangangenwa yilesi sifo zemvelo baqale ukuvikela ngokushesha, ngokushesha nje lapho lwegciwane lingena ngokusebenzisa isikhumba noma mucosa, futhi ungasindisi inkumbulo nokuxhumana negciwane. Basebenza phakathi naso sonke isikhathi impi umzimba ekungenweni, kodwa kakhulu ngempumelelo - ezinsukwini zokuqala ezine ngemva igciwane lingena bese uya emsebenzini izindlela bangangenwa yilesi sifo ethize. I abavikeli eyinhloko umzimba kusuka amagciwane ngesikhathi amasosha omzimba-non-eqondile lymphocyte futhi interferon. Natural killer cells ukubona futhi abulale amangqamuzana onegciwane ngu ukutheleleka labelwe cytotoxins. Imbangela zokugcina kwamangqamuzana ukubulala.

Njengoba isibonelo esingazicabangela indlela yesenzo ka interferon. Lapho igciwane lohlobo lwe, amaseli synthesize interferon futhi ukuyikhulula esikhaleni phakathi amaseli, lapho sibopha ukuthi receptor nezinye amaseli enempilo. Ukulandela nokuxhumana yabo amaseli uchalichivaetsya zamagama amabili amasha enzyme synthetase namaprotheni, eyokuqala kuvimbela zamagama amaprotheni viral, kanti eyesibili uhlaba angaphandle RNA. Ngenxa yalokho, abanye viral izifo ekamelweni isithiyo kwakhiwa kusukela amaseli abangathelelekile.

amasosha omzimba Ezingokwemvelo Kanye Nezenzo yokufakelwa

Specific nokungezona eqondene isegazini izivikeli mzimba sehlukaniswe zemvelo kanye yokufakelwa. Ngamunye wabo nemphambosi yekwentiwa. Yemvelo atholwe indlela yemvelo. isifo asebenzayo Yemvelo ibonakala emva belashwa. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaye bathola isishayo, awuthelelekile nge ukunakekelwa nesineke. yokwenziwa Yemvelo - colostral esinomhlapho, transovarial.

amasosha omzimba Artificial itholwa ngenxa yethula umzimba microorganism attenuated noma abulawe. Artificial asebenzayo ukuvela ngemuva ngokugoma. yokwenziwa Artificial atholwe usebenzisa serum. Nge umzimba esebenzayo kudala amasosha omzimba kuphela ngenxa yesifo noma yokugoma asebenzayo. Kuyinto ezinzile obuhlala isikhathi eside, kungaba iqhubeka iminyaka eminingi noma ngisho nokuphila konke. amasosha omzimba Passive kufezwa ngokusebenzisa amasosha omzimba eyayenziwe ayisungula ukugoma. Kuyinto kancane ebanzi, lapho esebenza khona ngemva kwamahora ambalwa ngemuva ekuphathweni omzimba futhi Uthatha amasonto ambalwa izinyanga.

Specific nokungezona eqondene amasosha omzimba umehluko

amasosha omzimba Non eqondene libizwa zemvelo, zofuzo. Le mpahla kuyinto umzimba ukuthi zofuzo ngofuzo ngabameli kwalesi silwane. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona amasosha omzimba womuntu kule nja, baphenduka rat isifo. amasosha omzimba isegazini kungaba buthaka kakhulu ngokuzishisa ngemisebe noma indlala. amasosha omzimba isegazini yaqaphela esebenzisa monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, ama-macrophage, ama-neutrophil. Esiqondile nonspecific amasosha omzimba izici nobude ezahlukene. kamuva Specific manifest 4 izinsuku, ukuhlanganiswa kwezici omzimba athile kanye kumiswa T-lymphocyte. Uma lokhu kucushiwe, ngokusebenzisa kumiswa immunological inkumbulo T- B-inkumbulo amaseli I-lwegciwane ethize. inkumbulo Immunological lilondolozwe ngokuqhubekayo futhi umnyombo esebenza kahle yesibili isinyathelo mzimba. Kusekelwe lokhu impahla ikhono yokugoma ukuvimbela izifo ezithathelwanayo.

amasosha omzimba Specific senzelwe ukuvikela umzimba, okudaliwe phakathi ukuthuthukiswa umzimba ngamanye phakathi nokuphila kwalo. Lapho engena phakathi umzimba i ngokweqile isamba isifo Amagciwane ingase attenuated, nakuba lesi sifo kwakuzokwenzeka ifomu elula.

Kuyini omzimba olusanda kuzalwa?

Sisanda umntwana ozalwa selivele likhona amasosha omzimba nonspecific futhi ethize, okuyinto kancane kancane kwandisa usuku ngalunye oludlulayo. Phakathi nezinyanga zokuqala zokuphila khona ingane ukuba asize omama amasosha omzimba, ayelizwe wakhe ngokusebenzisa yi-placenta, bese uthola kanye nobisi lwebele. Lokhu amasosha omzimba yokwenziwa, akusiyo ukumelana futhi ivikela umntwana kuze mayelana 6 izinyanga. Ngakho-ke, usana olusanda kuzalwa egomekile izifo ezifana nesimungumungwana, rubella, scarlet fever, mumps nabanye.

Kancane kancane, kanye umgomo, amasosha omzimba wengane uyofunda akhiqiza amasosha omzimba futhi sikwazi ukumelana ezithwala izifo bebodwa, kodwa inqubo ende futhi siqu kakhulu. Ukwakheka sokugcina omzimba ingane uqeda ngisho nalapho sengineminyaka emithathu. Ingane eneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-izivikeli mzimba ayakhekanga ngokuphelele, ngakho ingane likhulu kuno omdala ukungenwa amagciwane kakhulu nama-virus. Kodwa lokhu akusho ukuthi umzimba ukuzivikela ngokuphelele kuzalwa, uyakwazi ukumelana bahlaseli eziningi ezithathelwanayo.

Ngokushesha ngemva kokuzalwa umntwana ibhekene nabo kancane kancane ifunda ngayohlala nabo, kokukhiqiza amasosha omzimba zokuzivikela. Kancane kancane amagciwane ikoloni izinyane amathumbu, ukuhlukanisa phakathi ewusizo ukusiza ukugaya nokubi, okungahambisani ukuzibonakalisa kuze eziphukile microflora ibhalansi. Ngokwesibonelo, amagciwane ikoloni nolwelwesi lwamafinyila we nasopharynx futhi amalaka, ayokwenza ibid omzimba zokuzivikela. Uma Ukungena umzimba ukutheleleka kakade has amasosha omzimba ngokumelene nalo, noma akusho ukuthuthukisa isifo, noma enweba ngendlela elula. Kuleli impahla, umzimba ngokusekelwe imigomo izifo.

isiphetho

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi nonspecific futhi ethize amasosha omzimba - umsebenzi zofuzo, okungukuthi, wonke umzimba kwenza ukuthi kube nesidingo ezicini eziningana ezahlukene zokuzivikela, uma kwanele, abanye lena - cha. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umuntu angabona ikhiphe ngokuphelele ubuncane ezidingekayo, kepha omunye izwi lokwazi umuntu emzimbeni zokuzivikela uzodinga okuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela esisabela ngayo lapho ezenzeka emzimbeni, kukhona oluyingozi ngokwanele, kusukela umsebenzi wamasosha omzimba - lechubekako futhi kuncike ezahlukahlukene zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.